Celiac disease (CD) is a gastrointestinal disorder caused by sensitivity to the gliadin fraction of gluten proteins found in wheat, barley, and rye. In genetically prone individuals, exposure to gluten initiates an inflammatory response in the lining of the small bowel and development of circulating antibodies to tissue transglutaminase (TGA), to the endomysium, and/or to gliadin. Patients with classical or clinically overt CD usually complain of abdominal pain, bloating, and diarrhea. If untreated, the inflammation leads to chronic malabsorption of macronutrients as well as folate, fat-soluble vitamins, and iron. Complications may include growth failure, osteoporosis, hepatocellular dysfunction, anovulation, infertility and habitual miscarriage, neurologic dysfunction, and an increased risk of small bowel lymphoma (1-8). Currently, the only treatment is strict gluten restriction. The prevalence of CD in children with type 1 diabetes (1.7–10%) (1, 9-11) exceeds greatly than that in the general population (0.5-0.8%) (12-14). Interestingly, most patients with diabetes have a ‘subclinical’ form of the illness; they are seropositive to celiac antigens and may have pathological changes of the small bowel villi but lack the abdominal symptoms seen in classical CD. Serologic screening of children with diabetes for CD is controversial because no studies have demonstrated metabolic complications in asymptomatic, seropositive subjects or beneficial effects of dietary intervention. We hypothesized that seropositivity to celiac antigens is associated with decreased parameters of weight, height, and bone mineralization in asymptomatic children with type 1 diabetes. To that end, we compared baseline weight, height, and bone mineralization and serum insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I, IGF-binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3), 25 hydroxy vitamin D (25 OHD), and parathyroid hormone (PTH) in seropositive children with diabetes with baseline values in seronegative diabetic controls. We analyzed parameters of weight gain and growth and bone mineralization in a subset of seropositive subjects who underwent small bowel biopsy to assess correlations with severity of villous pathology. Finally, we assessed the changes in growth and bone mineralization in four asymptomatic subjects who maintained for 1 yr or more a strict gluten-free diet.