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The aim of this study was to evaluate the retreatment duration and efficacy of eucalyptol and tea tree oil in engine driven and manual retreatment of epoxy resin based endodontic filling in extracted human teeth.Sixty human single rooted teeth were randomly divided into two groups. The first group was prepared using hand files, and the second one using Reciproc system. Root canals were filled with gutta-percha points and AH Plus sealer. Retreatment was performed using K-reamers and Hedström files for the first group, and Reciproc instruments for the second group. Each group was divided into two subgroups (n=15) according to the retreatment solvent used (eucalyptol or tea tree oil). Root canals were longitudinaly split and analized with stereomicroscope (15x magnification). The surface of the remaining filling material was measured using an image processing software.There were no statistically significant differences in the area of residual filling material among used solvents, nor in applied technique. Retreatment with Reciproc instruments was significantly faster compared to retreatment using hand files. The manual retreatment technique was faster when tea tree essential oil was used as a solvent compared to eucalyptol.Australian tea tree oil and eucalyptus oil were equally effective in removing endodontic filling material, but none of canals were completely free of the residual filling material. Retreatment with Reciproc instruments was faster compared to retreatment using hand files. The manual retreatment technique is faster when tea tree essential oil is used as a solvent compared to eucalyptol.

Opisan je slučaj pacijentice s kliničkom slikom opsežnih oralnih lezija nakon što je počela s terapijom Lamotriginom. Kliničkom slikom dominirale su bilateralna facijalna oteklina i oteklina mentalnog prostora s aktivno secernirajućom ekstraoralnom fistulom u središnjem području brade. Doktori dentalne medicine trebali bi biti svjesni rizika povezanih s ovim lijekom te bi trebali uočiti rizičnu populaciju među pacijentima koji boluju od epilepsije, bipolarnog poremećaja i neuroloških poremećaja., We report on a patient who presented with extensive oral lesions. The treatment with lamotrigine is described. The patient presented with bilateral facial swellings and mental space swelling with actively draining extra oral sinus tract in the central chin area. Dental medicine professionals should be aware of the risks involved with using this medication, and should recognize the population at risk among patients suffering from epilepsy, bipolar and neurologic disorders.

Objective: The objective of the study, which consisted of a motivational lecture and hands-on training, was to evaluate the role of oral hygiene education for adolescents. Methods: The study population included sixty-two high school students between fourteen and fifteen years of age (thirty males and thirty-two females). The response rate was 76.5%. The measurement of oral hygiene level was performed using the modified Green Vermilion Index (GVI). The values were recorded at baseline, one week, three months, and six months after education through motivational lecture and hands-on training was performed. Descriptive and nonparametric statistical methods were used in statistical analysis. Level of significance was 0.05. Results: At the beginning of the study, the GVI of all examined subjects was 3.52 (SD = 0.70). One week after the motivational lecture and training, it decreased to 2.64 (SD = 0.69). Three months later, the level of plaque index had the lowest value (1.44; SD = 0.66). At the end of the study the level of plaque index increased to 2.52 (SD = 0.86). Conclusions: A significant oral hygiene improvement in adolescents as a result of education was presented. However, due to a decline in oral hygiene level six months after the education, there is a need for educational programmes continuity.

The purpose of the research was to compare oral health behavior and plaque indices between Croatian first-year and final-year dental students. Therefore, 46.9% of first-year and 47% of final-year dental students were surveyed using the Hiroshima University Dental Behavior Inventory (HU-DBI) questionnaire and had their plaque indices determined. Descriptive statistics analysis, nonparametric tests, and correlation analysis were performed (p, Svrha istraživanja bila je usporediti navike i znanja o oralnoj higijeni te indekse plaka studenata dentalne medicine prve i šeste godine. Upitnik Hiroshima University-Dental Behavioural Inventory (HU-DBI) ispunilo je 46,9% studenata prve i 47% studenata šeste godine te im je određen indeks plaka. Podatci su obrađeni deskriptivnom statistikom, neparametrijskim testovima i korelacijskom analizom (p

The purpose of the research was to compare oral health behavior and plaque indices between Croatian first-year and final-year dental students. Therefore, 46.9% of first-year and 47% of final-year dental students were surveyed using the Hiroshima University Dental Behavior Inventory (HU-DBI) questionnaire and had their plaque indices determined. Descriptive statistics analysis, nonparametric tests, and correlation analysis were performed (p

Svrha: Epidemiološka istraživanja u mnogim zemljama pokazuju neravnomjernu raspodjelu oralnih bolesti u populaciji – primarno karijesa, te je zato glavna svrha ovoga presječnog istraživanja bila dobiti relevantne podatke oralnog statusa populacije u Kninu i okolici određene prema smjernicama SZO-a. Ispitanici i metode: U istraživanje je bilo uključeno 414 ispitanika u dobi od 18 do 65 godina. Zabilježeni podatci uključivali su opću anamnezu, ekstraoralni status, status oralne sluznice, status temporpomandibularnih zglobova, zubni, parodontni i protetski status, te jesu li potrebni restaurativni zahvati. Obavljena je i usporedba među različitim grupama, ovisno o dobi, spolu, stupnju obrazovanja i podrijetlu. Rezultati: Prosječno je KEP indeks bio 17,3, zatim 1,7 – karijes, 6,2 – ispuni i 9,4 – ekstrahirani zubi. SIC indeks iznosio je 26,4. Razlika je bila značajna u grupama prema dobi i stupnju obrazovanja (p < 0,001). Postotak osoba s najvišim zbrojem CPI-a od 0 do 4 bio je 27,3, 16,9, 36,5, 16,4, i 2, 2,9 posto. Razlika između dobnih grupa u CPI vrijednostima bila je statistički značajna, a razlika ovisno o spolu i podrijetlu nije bila značajna (p = 0,001). Zaključak: Populacija u Kninu i okolici ima vrlo loš oralni status, najvjerojatnije zbog posljedica rata 1990-ih godina i ekonomske tranzicije te zato što nema nacionalnog programa za promicanje oralnoga zdravlja., The aim: Epidemiologic studies in many countries show uneven distribution of oral diseases (primarily caries) within the population. This is why more studies are oriented towards specific regions or subpopulations instead of large scale national surveys. The major purpose of this cross sectional study was to obtain relevant data about the oral status of the population of Knin and its surroundings according to the WHO criteria. Subjects and methods: The study included 414 participants aged between 18 and 65. The recorded variables included general anamnestic data, extraoral status, oral mucosa status, temporomandibular joint status, dental, periodontal and prosthetic status, and the need for dental restoration. The comparison between different groups regarding age, gender, educational level and origin was made. Results: DMFT index was 17.3 – with on average 1.7 caries, 6.2 fillings, and 9.4 teeth extracted. SiC index equaled 26.4. The difference was significant regarding the level of education and age (p

The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of third molars in terms of respondents' age. Furthermore it was desired to determine the extent of the manifestation of pathological changes, such as caries, apical lesions, and alveolar bone resorption. This study was based on 500 OPGs of patients from the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Zagreb. Patients were divided into seven age groups. The total number of molars, the number of cavities on remaining molars, the quality of endodontic treatment and the evaluation of their performance and presence of periapical lesions was analyzed. As apart of the periodontal status, the number of inadequate fillings, the number of damaged furcations and bone resorption was analyzed. The statistical analysis was performed by means of STATISTICA 7 statistical package (StatSoft, Tulsa, USA). The correlation between the total number of molars and the age of patients was analyzed by means of Spearman's correlation to the level of significance of 0.05. The number of first, second and third molars significantly decreased in higher age groups. The prevalence of caries in third molars as compared to first and second molars was generally lower, third molars were endodontic treated at least. Assessment of involved furcations showed that the lowest percentage of 8% was found in third molars. The majority of all remaining molars had bone resorption of 1-3 mm.

The aim of this study was to compare the microleakage of class V cavities restored by silorane resin with those restored by the methacrylate resin system. Sixty standardized class V cavities were prepared on premolars. The teeth were restored with Filtek™ Silorane and Silorane™ System Adhesive, Filtek™ Silorane and Adper™ Easy One and Filtek™ Supreme XT and Adper™ Easy One. The area and the depth of dye leakage were measured. Considering dye leakage area, the best results were achieved in group I (mean- M=0.114±0.083 mm2), then in group III (M=0.384±0.480 mm2) and finally in group II (M=5.389±6.587 mm2). Considering the depth of dye leakage, there was a significant difference between group I (mean rank- m.r.=1.23±0.44 mm) and II (1.98±0.83 mm), group II and III (1.23±0.40 mm). In this study silorane composite and its adhesive showed less microleakage than the methacrylate composite, and it showed compatibility only with its assigned adhesive. Clinical Significance: Less microleakage of silorane restorations could provide better and long lasting composite fillings.

Nasloni korskih sjedala splitske katedrale jedna su od najfascinantnijih umjetnina ukupne hrvatske kulturne baštine i po mnogočemu su jedinstveni i u širem, europskom okviru. Zapažajući skladnost kompozicije, a imajući u vidu onovremeni način konstruiranja ovog tipa umjetnina, upustili smo se u pokušaj otkrivanja sustava komponiranja i, na osnovi njega, u pokušaj pronalaženja idealne kompozicijske sheme koja stoji iza realiziranog oblika naslona korskih sjedala. Držimo da je prilikom njihova dizajniranja upotrijebljena osnovna mjerna jedinica od 31,5 cm. Ta mjerna jedinica najbliža je bizantskoj stopi.

Svrha rada: Željela se ispitati djelotvornost 0,2-postotnog poliheksametilenova bigvanida (PHMB) u eliminaciji Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa i Candida albicans te ga usporediti s učinkovitošću 2,5-postotnog natrijeva hipoklorita (NaOCl). Materijali i metode: Na četrdeset osam jednokorijenskih zuba uklonjeni su krune i apikalni dijelovi te su korijenskih kanali instrumentirani Hedström strugaËima do veličine 40. Šesnaest uzoraka inokulirano je bujonskom kulturom E. faecalis (ATCC 51299), P. aeruginosa (ATCC27853) i C. albicans (klinički izolat). Nakon 48-satne inkubacije i ispiranja fiziološkom otopinom uzeti su uzorci dentina iz korijenskih kanala Hedströmovim iglicama veličine 50 i to prije ispiranja 0,2-postotnim PHMB-om i 2,5-postotnim NaOCl-om i nakon toga postupka. Uzorci su zatim preneseni u epruvete s 2 mL sterilne fiziološke otopine i deseterostrukim razrjeđenjem, te su prebačeni na krvni agar nakon 30 sekundi vorteksiranja. Nakon 48-satne inkubacije na 37 ° C prebrojene su bakterijske kolonije po mililitru (CFU/ml). Za statističku analizu korišten je Kruskal-Wallisov test (p, Objective of work: The objective of this study was to test the effectiveness of 0.2% polyhexamethylen biguanide in the elimination of Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans and compare it with effectiveness of 2.5% sodium hypochlorite. Materials and Methods: Crown and apical portion of forty- eight single-rooted human teeth was removed and the root canals instrumented with Hedström files up to size 40. Sixteen specimens were inoculated with an overnight broth culture of E.faecalis (ATCC 51299), P.aeruginosa (ATCC27853) and C.albicans (clinical isolate). After 48 h incubation and irrigation with saline, dentine samples were collected from root canal walls with Hedström files size 50 before and after irrigation with 0.2% PHMB and 2.5% NaOCl followed by irrigation with neutralizer and saline. Samples were put into vials containing 2 mL of sterile saline and tenfold dilution, and plated on blood agar after 30 s vortexing. Colony forming units (CFU) were counted after 48 h incubation at 37ºC. For statistical analysis Kruskal-Wallis test (p

Svrha rada: Svrha ove studije bila je procijeniti utjecaj oralne primjene Ekolostruma (goveđeg kolostruma) na koncentraciju salivarnog IgA (sIgA). Materijali i metode: Dvadesetero zdravih ispitanika u dobi između 23 i 54 godine nasumce je podijeljeno na ispitnu i kontrolnu skupinu (n = 10). Svatko u ispitnoj skupini dobio je 60 kapsula Ekolostruma. Na početku istraživanja od svih je sudionika bila prikupljena nestimulirana slina. To isto učinjeno je nakon 30 dana, na kraju pokusa. Koncentracija sIgA iz sline određivala se testom ELISA (enzim-linked immunosorbent assay). Usporedbe rezultata unutar skupine obavljene su studentovim t-testom, a usporedbe rezultata između dviju skupina primjenom ANOVE (p=0,05). Rezultati: Sudionici ispitivanja koji su uzimali Ekolostrum imali su statistički značajno (p = 0,026) niže koncentracije sIgA nakon tretmana negoli prije. Kontrolna skupina nije pokazala statistički značajnu razliku u koncentraciji sIgA na početku i na kraju istraživanja. Na kraju istraživanja nije bilo statistički značajne razlike (p = 0,047) srednjih koncentracija sIgA između ispitne i kontrolne skupine (464 ± 59.89μg/mL i 620,16 ± 42.26μg/mL). Zaključak: Rezultati ovog istraživanja pokazuju da je nakon jednomjesečne oralne primjene Ekolostruma koncentracija sIgA bila statistički značajno niža nego prije tretmana. Potrebna su daljnja, opsežnija i detaljnija istraživanja kako bismo dobili pouzdanije rezultate., Objective: The aim of the present pilot- study was to evaluate the influence of oral intake of Ekolostrum (bovine colostrum) on concentration of salivary IgA( sIgA) in saliva. Materials and Methods: Twenty healthy participants between 23 and 54 years of age were randomly selected for the test and control group (n= 10). The test group took 60 capsules of Ecolostrum. The entire amount of the unstimulated saliva was collected before treatment from all participants. The procedure was repeated after 30 days at the end of the experiment. The concentration of sIgA in saliva was determined using ELISA (enzyme- linked immunosorbent assay). Intra- group comparisons were performed by paired sample T-test and inter- group differences were compared by ANOVA (p=0.05) Results: Participants who were taking Ecolostrum had statistically significant (p=0.026) lower concentrations of sIgA after the treatment than before. The control group showed no statistically significant difference. There were statistically significant differences ( p=0.047) of mean concentrations of sIgA between the test group and control group at the end of the experiment(464 ±59.89μg/mL and 620.16± 42.26μg/mL). Conclusions: The results of this pilot- study show that after one month of orally administrated Ekolostrum, the amount of sIgA was lower than before treatment. Some more extensive and detailed studies are needed to obtain more reliable results.

Svrha: Zadatak istraživanja bio je izmjeriti koncentraciju fluorida u vodovodnoj vodi u sjevernom hrvatskom gradu Čazmi i u komercijalno dostupnim napitcima. Materijali i metode: Koncentracija fluorida određena je fluorid-selektivnom elektrodom u uzorcima vode iz vodovoda i komercijalno dostupnih napitaka. Pritom je pH određen ion-selektivnom elektrodom za vodik. Rezultati: Sadržaj fluorida u vodovodnoj vodi iznosio je 0,313 mg F-/L. Od komercijalno dostupnih napitaka najveća koncentracija izmjerena je u gaziranoj mineralnoj vodi (0,34 – 1,5 mg F-/L) te u ledenim čajevima (0,06 – 0,74 mg F-/L). Negazirane vode i sokovi te gazirani sokovi imali su vrlo nizak sadržaj fluorida i iznosili su redom, The aim of this study was to measure the concentration of fluorides in tap water in northern Croatian town Čazma and commercially available bottled drinks. Materials and Methods: Fluoride content was assessed by fluoride-selective electrode in tap water and commercial drinks from public supply. The pH was assessed by hydrogen ion-selective electrode. Results: Fluoride content in tap water was 0.313 mg F-/L. In commercially available bottled drinks fluoride concentration was the highest in carbonated mineral water (0.34 – 1.5 mg F-/L), followed by some ice tea drinks (0.06 – 0.74 mg F-/L). Non-carbonated waters, carbonated soft drinks and noncarbonated soft drinks had very low fluoride concentration and it amounted to

Apical periodontitis (AP) is a result of microbial contamination of periapical tissues that originates from a necrotic dental pulp or inadequately treated root canals (1-3). Diagnostic criteria for AP include the presence of symptoms and clinical signs during clinical examination and analysis of radiographs (periapical or panoramic). Radiographic analysis is important because AP in its chronic form is often overlooked and left untreated. Despite the relatively low risk of exacerbations (less than 5%), the influence of AP on remote organs and tissues persists even in its sub-acute chronic form (4). The outcome of endodontic therapy is assessed radiographically (5), but due to high availability and reliability, radiographs are also suitable for epidemiological studies. The prevalence of AP among adults in different populations is well documented in the literature, especially in the Scandinavian countries (6-11). The prevalence of AP positively correlated with age and this tendency will presumably increase because of an increase in dentate population (6). Multi-rooted teeth have a higher prevalence of AP than single-rooted teeth, especially molars (12). Factors that determine the outcome of endodontic treatment are length and quality of endodontic filling and post-endodontic restoration of the tooth (13-15). Nevertheless, epidemiological studies performed worldwide show that AP is present in 22-65% of root-filled teeth (14-17). The crucial factor for a successful healing of the periapical region is adequate root canal therapy with complete obturation of the root canal less than 2 mm from the external apical foramen (14-17). Another factor influencing the prevalence of AP is the quality of coronal restorations. Teeth with inadequate restorations were associated with greater occurrence of AP (8,18-20). So far, many studies on the prevalence of AP and its association with various factors have been done worldwide, but not one has been conducted in this part of Europe. Since epidemiologic data are essential for population health assessment, future health care planning, and funding, the aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of AP and the quality of root canal fillings in the population of the city of Zagreb, Croatia.

Svrha: U ovom se istraživanju ispitivao antibakterijski učinak dvaju materijala za retrogradno brtvljenje korijenskog kanala testom bakterijske difuzije agara. Materijali i postupci: Ploče krvnog agara inokulirane su zasebno bakterijama Streptococcus mutans, Streptotoccus mitis, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Staphylococcus aureus i Enterococcus faecalis te polimikrobnom suspenzijom od svih testiranih bakterija. Na inokulirane ploče bili su raspoređeni uzorci materijala i nakon 48 sati inkubacije očitane su zone inhibicije (ZI) u milimetrima promjera. Rezultati: Najsnažniji antibakterijski učinak MTA je pokazao kod bakterije Streptococcus mutans (ZI =7,6 mm, s.d. 1,0), zatim prema Streptotoccus mitis i Lactobacillus acidophilus (ZI=7,3 mm, s.d. 0,5). ZI za Enterococcus faecalis iznosio je 5,6 milmetara, s.d. 0,7, a za polimikrobnu suspenziju 5,3 milimetra, s.d. 1,0. Jedina bakterija na koju MTA nije imao antibakterijski učinak jest Staphylococcus aureus. Amalgam nije pokazao antibakterijski učinak na ni jednu ispitivanu bakteriju. Zaključak: MTA je pokazao antibakterijski učinak prema četiri od pet ispitivanih bakterija i polimikrobnih suspenzija, a amalgam nije inhibirao rast ni jedne testirane bakterije., The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial effect of root-end filling materials, MTA and amalgam, by agar diffusion test. Materials and methods: Blood agar plates were inoculated with bacteria Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus mitis, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis each, and a polymicrobial suspension consisting of all the tested bacteria. Material samples were divided among the inoculated plates, and after 48 hours of incubation, the diameters of the inhibition zone (IZ) were recorded. Results: The strongest antibacterial effect of MTA was against Streptococcus mutans (IZ = 7.6 mm, sd 1.0), followed by Streptococcus mitis and Lactobacillus acidophilus (IZ = 7.3 mm, sd 0.5). The inhibition zone (IZ) for Enterococcus faecalis was 5.6 mm (sd 0.7), and for the polymicrobial suspension 5.3 mm (sd 1.0). Staphylococcus aureus was the only bacteria MTA did not show any antibacterial effect against. Amalgam showed no antibacterial effect against any of the bacteria tested. Conclusion: MTA showed antibacterial effect against 4 of 5 tested bacteria and the polymicrobial suspension, while amalgam did not inhibit the growth of any of the bacteria tested.

Preddiplomsko obrazovanje mijenja percepciju oralno-zdravstvenih i oralno-higijenskih navika i stajališta studenata stomatologije. Svrha istraživanja bila je usporediti te navike i stajališta studenata četvrte godine Stomatološkog fakulteta i njihovih kolega s iste godine na ostalim fakultetima Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, kako bismo odredili opseg i važnost mogućih razlika. Ispitanici i postupci: Sudjelovao je 151 student obaju spolova i to 79 sa stomatologije (četvrte godine) i 72 s ostalih fakulteta (četvrte godine). Svi su odgovorili na 21 pitanje iz prilagođenog upitnika prema Špalju o oralno-higijenskim navikama i stajalištima. Podaci su nakon toga statistički analizirani programskim paketom SPSS ver. 16,0. Rezultati: Rezultati su pokazali da postoji razlika između dviju skupina te da studenti stomatologije imaju bolje oralno-higijenske navike i bolja oralno-zdravstvena stajališta od kolega s ostalih fakulteta. Bili su bolje podučeni u tehnici četkanja zuba, zube češće četkaju, koriste se dodatnim sredstvima za održavanje higijene, rjeđe imaju probleme s krvarenjem gingive te posjećuju stomatologa češće nego njihovi kolege s drugih fakulteta. Zaključak: Zbog svjesnosti o problemima oralnoga zdravlja i većeg znanja o preventivnim mjerama, studenti stomatologije mogli bi pozitivno pridonositi oralnom zdravlju svojih pacijenata i kolega i to ne samo educirajući ih, nego i vlastitim primjerom., Undergraduate dental education changes students’s perception of oral health, as well as oral hygiene habits and attitudes. Aim of this study was to compare oral hygiene and oral health habits and attitudes between 4th year students of dental medicine and 4th year students of other faculties of University of Zagreb in order to determine the possible extent and significance of differences. Material and Methods: Total number of subjects was 151 which included 79 dental students (4th year) and 72 students of other faculties (4th year) of University of Zagreb, of both genders. Modified oral hygiene habits and attitudes questionnaire according to Špalj consisting of 21 questions was used. Data were statistically analyzed using SPSS ver. 16.0 software. Results showed difference between two groups, where dental students had better oral hygiene habits and better oral health attitudes compared to their colleagues from other faculties. Dental students were better instructed in brushing techniques, brush more often, use additional means of oral hygiene, have lesser prevalence of gingival bleeding and visit dentist more often then their colleagues from other faculties. Conclusion: Because of greater awareness of oral health problems and improved knowledge on preventive measures, students of dental medicine could positively contribute to the oral health of their patients and their colleagues by education, but also by their own example as a role – model.

Na Odsjeku restauracije i konzervacije Umjetničke akademije u Splitu izveden je konzervatorsko-restauratorski zahvat na dosad nezapaženoj slici ‘Sveta Obitelj sa svetim Ivanom’, iz splitskog samostana sv. Frane. Zahvat i istraživanja koja su ga pratila iznijeli su na vidjelo neobičnu i zanimljivu građu ove slike. Prilikom istraživanja primijenjena je metoda digitalne radiografije, koja u našoj sredini dosad gotovo da nije bila primjenjivana, a koja u svijetu dobiva sve širu primjenu na polju konzervacije. Snimanje je pružilo mogućnost da se usporede rezultati dobiveni ovom metodom s rezultatima koji se dobivaju analognom radiografijom., A conservation–restoration procedure has been carried out on the portrait of Holly Family with St. John, from the Monastery of St. Francis (Sv. Frane) in Split. The procedure was done at the Department of Conservation and Restoration at Split Academy of Arts. This oil portrait on canvas is dated to the 17th century. Prior to the procedure, the portrait was in a very bad shape. That is why it did not attract attention of experts although, even then, its artistic quality was indisputable. Both the research and the procedure revealed an unusual and interesting composition of the painting. One of the methods used in the course of the procedure was digital radiography. So far, this method has not often been used in the research of the composition of easel paintings in this area. The method allowed comparison of the results with the results obtained by analog radiography. The source of radiation, in this case, was a portable RTG device, which is also used in medicine. A cassette containing a phosphoric board was placed underneath the chosen portion of the painting. The portion was then illuminated by the photon-rich low energy x-ray beams. The radiation that penetrated the painting was transformed by the film-converter placed inside the cassette, into a light beam. The light beam projected the latent image on the phosphoric board. Another key device, used in the course of the research, was a frame grabber that transformed the latent image into the visible one. The obtained images were evaluated using a DICOM viewer. The obtained results were compared and substantiated with the results obtained by the analysis of painted layers and preparation.