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Interindividuelle Unterschiede in Persönlichkeitsfaktoren, ideologischen Einstellungen (Autoritarismus, soziale Dominanzorientierung), Empathie und Ekelsensitivität erklären einen substantiellen Anteil der Varianz in Vorurteilen, einem Schlüsselfaktor bei der Entstehung von Intergruppenkonflikten. In diesem Kapitel werden Forschungsbefunde zu diesen Zusammenhängen vorgestellt und es wird auf die Grenzen der Erklärungskraft interindividueller Unterschiede verwiesen, die häufig in einer Interaktion mit situationalen Merkmalen des sozialen Kontextes Vorurteile bedingen. Zudem stellen wir Forschung zur Sozialisation von Vorurteilen, von Persönlichkeitsmerkmalen, Empathie und ideologischen Einstellungen vor. Wir beschreiben mit dem Dual Process Motivational Model einen integrativen Ansatz, der eine Brücke zwischen persönlichkeitstheoretischen und situationalen Erklärungsmodellen baut und sie mit sozialisationstheoretischen Annahmen verknüpft und stellen aktuelle Forschungsbefunde dazu vor. Wir schließen mit einem Fazit, in dem wir auf angewandte Implikationen zur Reduktion von Intergruppenkonflikten eingehen.

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-658-36260-7_9

Immigrant adolescents have to navigate through a complex social environment consisting of, at least, both a native and a co-ethnic community. This study used a multi-level framework to consider two research questions involving this complexity. The individual-level associations of acculturation orientations and acculturative hassles (language and sociocultural adaptation) was assessed in immigrant youths, and whether this association differs depending on the school-level acculturation orientations held by co-ethnic peers, and the school-level orientations toward immigrants held by native German peers. We then investigated whether acculturative hassles are associated with the psychosocial functioning (self-efficacy, depressive symptoms) of immigrant adolescents. The sample comprised 650 ethnic German Diaspora migrant adolescents (mean age 15.6years, 53.7% female) and their 787 native German peers (mean age 15.05years, 51% female). The results showed that contextual factors (co-ethnic acculturation orientation, native friendship preferences) moderated the association between the acculturation orientations of adolescent immigrants and both types of acculturative hassles. Acculturative hassles, in turn, were associated with the psychosocial functioning of adolescents. This research demonstrates that a person-by-context perspective is needed to better understand the adaptation of adolescent immigrants. This perspective has to take into account both the native and the co-ethnic peer environment.

Little is known on how ethnic minority adolescents develop acculturation profiles of identification (i.e., how they combine their ethnic and national identification, such as being high on both and thus rather “integrated” or high on ethnic and low on national and thus rather “separated”). In a first step, this 3-year longitudinal study classified Turkish (n = 344) and resettler-origin (n = 121) ethnic minority adolescents living in Germany (Mage = 14.2, SD = 1.54, 51.6% female) according to their levels of ethnic and national identification. Latent profile analyses identified four profiles (separated, integrated, medium-ethnic, low-ethnic) for the former and three profiles (separated, integrated, low-and-medium ethnic) for the latter group. Latent transition analyses revealed considerable instability of profile attributions over time. Integration declined among both groups and results provided no evidence that national group boundaries are more permeable for resettler-origin than for Turkish-origin adolescents. Additional analyses revealed that perceived ethnic discrimination affected the probability to be in a particular profile but did not moderate transition probabilities. Overall, results suggest that during early-to-mid adolescence it is increasingly difficult to uphold a dual identity.

Youth in modern Western countries grow up in diverse societies. Yet research shows that their friendship networks tend to be segregated along ethnic, racial, and religious lines. Understanding how and why such friendship segregation arises is necessary to eventually promote social integration. Research has shown that the composition and structure of friendship networks can influence the development of a wide range of individual attitudes and behavior. In this chapter, the authors show how social network analysis (SNA) advances our knowledge of the causes and consequences of segregation in youth’s friendship networks. They first highlight competing and complementary theoretical considerations regarding the emergence of friendship segregation. They then discuss methodological advantages of SNA over traditional approaches to obtain insights into such processes. After discussing key findings on the causes and consequences of network segregation, they close the chapter by pointing to open research questions and related challenges for future research.

Identification with Europe can constitute an important part of psychological citizenship for European citizens. From a self-categorization perspective, higher-order (e.g., with Europe) and lower order subgroup identities (e.g., with the nation) may interfere with each other if they are seen as incompatible. We were interested in contextual moderators at school and country level of youth' national identity on identification with Europe. We used multi-level regression analyses based on data from the International Civic and Citizenship Education Study (ICCS, 2009). Results showed strong positive effects of national identity at the individual, and classroom-level on European identity. However, main effects of national identity at the individual level were qualified by number of interactions with contextual-level measures of trust in the EU and indicators of social and economic inequality. Results point to the powerful effects of context in shaping the relationship between national and European identity.

Economic crises can threaten individuals’ sense of control. At the same time, these crises often result in collective responses, such as class-based protest (e.g., the 99%), but also nationalism or xenophobia. We investigated how personal consequences of economic crises lead to both intragroup and intergroup responses and the role of control for these effects. Studies 1 and 2 show that personal income and fear of economic descent reduce people's personal control, which, in turn, fosters hostile interethnic attitudes (Study 1), and in-group trust toward one's own social class (Study 2). Study 3 tests the combined effect of personal control and salience of collective economic identity in an experimental field study in Germany and Spain. For Spanish participants, control deprivation increased collective efficacy when national economic identity was salient, which, in turn, increased collective action intentions. We discuss the conditions under which crisis-induced threat to personal control elicits collective responses and the consequences for intergroup relations, including across class lines.

Considering the importance of active citizenship, the goal of the present research was to identify meaningful predictors of intentions to participate in politics in adolescence (Study 1) and young adulthood (Study 2). Based on the assumptions of the civic voluntarism model, three main predictors were examined: Resources (educational level), experiences in social networks (club membership, important others’ attitudes toward political behaviors, political discussions), and individual characteristics (attitudes toward political behaviors, internal political efficacy). Despite the differences in age, both studies identified a strikingly similar pattern of results: Especially experiences in social networks predicted changes in young people’s intentions to participate in politics. These effects, however, were mediated by the examined individual characteristics. While the effect of political discussions was largely mediated by the young people’s sense of internal political efficacy, the effect of important others’ attitudes was mediated by their own attitudes toward political behaviors

This research examined whether peer relationships amongst ethnic minority status children reflect the social groups to which children belong and the degree to which they identify with these groups. A longitudinal study was conducted to investigate the influence of group identities (i.e. ethnic and national) on children’s perceived peer acceptance and preference for same-ethnic friendships. Measures of ethnic and English identification, perceived peer acceptance and friendship choice were administered to 207 south-Asian English children, aged between 5-11 years, at two time points six months apart. In line with predictions, longitudinal analysis showed that bicultural identification (i.e. higher ethnic and English identity) was related to higher perceived peer acceptance and less preference for same-ethnic friendships. Importantly, as hypothesized, this finding was limited to the older children with more advanced social-cognitive abilities. The results suggest that older children who adopted a bicultural identity were able to strategically ‘flag’ their multiple group identities, within their multicultural peer groups, to obtain acceptance amongst the maximum number of peers and show less preference for same-ethnic friendships. This study extends previous peer relations research, which have typically focused on individual social deficits or classroom norms, by showing group identities influence peer relationships amongst ethnic minority status children.