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Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is rarely accompanied by other autoimmune diseases and/or hematologic disorders. We herein report a 46-year-old man with AS coexisting with relapsing polychondritis (RP), antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). While receiving anti-TNF therapy for AS, the patient developed anemia and was diagnosed with MDS. After six months, he developed swelling and redness of the nose and both auricles. RP was diagnosed by an ear biopsy. Afterward, during the evaluation of a repeated fever, APS was diagnosed. This case of AS with multiple autoimmune diseases and hematologic malignancy successfully responded to a Janus kinase inhibitor (baricitinib).

Photographic images of the Samseong-version (三省本: Korea’s Treasure No. 758-1) and the Gongin-version (空印本: Korea’s Treasure No. 758-2) of Nammyeongcheon Hwasangsong Jeungdoga (南明泉和尙頌證道歌: Nanmingquan Song Zhengdaoge) were compared and analyzed to investigate the differences between the two versions. According to a report in 2012 at the time of the designation of the Gongin-version as Korea’s treasure, both versions were printed from the same woodblocks. The Gongin-version is presumed to be a later print than the Samseong-version. The two versions are very similar in format and shape of border lines and characters. It is difficult to determine the differences with the naked eye, even for experts. In this study, based on the printing characteristics observed from each version through image analysis, useful evidence to determine whether it was printed using the same or different woodblocks and the order of printing was collected. As a result of careful image comparison and analysis, we concluded that the Samseong- and the Gongin-version were printed from different woodblocks, or possibly different typesetting. It was difficult to agree with the content of the report that the Gongin-version was a later print than the Samseong-version. In addition, it was noted that the Gongin-version print has characteristics quite different from the typical characteristics of woodblock printing seen in the Samseong-version. Additional investigations and follow-up studies on the printing technology used for Gongin-version print and the timing of printing are recommended.

The history of printing technology in Korea is studied by investigating existing ancient documents and records and comparing accumulated data and knowledge. Cultural property research requires non-destructive testing and observation with the naked eye or aided by a microscope. Researchers’ experience and knowledge are required even though they cannot guarantee the outcome. For ancient documents and records that are presumed to consist of woodblock printing, wood type printing, metal type printing, or their combinations, each researcher draws various opinions and conclusions. This often causes confusion and divides the opinions of ordinary citizens and field specialists. Among them, the criteria for judging ancient documents or books printed using woodblock and metal movable material are ambiguous. Academic research on the development history of printing technology in ancient Korea has been stagnant, and conflicts among researchers have also erupted. Involvement of national investigative agencies not specialized in cultural properties has exacerbated the situation. In this study, we investigated printing characteristics that are likely to serve as more objective judgment criteria by quantitatively analyzing the experiments of retrieving several sheets of Korean paper (Hanji) using a replicated Hunminjeongeum (訓民正音) woodblock and quantitatively analyzing the images of the printed papers. In addition, the validity and questions for the typical phenomena presented as a method for distinguishing between woodblock and metal print are reviewed. We investigated the possibility of developing new objective judgement criteria through quantitative analysis using image analysis and investigating the printing characteristics of Korean paper through a reproduction experiment of woodblock printing.

Gwanghwamun Gate of Gyeongbokgung Palace was dismantled and relocated during the Japanese colonial period, destroyed during the Korean War, reconstructed with reinforced concrete in 1968, and finally erected at its present location in 2010. A pair of Haechi statues located in front of Gwanghwamun was dismantled and relocated several times, and the statues have yet to be returned precisely to their original positions. This study assesses the historical accuracy of their current placement under the Gwanghwamun Square Restructuring Project of the Seoul Metropolitan Government and the Cultural Heritage Administration based on archival photos from the early 1900s, and proposes a method to estimate the original positions of the Haechi through image analysis of contemporary photographs and recent digital camera photos. We estimated the original position of the Haechi before the Japanese colonial period by identifying the shooting location of the archival photo and reproducing contemporary photographs by calculating the angle and distance to the Haechi from the shooting location. The leftmost and rightmost Haechi were originally located about 9.6 m to the east and 7.4 m to the north and about 1.9 m to the west and 8.0 m to the north, respectively, of their current location indicators. As the first attempt to determine the original location of a building and its accessories using archival photos, this study launches a new scientific methodology for the restoration of cultural properties.

Objectives‘Invasive pannus’ is a pathological hallmark of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This study aimed to investigate secretome profile of synovial fibroblasts of patients with RA (RA-FLSs), a major cell type comprising the invasive pannus.MethodsSecreted proteins from RA-FLSs were first identified using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis. Ultrasonography was performed for affected joints to define synovitis severity at the time of arthrocentesis. Expression levels of myosin heavy chain 9 (MYH9) in RA-FLSs and synovial tissues were determined by ELISA, western blot analysis and immunostaining. A humanised synovitis model was induced in immuno-deficient mice.ResultsWe first identified 843 proteins secreted from RA-FLSs; 48.5% of the secretome was associated with pannus-driven pathologies. Parallel reaction monitoring analysis of the secretome facilitated discovery of 16 key proteins related to ‘invasive pannus’, including MYH9, in the synovial fluids, which represented synovial pathology based on ultrasonography and inflammatory activity in the joints. Particularly, MYH9, a key protein in actin-based cell motility, showed a strong correlation with fibroblastic activity in the transcriptome profile of RA synovia. Moreover, MYH9 expression was elevated in cultured RA-FLSs and RA synovium, and its secretion was induced by interleukin-1β, tumour necrosis factor α, toll-like receptor ligation and endoplasmic reticulum stimuli. Functional experiments demonstrated that MYH9 promoted migration and invasion of RA-FLSs in vitro and in a humanised synovitis model, which was substantially inhibited by blebbistatin, a specific MYH9 inhibitor.ConclusionsThis study provides a comprehensive resource of the RA-FLS-derived secretome and suggests that MYH9 represents a promising target for retarding abnormal migration and invasion of RA-FLSs.

There has been a strong and urgent demand to diagnose community transmission-driven coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) after it crossed borders. A large number of rapid and accurate tests and diagnoses are required at drive-through test stations, community clinics and hospitals. Isothermal amplification technology, such as loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) and recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA), provides excellent alternatives for resource limited test environments. LAMP has been shown to be comparable with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and can be performed in less than 30 min by non-laboratory staff without ribonucleic acid (RNA) extractions commonly associated with PCR. LAMP tests on assays with SARS-CoV-2 and other pathogenic microorganisms, such as Dengue, Malaria, and Influenza viruses and Helicobacter pylori show color changes allowing test results to be interpreted by the color change of the assays. However, visual inspection of a large number of assays is prone to human error and manual record keeping makes test result tracking for an epidemiologic investigation very difficult and inefficient. The epidemiologic investigation is an essential part of the fight against community transmission-driven viruses. We have developed a very accurate and reliable, human error free, tablet PC-based portable device for colorimetric determination of assays including SARS-CoV-2 and other pathogenic microorganisms.

Colour is a primary characteristic of visual perception and a very important characteristic to describe cultural heritage works in a variety of shapes, sizes and materials. To quantify colours, portable colorimeters are often carried and used for measuring colour of interest. Spatial resolution of colorimeters is manufacturer and model dependent and typically worse than 3 - 10 mm in diameter. The colour measurement has to be done on site at the time of interest. It poses very significant limitations in colorimetric characterization of cultural heritages. In this paper, the possibility of extraction of colour information from digital photographs, scanned images and video files using customized image processing/analysis software (PicMan) was investigated for cultural heritage characterization applications. As colour information extraction examples, a commercial Gouache paint colour card, a digital photograph, a portrait of a Korean scholar of Joseon Dynasty and a severely deteriorated old medical text book before and after restoration were examined. Colour information from various digital images was successfully extracted from points and regions of interest in RGB, HSV, L*a*b*, Munsell colour and hexadecimal colour code formats. The spatial resolution of colour information extraction is as small as a single pixel in a digital image.

Introduction Acromial pathologies (AP), such as acromial stress reaction (ASR), acromial stress occult fracture (ASOF), and acromial stress fracture (ASF), are known as complications that deteriorate the clinical score and patient satisfaction after reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RSA). Several factors that increase stress on the acromion have been reported as risk factors for AP, but this is also unclear. Thecoracoacromial ligament (CAL) is a structure that distributes the stress loading on such an acromion, although its importance has been mentioned, there is a lack of research. Therefore, we investigated the incidence of AP according to the preservation of the CAL and whether it is a risk factor. Methods The study was retrospectively conducted on patients who underwent RSA from 2016 and 2018. Patients with CAL transection was classified into group 1 and CAL preservation was classified into group 2. ASR and ASOF were identified through symptoms and ultrasound, and ASF identified through simple radiograph or computed tomography. The incidence of AP in each group was checked and compared. Results Of the total of 265 patients. Among 197 cases of group 1, 21 cases of ASR(10.7%), 28 cases of ASOF (14.2%),10 cases of ASF (5.1%), and 59 cases of total AP (29.4%). Among 68 cases in group 2, 2 cases (2.9%) of ASR, 6 cases of ASOF(8.8%), 1 case of ASF (1.5%), and 9 cases of total AP (13.2%). It was confirmed that ASR and ASOP were significantly decreased in the group preserving CAL. (P = .008) Conclusion In the case of preservation of CAL during surgery, it was confirmed that the incidence of ASR, ASOF was reduced. Therefore, preservation of CAL can be regarded as a modifiable risk factor that can reduce the risk of AP by distributing the stress applied to acromion after RSA surgery.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES To date, sodium intake has been evaluated based on spot urine instead of 24-hour (hr) urine collection. Nevertheless, the optimal method for assessing daily sodium intake remains unclear. SUBJECTS/METHODS Fifteen male (age 32.7 ± 6.5 years) participants were offered 3 meals with a total of 9-10 g salt over 24 hours, and 24-hr urine was collected from the second-void urine of the first day to the first-void urine of the second day. Twenty-four-hr urinary sodium (24UNa) was estimated using Tanaka's equation and the Korean formula, and spot urine Na, potassium (K), chloride (Cl), urea nitrogen (UN), creatinine (Cr), specific gravity (SG) and osmolality (Osm) were measured. The ratios of urinary Na to other parameters were calculated, and correlations with total measured 24UNa were identified. RESULTS Average 24-hr urine volume was 1,403 ± 475 mL, and measured 24UNa was 143.9 ± 42.1 mEq (range, 87.1-239.4 mEq). Measured 24UNa was significantly correlated with urinary Na/UN (r = 0.560, P < 0.01), urinary Na/Osm (r = 0.510, P < 0.01), urinary Na/Cr (r = 0.392, P < 0.01), urinary Na/K (r = 0.290, P < 0.01), 24UNa estimated using Tanaka's equation (r = 0.452, P < 0.01) and the Korean formula (r = 0.414, P < 0.01), age (r = 0.548, P < 0.01), weight (r = 0.497, P < 0.01), and height (r = 0.393, P < 0.01) in all spot urine samples. Estimated 24UNa based on the second-void spot urine of the first day tended to be more closely correlated with measured 24UNa than were estimates from the other spot urine samples. The significant parameters correlated with the second-void urine of the first day were urinary Na/K (r = 0.647, P < 0.01), urinary Na/Cr (r = 0.558, P < 0.05), and estimated 24UNa using Tanaka's equation (r = 0.616, P < 0.05) and the Korean formula (r = 0.588, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Second-void urine is more reliable than first-void urine for estimating 24UNa. Urinary Na/K in the second-void urine on the first day is significantly correlated with 24UNa. Further studies are needed to establish the most reliable index and the optimal time of urine sampling for predicting 24UNa.

n-type SiC wafers with localized 4H, 6H, and 15 R polytype grains were photographed and their colors were analyzed to find correlations among polytypes, carrier concentration and apparent color. The SiC wafers were photographed and the color information of different colored regions from the photographs was extracted, both for RGB (red, green, and blue) and HSV (hue, saturation, and value) color space formats using image processing software (PicMan). Polytype and carrier concentration of n-type SiC wafers were identified from Raman spectra for correlation with the color analysis results. The carrier concentration of SiC wafers was estimated to be in the range of 2 × 1017 cm−3 to 1 × 1019 cm−3 from a line-shape analysis of measured Raman spectra. The color analysis revealed that there is very strong correlation between polytype and hue value. The carrier concentration strongly affects saturation and value of apparent color. SiC wafers with lower carrier concentration showed higher clarity (lower saturation (or colorless) and higher value (higher transparency)). As the carrier concentration is increased, the wafer becomes translucent (high saturation or colored) and dark or opaque (low value). The polytype and carrier concentration of SiC wafers can conveniently be estimated from their apparent color.

Two-inch diameter 6H-SiC wafers were sliced from a SiC ingot and the wafers were ground and polished using different diamond slurries (1 μm and 0.1 μm in particles size) to investigate their dependence on wetting on surface roughness (Ra) and polarity using precisely dispensed de-ionized (DI) water drops. The Ra of the Si-face (0001) SiC wafer, after grinding and polishing, was 5.6 and 1.6 nm, respectively, as measured by atomic force microscopy (AFM). For C-face (000–1) SiC wafers, the Ra was 7.2 nm after grinding and 3.3 nm after polishing. The average contact angle measurement of the SiC wafers after final polishing showed clear differences between surface polarity; the contact angle for the Si-face (0001) was ~7o greater than that for the C-face (000–1). The difference in contact angles between the Si-face (0001) and the C-face (000–1) tends to increase as the reduction of surface roughness approaches the final stage of polishing. The uniformity of Raman peak intensity in the folded transverse optical phonon band at ~780 cm−1 in scanned areas correlated well with the surface roughness measured by AFM. The contact angle measurement can be used as a convenient surface polarity and surface roughness testing technique for SiC wafers.

To investigate the effect of implantation temperature on the damage to a Si lattice, room temperature photoluminescence (PL) spectra were measured from highly-channeled MeV 11B+ implanted Si wafers with different implant temperatures (25 °C and 450 °C) after annealing at 950 °C for 3 min in N2. Small pieces from the wafers were used for PL characterization. The implanted Si wafer piece at the elevated temperature resulted in higher overall PL intensity under both excitation wavelengths suggesting lesser lattice damage than the Si wafer implanted at room temperature. Unexpectedly large PL intensity variations were observed from PL area mapping of both wafer pieces. In addition, strange behaviors of localized PL intensity variations, with opposite trends between 670 nm and 827 nm excitation PL measurements were observed near the scribe lines and sample number markings on the backside. The PL intensity was increased under 670 nm excitation while it was decreased under 827 nm excitation. Possible reasons for this strange behavior were discussed based on experimental results and analysis. PL measurement is verified to be very sensitive to the surface condition, interface, bulk and backside conditions of the Si. For reliable PL measurement, backside contamination and scratches, such as scribe lines, should be avoided.

Pancreatic adenocarcinoma may account for more than 80% of all pancreatic neoplasms. Occasionally, other rare tumors such as lymphoma, metastatic tumor, and solid pseudopapillary neoplasm can be considered in the differential diagnosis. We report the case of an 82-year-old man with a pancreatic solid mass. This case suggests that endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided fine-needle aspiration (FNA) with biopsy, that is, EUS-FNA is recommended in the differential diagnosis of the pancreatic solid mass apart from pancreatic adenocarcinoma. In particular, the histologic core obtained by EUS-guided biopsy is helpful for the immunostaining of molecular markers to confirm the final diagnosis.

Microcolumns have a stacked structure composed of an electron emitter, electron lens (source lens), einzel lens, and a deflector manufactured using a micro electro-mechanical system process. The electrons emitted from the tungsten field emitter mostly pass through the aperture holes. However, other electrons fail to pass through because of collisions around the aperture hole. We used Raman scattering measurements and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses to investigate the influence of electron beam bombardment on a Si electron lens irradiated by acceleration voltages of 0, 20, and 30 keV. We confirmed that the crystallinity was degraded, and carbon-related contamination was detected at the surface and edge of the aperture hole of the Si electron lens after electron bombardment for 24 h. Carbon-related contamination on the surface of the Si electron lens was verified by analyzing the Raman spectra of the carbon-deposited Si substrate using DC sputtering and a carbon rod sample. We report the crystallinity and the origin of the carbon-related contamination of electron Si lenses after electron beam bombardment by non-destructive Raman scattering and XPS analysis methods.

A SiC crystal mixed with 4H-, 6H-, and 15R-SiC polytypes and their wetting properties were characterized using precisely dispensed de-ionized (DI) water drops. Contact angles of a DI water drop on SiC surfaces were quantitatively determined by analyzing the sideview image of a DI water drop in contact with the SiC substrate with mixed polytypes using image analysis software. The contact angle measurements showed that the contact angle for the Si-face (0001) was approximately 4o ∼ 8o greater than that for the C-face (000-1) regardless of polytype. The surface roughness of both Si-face and C-face was measured using atomic force microscopy and confirmed to be nearly identical. Due to the difference in surface energy of polarity of SiC basal planes, the contact angle measured from the Si-face (0001) after native oxide removal showed significant decrease and it recovered over time by room temperature oxidation in air. In contrast, the contact angle measured from the C-face (000-1) after native oxide removal, showed significant decrease and it was maintained, even after room temperature oxidation for 24 h in air. We found that there is correlation between the wetting property of SiC polytypes of 4H-, 6H-, and 15 R and a difference in their surface potential energy corresponding to the hexagonality of each SiC polytype determined by the atomic arrangement.

Thermal silicidation characteristics of Ni/Si1-xGexwith various Ge content was studied under different annealing temperatures in the range of 225 °C ∼ 400 °C in 100% N2ambient. TiN capped Ni/Si1-xGex/Si/SiO2/Si wafers with x values in the range of 0.15 and 0.30 in 0.05 intervals were used. Thermal silicide formation was performed in a stacked hotplate-based annealing system designed for industrial 300 mm wafer fabs. For silicide characterization, measurements of spectral reflectance, sheet resistance, Raman spectra as well as X-ray diffraction curves were performed to investigate changes of optical properties, electrical properties, crystallographic phases during silicide formation. Effects of Ge content and annealing temperature on the electrical and crystallographic properties of the resulting thermal silicides (nickel germanosilicides) were investigated. Reaction mechanisms were discussed based on the characterization results. Multiwavelingth micro-Raman spectroscopy was found to be very promising as a non-contact, in-line silicidation process monitoring technique. For production worthiness verification of the thermal silicidation process, temperature sensitivity curves of sheet resistance, its uniformity and detailed sheet resistance maps were investigated using 8 nm thick Ni films on 300 mm diameter, epitaxial Si0.8Ge0.2/p−-Si wafers without a capping layer. Manufacturability of Ni/Si0.80Ge0.20/Si wafers were also verified using a stacked hotplate-based, nearly isothermal, annealing system.

This study highlights empirically the relationship among major constructs such as accident, fear and anxiety emotion, self-efficacy, and negative spillover of work, focused on the railway drivers. The differentiated factor of this study is in that the experience of accident was posed as exogenous variable. Hypothesis tests based on 201 samples verified that the experience of accidents showed a significant effect on negative spillover of work mediated by fear and anxiety, with moderating effect of self-efficacy between fear and anxiety and negative spillover of work. However, the moderating effect was shown as increasing the degree of negative spillover of work, since the drivers recognized their fear and anxiety accrued by accident experience as uncontrollable. This finding suggests the need for mitigating driver's negative emotion - fear and anxiety - through an introduction of practice such as exemption of settlement obligation in accident site and lowering of the penalty for accident responsibility.

The present research is focused on the effect of porous graphite what is influenced on the 4H-SiC crystal growth by PVT method. We expect that it produces more C-rich and a change of temperature gradient for polytype stability of 4H-SiC crystal as adding the porous graphite in the growth cell. The SiC seeds and high purity SiC source materials were placed on opposite side in a sealed graphite crucible which was surrounded by graphite insulator. The growth temperature was around and the growth pressure was 10~30 Torr of an argon pressure with 5~15 % nitrogen. 2 inch off-axis 4H-SiC with C-face (000-1) was used as a seed material. The porous graphite plate was inserted on SiC powder source to produce a more C-rich for polytype stability of 4H-SiC crystal and uniform radial temperature gradient. While in case of the conventional crucible, various polytypes such as 6H-, 15R-SiC were observed on SiC wafers, only 4H-SiC polytype was observed on SiC wafers prepared in porous graphite inserted crucible. The defect level such as MP and EP density of SiC crystal grown in the conventional crucible was observed to be higher than that of porous graphite inserted crucible. The better crystal quality of SiC grown using porous graphite plate was also confirmed by rocking curve measurement and Raman spectra analysis.

The hydride vapor-phase epitaxy (HVPE) method was used to deposit high-quality InN layers on GaN inter-layer/sapphire (0001) structures that had been fabricated by using either the HVPE method or the metal-organic chemical-phase deposition (MOCVD) method. The effects of the group V/III ratio and different GaN inter-layers on the crystal quality of the InN layers were systemically investigated. The InN layer grown at a low Group V/III ratio revealed a high crystal quality with a two-dimensional (2D) growth mode. Also, the 110.7-nm-thick InN layer grown by using HVPE on a GaN inter-layer/sapphire (0001) substrate structure that had been fabricated by using MOCVD had a high crystal quality, with the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the InN X-ray diffraction (XRD) peak being about 844 arcsec, and a smooth surface with an atomic force microscopy (AFM) roughness of about 0.07 nm. On the other hand, the 145.7-nm-thick InN layer grown by using HVPE on a GaN inter-layer/sapphire (0001) substrate structure that had been fabricated by using the HVPE method had a lower crystal quality, a FWHM value for the InN (0002) peak of about 2772 arcsec, and a surface roughness of about 3.73 nm. In addition, the peak of the E2 (high) phonon mode for the 110.7-nm-thick InN layer grown by using HVPE on a GaN inter-layer/sapphire (0001) structure that had been fabricated by using MOCVD was detected at 491 cm -1 and had a FWHM of 9.9 cm-1. As a result, InN layers grown by using HVPE on GaN inter-layer/sapphire (0001) substrate structures fabricated by using MOCVD have a high crystal quality and a reduced Raman value, which agrees well with the results of the XRD analysis.

IR camera has been used widely for the temperature measurement and fault detection of the moving bodies and rotating bodies. The high-speed performance of the IR camera and a reliable thermal analysis method are required for the condition monitoring of the railway vehicle running at high speed. The effective fault detection method using a thermal image analysis could make a real time monitoring of the high speed train possible. Therefore the investigation of the performance of the thermal image analysis method was performed to find the effective analysis method. The results suggested that a continuous temperature subtraction method and the comparison of the characteristics of the image histogram obtained at different conditions could be used as a useful analysis method for detecting abnormal temperature condition.

Wheat is a staple food in the Korean diet, which is increasingly becoming westernized. Because most domestic wheat consumption relies on imported wheat, we aimed to evaluate the allergy-inducible protein contents of commercial flours from imported and domestic wheat. Analysis of the protein contents by densitometry suggested that domestic wheat flours contain lower levels of high molecular weight glutenin and omega-gliadin (50 and 34% lower, respectively) than imported wheat flours. Therefore, domestic wheat flours are less likely to cause allergic reactions than imported wheat flours are. Based on the findings of our study, were commend increased consumption of domestic wheat flours to those who are sensitive to allergy.

This study was aimed at investigating a filtration bed system for the production of liquid fertilizer using wastewater generated after anaerobic digestion of animal manure. Slurry, Compost, & Biofiltration-Methane System, designed by Korean National Institute of Animal Science, is now a standard method to recycle anaerobic digestion wastewater. However, currently provided protocol to run the system needs continuous upgrades as the system is relatively new and can be more cost-effective if few adjustments are made. In this study, we tried to enhance the capability of the system to process anaerobic digestion wastewater by replacing the bed materials with the cheaper one, and determining the time point of operation from which filtrates can be utilized for fertilization.