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RésuméLa gynécomastie est fréquemment retrouvée dans la pratique clinique de l’urologue ou du médecin généraliste. D’un point de vue physiopathologique, elle résulte d’un déséquilibre entre la concentration des œstrogènes et des androgènes. De multiples pathologies et traitements peuvent amener à cette perte d’équilibre. Il est important pour le clinicien de reconnaitre les signes de danger qui doivent faire suspecter une néoplasie maligne primaire du tissus mammaire ou secondaire ayant amené à la gynécomastie. Un bilan biologique de base permet le plus souvent de trouver la cause de la gynécomastie. Le traitement est le plus souvent sa cause. Pour certain cas particulier un traitement par le tamoxifène ou la radiothérapie peut être proposé. La chirurgie intervient lors de l’échec du traitement conservateur.

International audience; O artigo focaliza o crescimento do bairro Demétria, em Botucatu/SP, local de nascimento de uma importante iniciativa brasileira em favor da agricultura biodinâmica, braço da filosofia antroposófica. A análise se apoia na teoria das justificações, a partir da qual foi concebida a metodologia de pesquisa. Nesta ótica, a noção de justiça ecológica foi particularmente mobilizada. Com efeito, é possível considerar que as mudanças no bairro, com a instalação de muitos residentes e com grande conversão no uso do solo, enfraquecem a perspectiva de construção de um mundo justo e ecológico, com inspiração na antroposofia. Todavia, as forças de resistência local, diante de uma mutação desestruturante dos ideais fundadores do bairro, procuram inclusive difundir propostas assentadas em valores ecológicos para além das fronteiras do bairro, com êxito limitado.

Commencees il y a plus d’un siecle, les collections d’ethnobotanique du Museum sont directement liees a l’origine et l’evolution de son laboratoire d’ethnobotanique. Elles sont constituees de plantes utiles, connues, nommees et utilisees par les societes humaines de diverses aires geographiques, et comptent pres de 100 000 items. On en retrace ici la mise en place et les principes qui ont guide leur realisation, puis on en presentera une description precise avant de conclure sur leur evolutio...

ObjectiveThis secondary analysis of data of a randomized controlled trial (RCT) retrospectively investigated the performance of pulse oximetry in identifying children with severe illnesses, with and without respiratory signs/symptoms, in a cohort of children followed for morbid episodes in an intervention trial assessing the efficacy of Intermittent Preventive Treatment for malaria in infants (IPTi) in Papua New Guinea (PNG) from June 2006 to May 2010.SettingThe IPTi study was conducted in a paediatric population visiting two health centres on the north coast of PNG in the Mugil area of the Sumkar District.ParticipantsA total of 669 children visited the clinic and a total of 1921 illness episodes were recorded. Inclusion criteria were: age between 3 and 27 months, full clinical record (signs/symptoms) and pulse oximetry used systematically to assess sick children at all visits. Children were excluded if they visited the clinic in the previous 14 days.OutcomesThe outcome measures were severe illness, severe pneumonia, pneumonia, defined by the Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) definitions, and hospitalization.ResultsOut of 1921 illness episodes, 1663 fulfilled the inclusion criteria. A total of 139 severe illnesses were identified, of which 93 were severe pneumonia. The ROC curves of pulse oximetry (continuous variable) showed an AUC of 0.63, 0.68 and 0.65 for prediction of severe illness, severe pneumonia and hospitalization, respectively. Pulse oximetry allowed better discrimination between severe and non-severe illness, severe and non-severe pneumonia, admitted and non-admitted patients, in children ≤12-months of age relative to older patients. For the threshold of peripheral arterial oxygen saturation ≤ 94% measured by pulse oximetry (SpO2), unadjusted odds ratios for severe illness, severe pneumonia and hospitalization were 6.1 (95% Confidence Interval (CI) 3.9-9.8), 8.5 (4.9-14.6) and 5.9 (3.4-10.3), respectively.ConclusionPulse oximetry was helpful in identifying children with severe illness in outpatient facilities in PNG. A SpO2 of 94% seems the most discriminative threshold. Considering its affordability and ease of use, pulse oximetry could be a valuable additional tool assisting the decision to admit for treatment.

Este artigo analisa as trajetórias de conversão para agricultura orgânica de agricultores familiares localizados na região metropolitana de São Paulo durante os anos 1990 e 2000. Esta conversão ocorreu sob o impulso inicial de indivíduos ligados ao movimento da teologia da libertação e depois da estruturação posterior de um mercado regional em torno da grande distribuição. O texto mostra como a integração desses agricultores em um sistema de mercado regido por lógicas capitalistas foi acompanhada, localmente, por uma profissionalização da agricultura e pela implantação de lógicas e estruturas empresariais. Mostra também como estas dinâmicas de modernização ecológica, embora contribuindo para a geração de uma nova elite rural e de novas formas de desigualdade social, parecem ao mesmo tempo poder contribuir para a manutenção da agricultura em um contexto de forte pressão urbana, para o retorno dos jovens a esta atividade e para a construção de territórios de qualidade ecológica. Nesse sentido, ele indaga se existiriam contextos nos quais a modernização ecológica seria um compromisso aceito por defensores de uma alternativa mais radical? Qualquer que seja a resposta a essa pergunta, a demonstração aqui proposta sublinha a importância de reintegrar a análise das trajetórias ecológicas agrícolas em um estudo mais geral das mudanças sociais, particularmente em seus componentes locais.AbstractThis paper analyzes small farmers’ trajectories in converting to organic farming in the metropolitan region of São Paulo during the 1990s and 2000s. The conversion occurred under the initial push of individuals connected the movement of the Theology of Liberation and after the structuring of a regional market around large-scale distribution. The paper shows how the integration of these farmers in a market system ruled by capitalist logic was accompanied, at the local level, by the professionalization of agriculture and by the implantation of corporate structures and logic. It also shows how these ecologic modernization dynamics, while contributing to the creation of a new rural elite and new forms of social inequality, seem to also be able to contribute to the maintenance of farming in a context of strong urban pressure, to the return ofyoung people to farming, and the construction of territories of ecologic quality.In this sense, it questions whether contexts exist in which ecologic modernization would be a compromise accepted by defenders of more radical alternatives? Whichever the answer to this question, the answer we propose underlines the importance of reintegrating the analysis of the ecologic farming trajectories to a broader study of social changes, mainly in its local components.

Du point de vue socio-environnemental, la situation au Brésil peut être considérée aujourd’hui comme catastrophique. Cependant, les difficultés ne sont pas nouvelles. Le modèle « social-développementaliste » déployé sous Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva lui-même prête largement le flan à la critique. Mêlant des politiques macroéconomiques néolibérales à un interventionnisme d’État, il a généré des situations hautement paradoxales, créant des tensions importantes entre développement et protection de l’environnement, mais aussi entre intérêt national et reconnaissance des droits de certaines minorités. La situation s’est nettement dégradée sous le premier mandat de Dilma Rousseff, puis avec le coup d’État parlementaire de 2016, qui a fait céder les derniers remparts. Les élites conservatrices ont défait la fragile régulation socio-environnementale pour imposer leurs intérêts par la force. Violence et criminalisation des opposants s’affirment comme modes de régulation d’un État dont la dérive policière est particulièrement inquiétante. De uma perspectiva socioambiental a situação do Brasil pode ser considerada hoje como catastrófica. Contudo, os elementos que caracterizam essa situação não são novos, pois, estão em parte presentes no governo de tipo « social-desenvolvimentista » efetivado a partir do governo Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva. Esse governo, que mesclou políticas macroeconômicas neoliberais com um intervencionismo estatal, gerou situações paradoxais que estabeleceram tensões importantes entre questões como desenvolvimento e proteção ambiental, interesse nacional e direitos de minorias. Situação que se agravou no primeito mandato de Dilma Roussef e que, após o golpe de 2016, se aprofundou de forma mais drástica ainda, com investidas das elites conservadoras na descontrução da regulação socioambiental vigente, de maneira a impor seus interesses pela força. Ações de criminalização e utilização da violência contra oponentes se tornarão o padrão de atuação de um Estado que passa a tratar a questão socioambiental como caso de polícia. From a socio-environmental perspective, the situation in Brazil today may be said to be disastrous. Yet, these difficulties are not new. The “social-developmentalist” model implemented under Lula’s presidency is also vulnerable to critique. By combining neo-liberal macroeconomic policies and state interventionism, it has produced contradictory situations, and strong tensions between development and environmental protection, and national interest and rights of minorities. Things worsened during the first mandate of President Dilma Rousseff, and even more so after the 2016 parliamentary coup. Conservative elites are undoing environmental legislation to defend their interests. Violence and criminalization of opponents is becoming a new mode of state regulation.

L’environnement s’est impose comme un probleme majeur de societe. Au-dela des arenes et institutions qui tentent de le prendre en charge a l’echelle globale, il penetre tous les jours un peu plus le quotidien de la cite et des affaires humaines (Vertovec & Posey 2003 ; Poirot-Delpech & Raineau 2012). Il contribue a de nombreuses controverses, conduit a la production de lois, de politiques publiques, de normes. Il est a l’origine d’une reformulation des theories et des pratiques economiques, s...

Nous abordons le sujet sur la base des recherches sur les natures urbaines lancées au Muséum dans les années 1990, concrétisées par un colloque (1996), deux journées d’études et deux opérations de recherche au sein de l’UMR Éco-Anthropologie et Ethnobiologie, le tout chevillé à des enseignements. La problématique initiale était celle des « villes naturalisées », qui a été commuée en « villes vivrières ». L’idée majeure qui se dégage de cette réflexion collective est l’enchaînement des représe...

Depuis le début des années 90, la contractualisation s’est imposée comme l’une des principales modalités de réponse aux enjeux de gestion de la biodiversité dans le Parc national des Cévennes. Elle est non seulement considéré comme contribuant à une « bonne gouvernance » de la nature mais également présentée comme un levier pour la sensibilisation et l’engagement des populations locales en faveur de la gestion de la biodiversité. Cependant, comme nous le montrons ici à partir du cas du causse Méjean, vingt-cinq années de gestion contractuelle n’ont guère fait entrer la biodiversité dans le quotidien des éleveurs. Si tel est le cas, c’est d’une part que cette dernière reste avant tout l’expression d’une forme technocratique de la nature, qu’elle s’est imposée aux éleveurs à travers une grammaire normée, incapable de s’intégrer à leur environnement « vécu ». Mais si tel est le cas, c’est d’autre part que la gestion contractuelle telle qu’elle se présente localement n’est qu’une forme pervertie du principe de libre manifestation des intérêts de chacun qu’elle est censée incarner. En effet, dans les conditions actuelles de l’exercice de leur métier, les éleveurs ne sont guère « libres » de souscrire ces contrats. Cette tentative d’imposition d’éléments de nature, qui implique une re-signification profonde du territoire vécu des éleveurs et passe par des logiques contractuelles dévoyées, concoure ainsi à un faible niveau d’appropriation des enjeux de protection de la nature par les éleveurs et à la fragilité d’un dispositif de conservation toujours largement dominé par des rapports conflictuels entre ces derniers et les représentants du Parc national. Since the early 90’s “contractualisation” is seen as one of the major tools for biodiversity conservation in the Parc national des Cévennes (France). “Contractualisation” is considered to contribute to a better governance of nature. Furthermore, it is supposed to enhance the farmers’ sensitiveness and commitment toward biodiversity management stakes. However, it appears that since the “contractual turn” that occurred 25 years ago within the park, biodiversity didn’t find his way within the hearts and souls of the sheep breeders living in this place. Our explanation for this failure is that, one the one hand, biodiversity remains a technocratic and highly normative way of designing nature elements and natural processes that doesn’t fit in the breeders “lived environment”. On the other hand, we consider this failure as the result of a “contractual turn” that is disconnected with the principle of freedom that is theoretically at the heart of any contractual form. Indeed, in a context where almost a third of the breeder’s incomes come from such contracts, signing these latter is perceived less as a matter of choice than of necessity. The overall result is a low level of appropriation of the (local) stakes regarding nature conservation by the breeders and a co-management of biodiversity that is precarious and still strongly based on conflictual relations.

Quelles sont les consequences d’un processus conjoint de modernisation ecologique et l’evolution des modes de vie dans les campagnes pour l’agriculture familiale au Bresil ? Comment les changements dans la production agricole interagissent-ils avec les changements dans les configurations des familles rurales du Bresil d’aujourd’hui, et comment cela affectet-il la dynamique de la petite agriculture ? Telles sont les principales questions auxquelles cet article cherche a apporter des reponses a partir d’une etude de cas sur l’emergence et la croissance de l’agriculture biologique dans un « quartier rural » situe a proximite de Sao Paulo, pour tenter d’evaluer la contribution de la modernisation ecologique au maintien de l’activite agricole dans des zones rurales souffrant d’une forte pression urbaine. Cet article montre que la modernisation ecologique peut contribuer au maintien d’une agriculture dynamique en permettant a tous les membres de la famille, independamment de leur sexe, âge ou niveau de qualification, de trouver leur place dans des activites agricoles qui passent d’un statut familial a un statut entrepreneurial.

From 2000 to 2010, the production of organic vegetables in the Ile-de-France region grew principaly according to a community supported agriculture scheme, within the frame of a regional network called AMAP-IdF. This network unfolds through partnerships that transcends the boundaries historically established in the french agricultural field and highlights the key role played by the territorialisation of public policies in the mutations currently at work in this field. This case-study show that developing alternative agrifood systems remains problematic in an agricultural field within which organisations created during the modernization era are still dominating. Meanwhile it illustrates how the penetration of the food fabric by urban dwellers helps expressing latent identity mutations within the agricultural social world itself., Le développement du maraîchage Biologique en Ile-de-France s'appuie principalement, en ce début de XXIe siècle, sur un système d'acteurs bâti autour du réseau régional AMAP. Ce système d'acteurs se déploie à travers un réseau partenarial qui transcende les cloisonnements historiquement institués dans le champ agricole et souligne le rôle clé joué par la territorialisation des politiques publiques dans les recompositions à l'oeuvre dans ce champ. Ce cas montre comment le déploiement de modèles agricoles et agro-alimentaires critiques reste aujourd'hui difficile dans un champ en forte tension, toujours dominé par les héritiers du système de cogestion. Il illustre également une forme de réappropriation de la fabrique agricole - et des espaces de production - par des individus d'origine urbaine, tout en ouvrant la voie à l'expression de mutations identitaires latentes dans le monde agricole lui-même.

International audience; The Brazilian organic food sector has experienced important growth during the last two decades. Brazilian smallholders, however, are facing huge challenges to enter and benefit from this growth in a sustainable way. Combining the lens of New Institutional Economics and socio-anthropology, we analyze six experiences of Brazilian smallholders who converted to organics in the 1990s'. Three different food systems are featured in this analysis: an alternative food system, which is strongly interwoven with the Brazilian Agro-ecological movement and two commercial food procurement systems oriented towards domestic and an export markets driven mainly by supermarket chains. The analytical focus was on 1) the governance of these food systems, 2) the constraints farmers are facing within these food systems and, 3) the benefits that they can expect from market inclusion. We highlighted the roles that NGOs, Faith-based organizations and public-related agencies play in supporting the inclusion of smallholders into all three food systems. We confirmed the arguments in support of pursuing the agroecological development based model in Brazil, but underlined that there is a critical lack of support for farmers included in the commercial market-oriented food systems. Such a lack is even more critical as the food systems driven by expanding supermarket chains are characterized by strong asymmetric power relations at the expense of smallholders. Considering the reluctance of NGOs and Faith-based organizations to support these farmers, we call for efforts to be made to provide a policy framework to enable public-related entities to secure sustainable inclusion into these systems and exit strategies for those experiencing exclusion from these highly competitive food systems.

International audience

Nous montrons ici comment les connaissances et les representations qu’ont des eleveurs du causse Mejan de leurs pâturages se construisent dans les rapports etroits et « situes » qu’ils entretiennent avec leurs animaux et le milieu naturel. Les eleveurs « apprennent le milieu » en grande partie a travers l’observation des comportements au pâturage de leurs animaux et considerent leurs « parcours » a la fois en tant qu’espace de ressources et espace de vie pour ces derniers. L’engagement affectif et corporel avec les processus vivants, qui operent a travers un quotidien partage avec les animaux et les milieux ecologiques, constitue un aspect essentiel dans la construction de savoirs et de savoir-faire en matiere d’elevage. Nous soutenons que ces aspects doivent etre mieux pris en compte afin d’ameliorer la qualite du dialogue entre scientifiques, encadrement agricole et eleveurs.

The expansion of the organic sector in Brazil is seen as a leverage for the social emancipation of the small family farmers. Next to the traditional alternatives circuits of organic food and farming, new powerful capitalistic actors, such as supermarket chains, are rapidly entering the Brazilian organic arena. Can family farming benefit from the development of these “conventional” commercialisation circuits in the organic sector? Research undertaken in 2007, in a green belt rural community of Sao Paulo, shows how family farmers may have benefited from the implication of large retail chains in the organic sector and how an economically and ecologically outstanding agriculture may arise from these circumstances. However, we highlight the crucial role played by social regulation: only strong solidarity between farmers and the implication of technicians, militants and researchers in the process made it possible to counter the negative effects of the liberal logic governing the development of organic farming via the major retailers. Still, as tougher competition is expected on the regional organic market, the development of short supply chains involving “committed” consumers and the broader integration of the local farmers in networks of organic militancy appear crucial. It would guarantee a continuous enhancement of the local human and social capital, reinforce an emerging process of internal conversion and allow for a stronger social regulation of the future local development pattern.

Le « reseau du musee de l’Homme », organisation emblematique des debuts de la Resistance en zone occupee, semble bien connu. Une etude precise permet pourtant de souligner la richesse de ses composantes, la variete de ses activites ou encore l’originalite de son fonctionnement, loin de l’image d’Epinal qui s’est imposee. A travers le cas d’ecole du musee de l’Homme, ce sont quelques-unes des specificites de cette premiere desobeissance qui sont ici mises en lu-miere.

O objetivo desta pesquisa é analisar a relação das atuais experiências agroecológicas desenvolvidas no Brasil com a orientação para uma transição paradigmática de desenvolvimento rural. Buscou-se avaliar a aproximação destas experiências com a abordagem da Ecologia de Saberes, apresentada por Boaventura de Sousa Santos, onde se propõe o diálogo e o encontro entre a pluralidade epistemológica existente. À esta abordagem se atribui o potencial de transição paradigmática visto as diferentes cosmovisões e respectivas relações estabelecidas entre as sociedades e o ambiente, portanto, possivelmente distintas da racionalidade moderna ocidental onde o homem se vê separado da natureza e capaz de submetêla a seus valores e interesses. Os referenciais teóricos utilizados para ancorar esta análise baseiam-se nas ideias desenvolvidas por Thomas Kuhn sobre os processos de transição paradigmática e na abordagem teórica de Pierre Bourdieu através do conceito de praxiologia e a proposta de mediação entre o agente social e a sociedade. Como metodologia, utilizou-se da observação de campo e da aplicação de entrevistas semiestruturadas a atores sociais que atuam em distintas instituições e contextos. Aprofundou-se a análise com a realização de um estudo de caso na Unidade de Referência - Assentamento 17 de Abril, Restinga/SP, implantado pelo projeto Rede de Agroecologia Leste Paulista - Alta Mogiana do Edital Redes ECOFORTE. Na investigação, procurou-se analisar as concepções e modos de atuação sob a perspectiva agroecológica, identificando-se também os desafios e potencialidades atribuídos às experiências realizadas. A análise dos dados coletados permitiu constatar a relação dos fatores: histórico e perfil de atuação das instituições, formação e motivação dos profissionais, presença e participação dos movimentos sociais e tempo de convivência entre técnicos e comunidades, com o desenvolvimento de processos horizontais e dialógicos orientados para a construção coletiva da aprendizagem. Pôde-se concluir que nas instituições públicas de ATER, assim como nas de pesquisa e desenvolvimento, prevalecem atuações ancoradas sob o viés difusionista, com orientação para a transferência de conhecimentos e tecnologias consideradas mais sustentáveis, afastando-se, portanto, da proposta conferida à Ecologia de Saberes. Nas experiências desenvolvidas pelo terceiro setor e que atuam juntamente a movimentos e organizações sociais da agricultura familiar verificou-se uma orientação voltada para o encontro e diálogo entre a pluralidade epistemológica existente aproximando-se, portanto, dos elementos contidos na proposta da Ecologia de Saberes. Nestes casos, as experiências apresentam o potencial de transição paradigmática de desenvolvimento rural, uma vez que favorecem a emergência de distintas formas de compreensão da realidade e de organização socioprodutiva, notoriamente distintas das estratégias difundidas pelo paradigma moderno ocidental. The goal of this research is to analyze the relationship of the current agroecological experiences developed in Brazil with the orientation towards a paradigmatic transition of rural development. This study aimed to evaluate the approximation of these experiences to the approach of Ecology of Knowledge, presented by Boaventura de Sousa Santos, where the dialogue and the encounter between existing epistemological plurality are proposed. This approach is based on the paradigmatic transition potential given the different cosmosvisions and its respective relationships established between societies and the environment, therefore, possibly distinct from modern Western rationality where man sees himself separated from nature and capable of subjecting it to his values and interests. The theoretical references used to anchor this analyses are based on ideas developed by Thomas Kuhn on the paragmatic transition processes and the theory approach of Pierre Bourdieu thru the concept of praxiology and the proposal of mediation between the social agent and society. As methodology, it was used field observation and the application of semi-structured interviews to social actors who work in different institutions and contexts. The analysis was deepened with the accomplishment of a case study in the Reference Unit - Settlement Aprl 17th, Resting/SP, implemented by the East Paulista Agroecology Network project - Alta Mogiana from the public notice, ECOFORTE. In the research I sought to analyze the conceptions and modes of action from the agroecological perspective, also identifying the challenges and potentialities attributed to the experiences made. The analysis of the data collected allowed us to verify the relationship between the factors: history and performance profile of the institutions, training and motivation of the professionals, presence and participation of social movements and time of coexistence between technicians and communities, with the development of horizontal and dialogic oriented processes for the collective construction of learning. It could be concluded that ATER\'s public institutions, as well as those of research and development, are anchored under the diffusionist bias, with a view to the transfer of knowledge and technologies considered more sustainable, thus diverging from the proposal given to the Ecology of Knowledge. In the experiences developed by the third sector and which work together with the social movements and organizations of family agriculture, there has been an orientation directed towards the encounter and dialogue between the existing epistemological plurality, thus approaching the elements contained in the proposal of the Ecology of Knowledge. In these cases, the experiences present the potential of paradigmatic transition of rural development, since they favor the emergence of different forms of understanding of reality and socio-productive organization, notoriously different from the strategies spread by the western modern paradigm.

O rural está deixando de ser percebido apenas como espaço de produção agrícola para ser encarado como detentor de múltiplas funções de interesse geral da sociedade. O reconhecimento de funções sociais, ambientais e culturais da agricultura faz com que a população rural esteja no foco de novas políticas públicas de desenvolvimento. O enfoque da multifuncionalidade da agricultura busca construir um aparato teórico-metodológico para compreender essas funções e dar subsídio à formulação e avaliação dessas políticas. Dentre estas políticas, a de Pagamento por Serviços Ambientais para a Conservação dos Recursos Hídricos (PSA-Água) se destaca por reconhecer a proteção dos recursos hídricos como inerente ao rural. Neste sentido, o trabalho analisou como os projetos de pagamento por serviços ambientais destinados à conservação dos recursos hídricos estão influenciando dimensões da reprodução, manutenção e valorização das condições sociais, econômicas e ambientais da agricultura familiar nos diferentes contextos onde estão implementados na porção Mata Atlântica dos estados da região sudeste brasileira. Além de entender casos específicos, buscou-se estabelecer uma compreensão mais ampla do mecanismo de PSA como política pública para a agricultura familiar no Brasil. Usou-se o método de estudo de caso, pesquisando os projetos: Conservador das Águas em Extrema-MG, ProdutorES de Água em Alfredo Chaves-ES e o Projeto Piloto no PCJ em Joanópolis e Nazaré Paulista-SP. Desenvolveu-se quatro níveis de análise: 1) teórico, por meio de uma pesquisa bibliográfica; 2) institucional-legal, por meio de uma análise de conteúdo dos documentos legais que criam os projetos; 3) dos atores institucionais, por meio de entrevistas gravadas com os formuladores, gestores e executores dos projetos; e, 4) dos proprietários rurais, por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas junto aos participantes e não participantes dos projetos. Identificou-se que, no campo teórico, as noções de multifuncionalidade da agricultura e de serviços ambientais se inter-relacionam, mas emergem sob referências distintas, o que torna instigante a mobilização da primeira para o exame dos projetos de PSA-Água no que se refere à sua capacidade de reconhecer e valorizar as múltiplas funções da agricultura familiar. As dimensões privilegiadas destes PSA-Água são: o direito de propriedade, a racionalidade econômica, o conhecimento técnico-científico e a conservação ambiental. Estas dimensões constituem eixos em torno dos quais os atores institucionais trabalharam para a existência dos projetos, o que relegou para segundo plano a perspectiva de construir uma política agroambiental com base na agricultura familiar. Estes atores atuaram menos para aumentar ou melhorar as condições dos serviços ambientais e mais para reforçar as instituições nas quais estão engajados. A implementação dos projetos ocorreu em contextos onde há perfis socioeconômicos heterogêneos de proprietários rurais. As tomadas de decisões ocorreram no entanto pouco levando em conta as dinâmicas sociais, econômicas e culturais em torno dos agricultores familiares. Assim, poucos impactos significativamente positivos sobre estas dimensões podem ser observados. Seja como for, foram os agricultores familiares os que mais contribuíram com o cumprimento das metas ambientais dos projetos. Concluiu-se que os projetos de PSA-Água analisados enquanto dispositivo de políticas públicas pouco valorizam o conjunto de funções da agricultura familiar no Brasil. The country is ceasing to be perceived only as a space for agricultural production to be seen as multiple functions in the general interest of society holder. The recognition of social, environmental and cultural functions of agriculture makes the rural population is the focus of new public development policies. The focus of the multifunctionality of agriculture seeks to build a theoretical - methodological apparatus to understand these functions and give allowance to the formulation and evaluation of policies. Among these policies, Payment by (PSA - Water) Environmental Conservation Services Water Resources stands for recognizing the protection of water resources as a function of the countryside. In this sense, the work analyzed as payment for environmental services projects for the conservation of water resources are influencing dimensions of reproduction, maintenance and enhancement of social, economic and environmental conditions of family farming in the different contexts in which they are implemented in the Atlantic Forest portion of states of southeastern Brazil. Thus, in addition to understanding specific cases, we sought to establish a broader understanding of the PSA mechanism as public policy for family farming in Brazil. We used the method of study of case, surveying projects: Conservative Waters in Extrema, Minas Gerais water producers in Alfredo Chaves - ES and the Pilot Project the PCJ in Joanópolis and Nazaré Paulista - SP. Developed four levels of analysis: 1) theory, through a literature search; 2) institutional-legal, through a content analysis of legal documents that create the projects; 3) the institutional actors, through recorded interviews with the makers, managers and implementers of projects; and, 4) the landowners, through semi-structured interviews with participants and non-participants of the projects. It was found that, in theory, the notions of multifunctionality of agriculture and environmental services are interrelated, but emerge under different references, which makes it exciting mobilization from the first to the examination of PSA - Water projects as refers to its ability to recognize and value the multiple functions of family farming. The privileged dimensions of these PSA-Water are: the right to property, economic rationality, technical and scientific knowledge and environmental conservation. These dimensions are axes around which the institutional actors worked for the existence of the projects, which relegated to the background the prospect of building a agrienvironmental policy based on family farming. These actors acted less to increase or improve the conditions of environmental services and more to strengthen the institutions in which they are engaged. The implementation of the projects took place in contexts where there are heterogeneous socioeconomic profiles of landowners. Decision making occurred however little taking into account the social, economic and cultural dynamics around the family farmers. Thus, few significantly positive impacts on these dimensions can be observed. In any case, it was the farmers who most contributed to the achievement of the targets of the projects. It was concluded that PSA - Water projects analyzed as little public policies device value the wide range of functions of family farming in Brazil.

O cenário atual dos sistemas alimentares mostra uma tendência generalizada ao alongamento das cadeias agroalimentares e à concentração dos setores de distribuição. No entanto, multiplicam-se experiências locais que propõem formas alternativas de distribuir e consumir alimentos, reconhecendo o papel da agricultura familiar no desenvolvimento de sistemas alimentares mais sustentáveis. Estas iniciativas, sejam elas oriundas da sociedade civil ou reguladas por políticas públicas, promovem a redução da distância tanto geográfica quanto relacional entre produtores e consumidores. A noção de circuito curto de comercialização instiga reflexões sobre as diferentes dimensões da proximidade e a relocalização do abastecimento alimentar. Entende-se por circuito curto as modalidades de comercialização nas quais há, no máximo, um intermediário entre o produtor e o consumidor final. Nosso estudo procurou focalizar em alguns aspectos relativos à inserção de agricultores familiares em circuitos curtos de comercialização, examinando a experiência de cinco grupos de agricultores no estado de São Paulo, nas regiões de Piracicaba e do Pontal do Paranapanema. Diferentes modalidades de circuito curto compõem o espectro da pesquisa: venda direta no sítio, venda ambulante, feira livre, feira do produtor, varejão municipal, grupos de consumidores organizados e os mercados institucionais regulados pelo Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar (PNAE) e pelo Programa de Aquisição de Alimentos (PAA). O objetivo foi entender quais são os arranjos desenvolvidos pelos agricultores em termos de sistema agrícola, de organização do trabalho e de relações sociais. O levantamento dos dados fundou-se em revisões bibliográficas, realização de observações participantes e entrevistas semi-dirigidas com agricultores inseridos em circuitos curtos. Em primeiro lugar, tratou-se de caracterizar o funcionamento dos diversos circuitos curtos estudados, para poder em seguida evidenciar as estratégias que os agricultores desenvolvem. A pesquisa mostrou que a busca por uma diversidade de alimentos comercializados não se traduz necessariamente por uma diversidade dentro dos agroecossistemas. Identificamos três estratégias adotadas pelos agricultores: a diversificação dentro dos sistemas agrícolas, a revenda de produtos de terceiros e o processamento de alimentos. Além disto, a inserção em circuitos curtos supõe que o agricultor assuma uma série de funções e domine uma série de competências que não se restringem às atividades produtivas. O tempo de trabalho adicional da venda direta requer uma reorganização do trabalho, que se baseia muitas vezes na repartição das tarefas dentro da família agrícola ou de organizações coletivas de produtores. A diversidade das relações sociais tecidas entre os produtores, com os consumidores e com agentes para-agrícolas mostra que o acesso aos mercados, inclusive dos circuitos curtos, depende em grande medida de redes sociais sólidas. Por fim, os circuitos curtos não necessariamente promovem o fortalecimento e reconhecimento da agricultura familiar local quando não há diferenciação de seus produtos em relação àqueles advindos dos mercados atacadistas. Com efeito, nestes circulam mercadorias de todas as origens cujos preços nem sempre refletem as condições locais de produção. A informação e formação dos agentes sociais envolvidos (consumidores finais, gestores públicos e atores da sociedade civil) são fundamentais para garantir que os circuitos curtos de comercialização constituam de fato uma alternativa aos sistemas alimentares dominantes. The current scenario of agri-food systems shows a general tendency to everlengthening food supply chain and concentration of distribution channels. However, local experiences are spreading, offering alternative ways to distribute and consume food, recognizing the role of family farming in developing more sustainable food systems. These initiatives, whether coming from civil society or regulated by public policies, aim at reducing geographical and relational distance between producers and consumers. The notion of short food supply chains stirs reflection on the different dimensions of proximity and on the relocalization of food supply. Short food supply chains are understood to be marketing arrangements in which there is, at most, one intermediary between the producer and the final consumer. Our study focuses on certain aspects of the inclusion of family farmers in short marketing channels, looking at the experience of five groups of farmers in the São Paulo State, in the region of Piracicaba and Pontal do Paranapanema. Different types of short food supply chains compose the spectrum of this research: direct selling, street markets, farmers markets, regulated street markets, organized groups of consumers and institutional markets regulated by the National School Feeding Program (PNAE) and the Food Acquisition Program (PAA). The objective was to understand the arrangements developed by farmers in terms of agricultural system, work organization and social relations. Data collection was based on literature reviews, participant observations and semi-structured interviews with farmers involved. The functioning of the various short marketing channels was characterized in order to highlight the strategies developed by the farmers. Our research showed that the need for a diverse array of products does not necessarily lead to diversity within agroecosystems. Three strategies were identified: diversifying the farming system, resale of products and food processing. Furthermore, when taking part in short food supply chains, farmers undertake a number of functions and masters a set of skills that are not restricted to productive activity. The additional working time caused by direct selling requires reorganizing the work force, which often leads to division of tasks within the family or within collective producer organizations. The diversity of social relations woven between producers, with consumers and with local agents of agriculture-related organizations, shows that access to markets, including short marketing channels, depends largely on strong social networks. As a conclusion, short food supply chains do not necessarily contribute to the strengthening and recognition of local family farming when there is no differentiation of their products, in relation to those coming from wholesale markets. Indeed, the goods that circulate through wholesale markets come are from unknown origin and their prices do not always reflect the local conditions of production. The information and training of social agents involved (final consumers, public servants and civil society actors) are essential to ensure that short food supply chains constitute indeed an alternative to dominant food systems.