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O objetivo deste estudo foi quantificar a infiltração de água e a resistência à penetração em um Latossolo Vermelho cultivado com diferentes sistemas de uso da terra e em área de pastagem degradada. As áreas de estudo estão localizadas no município de Rio Verde (GO), onde foram avaliados sete tratamentos: T1- Degradado; T2 - Pasto adubado; T3 – convencional; T4 - Integração lavoura-floresta (ILF); T5 - Integração pecuária-floresta (IPF); T6 - Integração lavoura-pecuária-floresta (ILPF feno) e T7 - Integração lavoura-pecuária-floresta (ILPF silagem). Foram determinadas as curvas de velocidade de infiltração de água e os respectivos valores de velocidade de infiltração básica (VIB) para as áreas em estudo. A infiltração da água no solo foi determinada “in situ” pelo método do infiltrômetro de anéis duplos e empiricamente por meio de modelos propostos por Kostiakov e Kostiakov-Lewis. A resistência do solo à penetração, até a profundidade de 0,3 m, foi realizada com o uso de penetrômetro de impacto. A maior infiltração em relação ao tempo ocorreu no tratamento T7. Os maiores valores de velocidade de infiltração básica ocorreram no tratamento T5. O modelo proposto por Kostiakov apresentou maior ajuste aos dados de velocidade de infiltração obtidos no campo. A menor resistência do solo à penetração é proporcionada pela diversidade de espécies nos tratamento T4. Os diferentes sistemas de manejo para recuperação de pastagem degradada influenciaram nos indicadores de qualidade do solo estudados, porém há necessidade de novos estudos para adequação das taxas de lotação nos sistemas integrados, para não retornar ao cenário de degradação. Made available in DSpace on 2020-10-14T09:11:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CNPAF-2020-ca.pdf: 880433 bytes, checksum: 7a095c4e1409a8bb82238a53b37978c5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2020

ESTIMATIVA DA EVAPOTRANSPIRAÇÃO EM SISTEMAS INTEGRADOS NO CERRADO, UTILIZANDO O ALGORITMO SAFER LEONNARDO CRUVINEL FURQUIM1; DANIEL NOE COAGUILA NUÑEZ2; EPITÁCIO JOSÉ DE SOUZA3; JOSÉ MATEUS KONDO SANTINI4; JULIANA SILVA RODRIGUES CABRAL5 E LUÍS FERNANDO STONE6 1 Universidade Federal de Goiás, Av. Esperança, s/n - Chácaras de Recreio Samambaia, CEP: 74690-900, Goiânia, Goiás, Brasil, leonnardolp@hotmail.com 2 Faculdade Unibras, departamento de agronomia, Faculdade Unibras, Rua Doze de Outubro, 42, Jardim Adriana, CEP: 75906-577, Rio Verde, Goiás, Brasil, tuheraldo@gmail.com 3 Faculdade Unibras, departamento de agronomia, Faculdade Unibras, Rua Doze de Outubro, 42, Jardim Adriana, CEP: 75906-577, Rio Verde, Goiás, Brasil, epitacio.agro@gmail.com 4 Faculdade Unibras, departamento de agronomia, Faculdade Unibras, Rua Doze de Outubro, 42, Jardim Adriana, CEP: 75906-577, Rio Verde, Goiás, Brasil, santini@faculdadeobjetivo.com.br 5 Faculdade Unibras, departamento de agronomia, Faculdade Unibras, Rua Doze de Outubro, 42, Jardim Adriana, CEP: 75906-577, Rio Verde, Goiás, Brasil, jsrcabral@gmail.com 6 Embrapa Arroz e Feijão, km 12 - Zona Rural GO-462, CEP: 75375-000, Santo Antônio de Goiás, Goiás, Brasil, luis.stone@embrapa.br 1 RESUMO O Cerrado apresenta-se frequentemente degradado, com cursos de água assoreados, nascentes desprotegidas e ausência de matas ciliares, evidenciando a incapacidade de gerar e armazenar água para atender a demanda agrícola e populacional. Sendo assim, torna-se importante avaliar os fluxos hídricos acima do solo nos novos sistemas integrados instalados na região, com o uso combinado de imagens de satélite Sentinel-2 no período de 2017-2019 e informações provenientes de estações meteorológicas. Para tanto, utilizou-se o modelo SAFER para estimativa da evapotranspiração atual, resultando em média de 1,15 mm dia-1, com valor máximo e mínimo de 3,69 e 0,00 mm dia-1, respectivamente. No tratamento integração pecuária-floresta observou-se a maior média de ETa (1,33 mm dia-1) e, no tratamento pastagem degradada, a menor média de ETa (0,96 mm dia-1). Porém, o tratamento pastagem degradada teve a menor variabilidade (0,96 ± 0,78 mm dia-1) e o tratamento integração lavoura pecuária-floresta para silagem apresentou a maior variabilidade (1,26 ± 1,40 mm dia-1). Os sistemas integrados se adequaram à sazonalidade da região, sofrendo estresse hídrico na época seca e com heterogeneidade espaço-temporal na época úmida. Palavras-chave: integração pecuária-floresta, modelagem, sensoriamento remoto, sentinel-2. FURQUIM, L. C.; COAGUILA-NUÑEZ, D. N.; SOUZA, E. J. de; SANTINI, J. M. K.; CABRAL, J. S. R.; STONE, L. F. ESTIMATION OF EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN INTEGRATED SYSTEMS IN CERRADO USING SAFER ALGORITHM 2 ABSTRACT Cerrado is often degraded, with silted water courses, absence of riparian forests and unprotected springs, leading to the inability to generate and store water to meet current demand. Therefore, it is important to assess the water flows above ground in the new integrated systems installed in the region, with the combined use of Sentinel-2 satellite images in the period 2017-2019 and information from weather stations. Therefore, the SAFER model was used to estimate the current evapotranspiration, resulting in an average of 1.15 mm day-1, with a maximum and minimum value of 3.69 and 0.00 mm day-1, respectively. In the livestock-forest integration treatment, the highest mean ETa was observed (1.33 mm day-1) and, in the degraded pasture treatment, the lowest mean ETa (0.96 mm day-1) was observed. However, the degraded pasture treatment had the lowest variability (0.96 ± 0.78 mm day-1) and the crop-livestock-forest integration treatment for silage showed the highest variability (1.26 ± 1.40 mm day-1). The integrated systems were adapted to the region's seasonality, suffering water stress in the dry season and with space-time heterogeneity in the wet season. Keywords: livestock-forest integration, modeling, remote sensing, sentinel-2.

A cultura da soja é uma das principais culturas do agronegócio brasileiro, podendo ser limitada por adubações equivocadas em área de cerrado. Com o presente trabalho, objetivou avaliar a dinâmica da adubação fosfatada, pelo uso de fontes e doses na adubação de manutenção da cultura da soja, em solo com alto teor de P, verificando a real eficácia do uso do superfosfato triplo de eficiência aumentada. O experimento foi realizado em delineamento em blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições, em esquema fatorial de 2x5, sendo o primeiro fator fontes de fertilizantes (superfosfato triplo e superfosfato triplo de eficiência aumentada) e segundo fator doses de P2O5 (0, 40, 80, 120 e 240 kg ha-1). O experimento foi conduzido em área experimental, em Rio Verde, GO, buscando-se avaliar as influências nas características de componentes de produção e produtividade da soja, bem como, na dinâmica do P no solo. Constatou-se que a cultura da soja não respondeu à adubação fosfatada, em solo com alto teor de P. O uso do Superfosfato triplo de eficiência aumentada não modifica a produtividade de grãos, mas, aumentou a exportação de P via grãos da cultura, em comparação ao Superfosfato Triplo convencional. Para a adubação fosfatada, recomenda-se o uso do Superfosfato triplo convencional na dose de 75 kg ha-1 de P2O5.

A cultura da soja é uma das principais culturas do agronegócio brasileiro, podendo ser limitada por adubações equivocadas em área de cerrado. Com o presente trabalho, objetivou avaliar a dinâmica da adubação fosfatada, pelo uso de fontes e doses na adubação de manutenção da cultura da soja, em solo com alto teor de P, verificando a real eficácia do uso do superfosfato triplo de eficiência aumentada. O experimento foi realizado em delineamento em blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições, em esquema fatorial de 2x5, sendo o primeiro fator fontes de fertilizantes (superfosfato triplo e superfosfato triplo de eficiência aumentada) e segundo fator doses de P2O5 (0, 40, 80, 120 e 240 kg ha-1). O experimento foi conduzido em área experimental, em Rio Verde, GO, buscando-se avaliar as influências nas características de componentes de produção e produtividade da soja, na fertilidade do solo, concentrações nutricionais dos grãos de soja colhidos e a dinâmica do P no solo. Constatou-se que a cultura da soja não respondeu à adubação fosfatada, em solo com alto teor de P. A adubação fosfatada influenciou os teores de P, S, Cu e Fe do solo e nas concentrações de N e Fe dos grãos colhidos. Para a adubação fosfatada, recomenda-se o uso do Superfosfato triplo convencional na dose de 75 kg ha-1 de P2O5.

A cultura da soja é uma das principais culturas do agronegócio brasileiro, podendo ser limitada por adubações equivocadas em área de cerrado. Com o presente trabalho, objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos da adubação fosfatada, pelo uso de fontes e doses na adubação de manutenção da cultura da soja, na fertilidade do solo, em condições de solo com alto teor de P. O experimento foi realizado em delineamento em blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições, em esquema fatorial de 2x5, sendo o primeiro fator fontes de fertilizantes (superfosfato triplo e superfosfato triplo de eficiência aumentada) e segundo fator doses de P2O5 (0, 40, 80, 120 e 240 kg ha-1). O experimento foi conduzido em área experimental, em Rio Verde, GO, buscando-se avaliar as influências nas características de componentes de produção e produtividade da soja, na fertilidade do solo, concentrações nutricionais dos grãos de soja colhidos e a dinâmica do P no solo. Constatou-se que adubação fosfatada influenciou os teores de P, S, Cu e Fe do solo e nas concentrações de N e Fe dos grãos colhidos. Para a adubação fosfatada, recomenda-se o uso do Superfosfato triplo convencional na dose de 75 kg ha-1 de P2O5.

Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-25T15:05:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-05-18 Sustainable zinc (Zn) management strategies are needed to improve cereal yield production, particularly under tropical savannah conditions. Inoculation with plant growth-promoting bacteria, such as Azospirillum brasilense, could be a useful and sustainable strategy to enhance agronomic Zn use efficiency (AZnUE), leading to better cereal development. This study was developed to explore the effect of seed inoculation with A. brasilense combined with Zn application rates on maize-wheat crop development, AZnUE and grain yield. The field experiments were conducted during four cropping seasons, using five Zn application rates (0-8 kg Zn ha(-1)), with maize grown in the first season, and two seed inoculation treatments (without or with A. brasilense) applied to both maize and wheat crops. Our results showed that inoculation was effective in promoting maize and wheat development with higher AZnUE (an increase of 76% and 17% for maize and wheat, respectively), leading to a greater yield (an increase of 6% for the maize and wheat harvests). The estimated applied Zn rates (between 4 and 5 kg Zn ha(-1)) resulted in higher maize-wheat grain yields. Our study explored new perspectives of A. brasilense inoculation related to nutrient uptake and use efficiency under different seasonal climatic conditions. First, we examined the positive effect of A. brasilense on maize and wheat Zn uptake and AZnUE in tropical Zn-deficient soils. In addition, we examined the positive effect of A. brasilense inoculation on maize and wheat development and grain yield under harsh climatic conditions such as in the Brazilian savannah. Univ Sao Paulo, Ctr Nucl Energy Agr, Av Centenario 303, BR-13416000 Piracicaba, Brazil Sao Paulo State Univ, Dept Plant Hlth Rural Engn & Soils, Ave Brasil 56, BR-15385000 Ilha Solteira, SP, Brazil Sao Paulo State Univ, Dept Plant Hlth Rural Engn & Soils, Ave Brasil 56, BR-15385000 Ilha Solteira, SP, Brazil

Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-25T23:35:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-12-23 Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Agricultural practices that allow a productive increase in a sustainable manner are becoming increasingly necessary to feed an ever-growing global population. The inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense has the potential to reduce the use of synthetic mineral fertilizers with efficient capacity to promote plant growth and increase nutrition. Therefore, this research was developed to investigate the potential use of A. brasilense to increase the accumulation of macro- and micronutrients and its influence on grain yield, plant height, and spike population in two wheat cultivars (CD1104 and CD150), under irrigated conditions in the Brazilian Cerrado. The study was carried out in a Rhodic Hapludox under a no-tillage system. The experiment was designed in randomized blocks with six replications, arranged in a 2 x 2 factorial scheme: two cultivars (CD150 and CD1104) and two levels of inoculation (control and with A. brasilense). The inoculation with A. brasilense provided greater accumulation of micronutrients in the aerial part of the wheat. In the cultivar CD1104, B and Cu had an accumulation 27.7 and 57.4% higher compared with those of the control without bacteria. In the cultivar CD150, Azospirillum increased the accumulation of B, Fe, and Mn by 43.8, 49.9, and 22%, respectively, and reduced Cu by 21.9%, compared with those of the control. The cultivar CD150 has greater efficiency to accumulate N (+35.5 kg N ha(-1)) as compared with the cultivar CD1104. Interactions between inoculation and cultivars resulted in greater accumulation of S and K in the shoot of the wheat cultivar CD150, as well greater accumulation of Cu in CD1104. In growth assessments, inoculation or cultivars did not statistically influence wheat grain yield and spike population. Howevere, for plant height, the CD1104 genotype has 13.1% bigger plant height on average than that of the CD150 genotype. Inoculation can contribute more sustainably to wheat nutrition. Sao Paulo State Univ, Dept Rural Engn Plant Hlth & Soils DEFERS, Sao Paulo, Brazil Sao Paulo State Univ, Dept Rural Engn Plant Hlth & Soils DEFERS, Sao Paulo, Brazil CNPq: 305.299/2014-0 CNPq: 312359/2017-9

Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-12T02:38:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-06-01 This research was developed to investigate the use of Azospirillum brasilense to enhance N use in wheat cropping systems and to assess the potential interactions between inoculation and urease inhibitor N-(n-butyl)thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT). The study was set up under a no-till system in a Rhodic Hapludox. The experimental design was a randomized completely block design with four replicates arranged in a two N source (urea with and without NBPT) × five N rate applied as side dress (0–200 kg ha−1) × two inoculation (with and without A. brasilense) factorial scheme. Inoculation with A. brasilense in combination with application of 100 and 150 kg N ha−1 was found to increase grain yield by 19.6 and 18.8%, respectively. Inoculation also increased biomass N uptake by 66.9% when N was omitted. Inoculation and NBPT application were found to increase NUE by 23.7% compared to inoculation in combination with conventional urea and by 140% compared to NBPT without inoculation. In addition, inoculation increased plant height and NUE by 13.2 and 49%, respectively, compared with non-inoculated plots. Conventional urea and urea with NBPT had a similar effect on nutrient concentration, N uptake, leaf chlorophyll index, biomass weight and wheat grain yield. This study showed positive improvements in wheat production parameters as a result of inoculation, but the potential benefits of NBPT use were less evident. Further research should be conducted under growing conditions that provide increased N volatilization to better study the potential of NBPT application. Department of Plant Health Rural Engineering and Soils Sao Paulo State University (UNESP) College of Engineering, Avenida Brasil, 56 - Centro Department of Soil Water and Climate University of Minnesota Southwest Research and Outreach Center, 23669 130th St. Department of Plant Health Rural Engineering and Soils Sao Paulo State University (UNESP) College of Engineering, Avenida Brasil, 56 - Centro

Made available in DSpace on 2022-04-28T19:28:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-05-08 New studies are needed to optimize the nitrogen (N) amount that can be applied to utilize the Azospirillum brasilense benefits. In addition, information regarding the interaction between the urease inhibitor and biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) and how they affect the macronutrients accumulation are also needed. We evaluate the effect of N sources and doses associated with A. brasilense regarding the macronutrients accumulation in straw and grains and wheat grain yield in tropical conditions. A randomized block experimental design was used with four replications in a 2×5 × 2 factorial arrangement as follows: two N sources (urea and urea with urease enzyme inhibitor NBPT; five N doses (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200kg ha−1) applied in topdressing; with and without A. brasilense inoculation. We found that an increase in N doses positively influenced the accumulation of macronutrients in straw and grains and the wheat grain yield. N sources have similar effects. Inoculation with A. brasilense increased accumulation of Mg and S in straw and P, Ca, and Mg in grains, regardless of the N dose. The inoculation with A. brasilense associated with 140kg ha−1 of N increased wheat grain yield. The inoculation can contribute in a more sustainable way to wheat nutrition and optimizing N fertilization. Department of Plant Health Rural Engineering and Soils São Palo State University

Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-10T20:00:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-04-08 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Alternative management practices are needed to minimize the need for chemical fertilizer use in non-leguminous cropping systems. The use of biological agents that can fix atmospheric N has shown potential to improve nutrient availability in grass crops. This research was developed to investigate if inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense in combination with silicon (Si) can enhance N use efficiency (NUE) in maize. The study was set up in a Rhodic Hapludox under a no-till system, in a completely randomized block design with four replicates. Treatments were tested in a full factorial design and included: i) five side dress N rates (0 to 200 kg ha(-1)); ii) two liming sources (Ca and Mg silicate and dolomitic limestone); and iii) with and without seed inoculation with A. brasilense. Inoculation with A. brasilense was found to increase grain yield by 15% when N was omitted and up to 10% when N was applied. Inoculation also increased N accumulation in plant tissue. Inoculation and limestone application were found to increase leaf chlorophyll index, number of grains per ear, harvest index, and NUE. Inoculation increased harvest index and NUE by 9.5 and 19.3%, respectively, compared with non-inoculated plots. Silicon application increased leaf chlorophyll index and N-leaf concentration. The combination of Si and inoculation provided greater Si-shoot accumulation. This study showed positive improvements in maize growth production parameters as a result of inoculation, but the potential benefits of Si use were less evident. Further research should be conducted under growing conditions that provide some level of biotic or abiotic stress to study the true potential of Si application. Sao Paulo State Univ, Dept Plant Hlth Rural Engn & Soils, Ilha Solteira, SP, Brazil Univ Minnesota, Southwest Res & Outreach Ctr, Dept Soil Water & Climate, Lamberton, MN USA Coll Objet, Higher Educ Inst Rio Verde, Rio Verde, Go, Brazil Sao Paulo State Univ, Dept Plant Hlth Rural Engn & Soils, Ilha Solteira, SP, Brazil FAPESP: 2017/06002-6 CNPq: 312359/2017-9

A produção pecuária brasileira, baseada no extrativismo e na baixa sustentabilidade, causa produção limitada, viabilidade econômica e degradação do solo. Sistemas integrados são alternativas viáveis, sustentáveis e aplicadas à realidade dos produtores. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi medir a qualidade física, biológica e química do solo e avaliar parâmetros biofísicos por sensoriamento remoto. O experimento foi conduzido em Rio Verde - Goiás, com sete tratamentos: pastagem degradada, pastagem degradada com adubação, reforma convencional de pastagem, integração de plantio florestal (com árvores frutíferas e olivais), integração pecuária-floresta com pastagem, colheita Integração pecuária-floresta com produção de feno e integração lavoura-pecuária-floresta com produção de silagem com consórcio sorgo forrageiro com pastagem. Os parâmetros densidade do solo, porosidade total, macroporos, índice S e capacidade de aeração do solo não diferiram estatisticamente. As pastagens degradadas apresentaram maior microporosidade em relação aos demais tratamentos. Os índices indicam maior retenção de água na pastagem degradada pela maior quantidade de microporos devido aos processos de compactação. Todos os tratamentos estavam abaixo do limite crítico de S de 0,045, cujos valores abaixo indicam degradação da estrutura do solo. Observou-se maior densidade populacional de fungos e bactérias, além de esporos de fungos micorrízicos em solos dos tratamentos sem revolvimento do solo. Os resultados referentes à fertilidade do solo foram responsivos apenas nos tratamentos onde a calagem foi realizada. Os dados de sensoriamento remoto foram precisos na determinação da biomassa atual e da evapotranspiração nos tratamentos.

Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-11T17:37:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2018-09-01 Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Aluminium (Al) is a toxic element for plants living in soils with acidic pH values, and it causes reductions in the roots and shoots development. High Al concentrations can cause physiological and structural changes, leading to symptoms of toxicity in plant tissue. The aim of this study was to describe the Al toxicity in soybean plants through physiological, nutritional, and ultrastructure analyses. Plants were grown in nutrient solution containing increasing Al concentrations (0; 0.05; 0.1; 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 mmol L−1). The Al toxicity in the soybean plants was characterized by nutritional, anatomical, physiological, and biochemical analyses. The carbon dioxide assimilation rates and stomatal conductance were not affected by the Al. However, the capacity for internal carbon use decreased, and the transpiration rate increased, resulting in increased root biomass at the lowest Al concentration in the nutrient solution. The soybean plants exposed to the highest Al concentration exhibited lower root and shoot biomass. The nitrate reductase and urease activities decreased with the increasing Al concentration, indicating that nitrogen metabolism was halted. The superoxide dismutase and peroxidase activities increased with the increasing Al availability in the nutrient solution, and they were higher in the roots, showing their role in Al detoxification. Despite presenting external lesions characterized by a damaged root cap, the root xylem and phloem diameters were not affected by the Al. However, the leaf xylem diameter showed ultrastructural alterations under higher Al concentrations in nutrient solution. These results have contributed to our understanding of several physiological, biochemical and histological mechanisms of Al toxicity in soybean plants. São Paulo State University (UNESP), Postal Code 17602-496 São Paulo State University (UNESP), Postal Code 15385-000 São Paulo State University (UNESP), Postal Code 17900-000 University of São Paulo (USP), Postal Code 13416-000 Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro (UFTM), Postal Code 38280-000 Federal University of Parana (UFPR), Postal Code 80060-000 São Paulo State University (UNESP), Postal Code 17602-496 São Paulo State University (UNESP), Postal Code 15385-000 São Paulo State University (UNESP), Postal Code 17900-000 CNPq: 309380/2017-0 CNPq: 448783/2014-2

In search of a more sustainable agriculture, the use of beneficial microorganisms has been highlighted, because they are low-cost and can reduce the use of fertilizers and increase grain yield. The present study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of A. brasilense inoculation and the best form and dose of inoculation in maize, measuring the impact on some physical characteristics and on its nutrition. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse, in Ilha Solteira, SP, Brazil, in a completely randomized design, with four replicates and eight treatments: 1) control; 2) Seed 1x; 3) Seed 2x; 4) Soil 1x; 5) Soil 2x; 6) Leaf 1x; 7) Leaf 2x; 8) Seed 1x + Leaf 1x, respectively representing in each treatment the site and dose of application (1x, dose recommended by the manufacturer; 2x, twice the dose recommended by the manufacturer). No differences were found in any physical characteristics evaluated between treatments; however, for nutrient contents in the leaf tissue, there was effect on Zn content. It was concluded that, regardless of the presence of A. brasilense inoculation, forms or dose (in hybrid DKB 350), in general, there were no improvements in the characteristics evaluated. RESUMO Microrganismos benéficos vem sendo amplamente aplicados na agricultura, por possuírem baixo custo e possibilitarem a redução da utilização de adubos e incrementos na produtividade de grãos. Com o presente trabalho, objetivou-se determinar o efeito de doses e formas de aplicação do inoculante Azospirillum brasilense na nutrição de planta e na produção da cultura do milho. O experimento foi realizado em casa de vegetação, no município de Ilha Solteira, SP, em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com quatro repetições e oito tratamentos: 1) Testemunha; 2) Semente 1x; 3) Semente 2x; 4) Solo 1x; 5) Solo 2x; 6) Foliar 1x; 7) Foliar 2x; 8) Semente 1x + Foliar 1x, sendo, respectivamente dentro de cada tratamento, o local e a dose de aplicação (1x, dose recomendada pelo fabricante; 2x, dobro da dose recomendada pelo fabricante). Não foram verificadas diferenças para os tratamentos avaliados, nas características avaliadas, já para as concentrações de nutrientes no tecido foliar, houve efeito somente para o Zn. Concluiu-se que, independente da presença de inoculação, da forma ou da dose de A. brasilense avaliada, no híbrido DKB 350, de modo geral, não houve melhorias nas características avaliadas e na nutrição da cultura do milho.

Cotton is one of the most important crops, both in the national context and worldwide. Being that, its fiber, constitutes an important raw material for the textile industry. The process of improving cottonseeds, favoured cultivars with smaller seeds. The goal of this work was to evaluate three cultivars of cottonseeds with different sizes through vigour tests. The work was developed in the seeds laboratory and the post-harvest Laboratory of plant products of the Instituto Federal Goiano – Campus Rio Verde. Cottonseeds of 3 cultivars were used (FiberMax 913 GLT, FiberMax 910 and DeltaPine 1648 B2RF), obtained in the crop of 2014 in the city of Primavera do Leste, Mato Grosso. The experimental design was entirely randomized, with eight replications of 50 seeds. Determinations of moisture content and weight of a hundred seeds, germination test and germination velocity index, emergency test, and emergency speed index, electrical conductivity and accelerated aging were conducted. The dimensions of the size of the seeds (length, width and thickness) were also determined, with the aid of digital caliper, and the weight of the seeds, with the aid of a balance of precision of resolution 0, 001g. The data was subjected to analysis of variance and the averages compared to the Tukey test at 5% probability. There was no clear relationship between the size of the seed and its physiological performance in assessed cultivars/batches, making it necessary more studies that can prove that type of association.

Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-11T17:36:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2017-12-01 Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Nickel (Ni) toxicity has been reported to decrease productivity in soybean (Glycine max L.). However, soybean responses to Ni toxicity are not well understood. The aim of the present study was to describe Ni toxicity in soybean plants through physiological, nutritional, and ultrastructural analyses. Plants were grown in nutrient solution containing increasing Ni concentrations (0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 10, and 20 μmol L−1), and nutritional, anatomical, physiological and biochemical features were determined. The results revealed previously unreported detrimental effects of Ni toxicity on soybean plants. CO2 assimilation rates, stomatal conductance and transpiration decreased, resulting in lower biomass in soybean plants exposed to the highest Ni levels. Nitrate reductase activity increased with up to 0.05 μmol L−1 Ni and then decreased, indicating halted N-metabolism. Urease activity increased with increasing Ni availability in the nutrient solution, and peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities were higher in plants grown at higher Ni levels. Leaf epidermal thickness (abaxial and adaxial), as well as root xylem and phloem diameter, decreased starting at 0.1 μmol L−1 Ni. Mean Ni concentrations varied from 77.5 to 17,797.4 mg kg−1 in roots and 2.3 to 16,774.5 mg kg−1 in shoots. Soybean plants exhibited symptoms of Ni toxicity starting at 0.1 μmol L−1 Ni, presenting mean shoot Ni concentration of 28.9 mg kg−1, along with leaf water loss until complete drying. The results contribute to our understanding of several physiological, biochemical and histological mechanisms of Ni toxicity in soybean, which is still poorly understood. São Paulo State University - UNESP Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul - UFMS University of São Paulo - USP São Paulo State University − UNESP São Paulo State University - UNESP São Paulo State University − UNESP CNPq: 448783/2014-2

A utilização de métodos de fácil aplicação e com resultados rápidos são importantes para que os produtores de milho possam decidir o momento correto para realização da colheita com redução das perdas com a secagem natural. Objetivou-se estudar o teor de água ideal dos grãos na colheita da cultura do milho, a produtividade e os componentes produtivos, bem como as perdas com a secagem natural em campo. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições e os tratamentos consistiram na colheita nos seguintes teores de água em base úmida (b.u.) dos grãos: 28,9 (ponto de maturidade fisiológica plena), 23,5; 21,9; 18,9; 16,1; e 13,8%, avaliando-se a umidade do ápice, meio e base da espiga, altura de plantas, altura de inserção de espigas, diâmetro do colmo, número de fileiras e grãos por fileiras, número de grãos por espiga, prolificidade, massa de 100 grãos e produtividade de grãos. Os componentes produtivos relacionados à planta e aos grãos não foram influenciados pela umidade de grãos na ocasião da colheita. A umidade da ápice, meio e base da espiga, massa de 100 grãos e a produtividade de grãos de milho foram influenciados pela umidade de grãos na ocasião da colheita.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense, associated with N rates and sources, in soil of the Cerrado (Brazilian savanna), on the grain yield of irrigated wheat (Triticum aestivum). The experiment was carried out under a no-tillage system in a Typic Haplustox. The experimental design was randomized complete blocks with four replicates, in a 2x5x2 factorial arrangement: two N sources (urea and urea with NBPT urease inhibitor); five N rates applied as topdressing (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 kg ha-1); and with or without seed inoculation with A.brasilense. The increase in the N rates positively affected spike length, number of spikelets and of grains per spike, number of spikes per meter, N accumulation in the straw, leaf chlorophyll content, and grain yield of irrigated wheat, regardless of the use of NBPT urease inhibitor with conventional urea. Singly, inoculation with A.brasilense does not affect production components and grain yield, despite the increase in N content in wheat straw. The inoculation with A.brasilense, associated with the application of 140 kg ha-1 N, provides the highest grain yield of irrigated wheat cropped after corn in low-altitude Cerrado. Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da inoculação com Azospirillum brasilense, associada a doses e fontes de N, em solo de Cerrado, sobre a produtividade de grãos de trigo (Triticum aestivum) irrigado. O experimento foi desenvolvido em sistema plantio direto, em Latossolo Vermelho distrófico. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições, em arranjo fatorial 2x5x2: duas fontes de N (ureia e ureia com inibidor da urease NBPT); cinco doses de N em cobertura (0, 50, 100, 150 e 200 kg ha-1); e com ou sem inoculação das sementes com A.brasilense. O aumento nas doses de N apresentou efeito positivo no comprimento de espiga, número de espiguetas e de grãos por espiga, número de espigas por metro, acúmulo de N na palha, conteúdo de clorofila na folha e produtividade de grãos de trigo irrigado, independentemente do uso de inibidor de urease NBPT com ureia. Isoladamente, a inoculação com A.brasilense não afeta os componentes de produção e a produtividade de grãos, apesar de incrementar o N na palhada de trigo. A inoculação com A.brasilense, associada à aplicação de 140 kg ha-1 de N, propicia as maiores produtividades de grãos de trigo irrigado, cultivado após milho em Cerrado de baixa altitude.

RESUMO A soja e uma das culturas mais cultivadas do planeta, sendo o Brasil, um de seus maiores produtores. E uma fonte barata e rica de oleo vegetal. O tratamento de sementes e amplamente utilizado para evitar perdas por patogenos e insetos na fase inicial do estabelecimento das plantas. Sendo uma das formas de se evitar a perda da qualidade. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do tratamento quimico com inseticida/fungicida e polimero na qualidade final das sementes de soja. Foram utilizadas sementes do cultivar M-7110 Ipro, produzida na safra 2016/17 na regiao de Rio Verde, GO, com grau de umidade de 12%. Os tratamentos de sementes utilizados foram: Testemunha, Caixa vigor e praga (200 mL de Cruiser+ 100 mL de fipronil + 100 mL de Maxim XL); 100 mL + 100 mL de Standak + Maxim XL (Fipronil 250 g/L + Metalaxil-M 10 g/L e Fludioxonil 25 g/L) e 300 mL + 100 mL de Cropstar + Maxim XL (Imidacloprido 150 g/L e Tiodicarbe 450 g/L + Metalaxil-M 10 g/L e Fludioxonil 25 g/L). Foram utilizados o teste de germinacao, emergencia e a taxa de crescimento de plântulas. O tratamento Cropstar + Maxim XL se destacou como o melhor para o tratamento das sementes de soja quando comparado aos outros tratamentos utilizados neste trabalho. O uso de Standak + Maxim ML foi inferior aos demais para o tratamento de sementes de soja. Palavras-Chave: tratamento de sementes; Glycine max; vigor. ABSTRACT Soy is one of the most cultivated crops on the planet, being Brazil, one of its largest producers. It is a cheap, rich vegetable oil fountain. Seed treatment is widely used to avoid losses by pathogens and insects in the early stages of plant establishment. Being one of the ways to avoid the loss of quality. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the effect of chemical treatment with insecticide/fungicide and polymer in the final quality of soybean seeds. Seeds of cultivar M-7110 Ipro, produced in the harvest 2016/17 in the region of Rio Verde, GO, with a moisture content of 12% were used. The seeds treatments used were: Control, Caixa vigor e praga (200 mL de Cruiser+ 100 mL de fipronil + 100 mL de Maxim XL); 100 mL + 100 mL de Standak + Maxim XL (Fipronil 250 g/L + Metalaxil-M 10 g/L e Fludioxonil 25 g/L) e 300 mL + 100 mL de Cropstar + Maxim XL (Imidacloprido 150 g/L e Tiodicarbe 450 g/L + Metalaxil-M 10 g/L e Fludioxonil 25 g/L). The germination test, emergency and the growth rate of seedlings were tested. The treatment Cropstar + Maxim XL stood out as the best for treating soybean seeds when compared to other treatments used in this work. The use of Standak + Maxim ml was inferior to the other for the treatment of soybean seeds. Keywords: seed treatment; Glycine max; vigour

The use of cobalt (Co) and molybdenum (Mo) along with the co-inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense on soybean can contribute to biological nitrogen fixation (BNF), allowing higher yields. Thus, this work aimed to study the technical and economic viability of soybean in the Cerrado, according to the mode of application of Co + Mo, and seed or leaf co-inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense. The experiment was conducted in Selvíria-MS, in a no-tillage system in an Oxisol, arranged in a randomized block design with six treatments (seed application of two treatments with Co + Mo, with or without inoculation with A. brasilense, respectively; Foliar application of Co + Mo at soybean V3 stage; Foliar application of Co + Mo together with A. brasilense at V3 growth stage; Foliar application of A. brasilense at V3 growth stage; and the Control, consisting of only inoculation with Rhizobium), and four replicates. Seed application of Co + Mo associated with seed inoculation with A. brasilense promoted the highest leaf N content, hundred-grain weight, yield and profitability with the soybean crop. RESUMO A utilização de cobalto (Co) e molibdênio (Mo) pode, juntamente com a coinoculação com Azospirillum brasilense na cultura da soja, contribuir na fixação biológica de nitrogênio (FBN), possibilitando maiores produtividades. Por esta razão, se objetivou estudar a viabilidade técnica e econômica da cultura da soja no Cerrado em função do modo de aplicação de cobalto e molibdênio e da coinoculação de sementes ou via foliar com Azospirillum brasilense. O experimento foi desenvolvido em Selvíria, MS, em sistema de semeadura direta, em Latossolo Vermelho distrófico, dispostos em delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados com seis tratamentos (aplicação via semente, em dois tratamentos de Co e Mo, com ou sem a inoculação com A. brasilense, respectivamente; aplicação via foliar de Co e Mo no estádio V3 da soja; aplicação via foliar de Co e Mo juntamente com A. brasilense no estádio V3; aplicação via foliar de A. brasilense no estádio V3 e a Testemunha, constando apenas da inoculação com bradirrizóbio) e quatro repetições. A aplicação de Co e Mo via semente associados à inoculação com A. brasilense da semente proporcionou a maior concentração de N foliar, massa de 100 grãos, produtividade e lucratividade com a cultura da soja.

Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-12T02:28:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2019-10-28 Alternative options to feed an ever-growing global population requires to be developed to supplement chemical fertilizer use. Nitrogen (N) is the chemical fertilizer most used for non-legume crops. Research showing the potential for management practices which supplement the use of N fertilizer is utmost important. This research was developed to investigate the potential use of Azospirillum brasilense to enhance micronutrient accumulation in wheat cropping systems; and, to assess the potential interactions between biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) and urease inhibitor N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT). The objective was to evaluate the effect of N sources and doses associated with inoculation with A. brasilense, regarding micronutrients accumulation, and its influence on wheat grain yield in Savannah conditions. The study was carried out in a Rhodic Hapludox under no-tillage. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with four replications arranged in a 2 × 5 x 2 factorial scheme: two N sources (urea and urea with NBPT), five N rates (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 kg ha−1), with and without A. brasilense inoculation. N rates increased the uptake and removal of micronutrients. Urea with NBPT was not efficient in optimizing nitrogen fertilization. Inoculation with A. brasilense provided a higher accumulation of Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn in the straw and Mn and Zn in grains. The inoculation with A. brasilense associated with 140 kg ha−1 of N provided increased wheat grain yield. Department of plant health rural engineering and soils (DEFERS) São Paulo State University (UNESP) Department of plant health rural engineering and soils (DEFERS) São Paulo State University (UNESP)

Made available in DSpace on 2019-10-06T17:12:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2019-10-03 The nitrogen fertilisation management should focus on increasing fertilisation efficiency in favour of a more sustainable and productive agriculture. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense, associated to N doses and sources, in Savannah conditions, on agronomic efficiency (AE), recovery of applied nitrogen (RAN), physiological efficiency (PE), agrophysiological efficiency (AGREC), nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), nitrogen harvest index (NHI) and wheat grain yield. The experiment was developed in a Rhodic Hapludox soil under no-tillage system. The experimental design was a randomised complete block design with four replicates arranged in a 2 × 5×2 factorial scheme: Two N sources [(urea and urea with inhibitor of the enzyme NBPT (N–(n–butyl thiophosphoric) Triamide))], five N doses applied in top-dressing (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 kg ha−1), with and without inoculation with A. brasilense. The increase in N doses reduced the nitrogen fertilisation efficiency. No significant differences were observed among the N sources. Inoculation increased the AE of nitrogen sources and can increase RAN. The increase in N dose up to 140 kg ha−1 associated with inoculation increased wheat grain yield. Department of Plant Health Rural Engineering and Soils College of Engineering São Paulo State University (UNESP) Department of Crop Science College of Agricultural Science São Paulo State University (UNESP) Department of Plant Health Rural Engineering and Soils College of Engineering São Paulo State University (UNESP) Department of Crop Science College of Agricultural Science São Paulo State University (UNESP)

A utilização de métodos de fácil aplicação e com resultados rápidos na determinação do teor de água nos grãos é importante para que os produtores de milho possam decidir o momento correto para realização da colheita, com redução das perdas na produtividade de grãos com a secagem natural a campo. Objetivou-se estudar o teor de água dos grãos na colheita da cultura do milho, para a melhor produtividade e os melhores componentes produtivos, bem como para as menores perdas com a secagem natural a campo. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições, e os tratamentos consistiram na colheita nos seguintes teores de água em base úmida (b.u.) dos grãos: 28,9 (ponto de maturidade fisiológica plena); 23,5; 21,9; 18,9; 16,1; e 13,8%. Todas as variáveis avaliadas foram influenciadas pelo teor de água dos grãos na colheita, tendo apresentado regressão linear crescente para o número de espigas por hectare, população final de plantas por hectare e produtividade potencial de grãos. Para a produtividade observada, o melhor ajuste foi a regressão quadrática, com o ponto de máxima produtividade de grãos de 10.220 kg ha-1 alcançado no teor de água nos grãos de 23,3% na ocasião da colheita.

Made available in DSpace on 2022-05-01T05:29:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-07-01 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Sustainable management strategies are needed to improve agronomic efficiency and cereal yield production under harsh abiotic climatic conditions such as in tropical Savannah. Under these environments, field-grown crops are usually exposed to drought and high temperature conditions. Silicon (Si) application could be a useful and sustainable strategy to enhance agronomic N use efficiency, leading to better cereal development. This study was developed to explore the effect of Si application as a soil amendment source (Ca and Mg silicate) associated with N levels applied in a side-dressing (control, low, medium and high N levels) on maize and wheat development, N uptake, agronomic efficiency and grain yield. The field experiments were carried out during four cropping seasons, using two soil amendment sources (Ca and Mg silicate and dolomitic limestone) and four N levels (0, 50, 100 and 200 kg N ha−1). The following evaluations were performed in maize and wheat crops: the shoots and roots biomass, total N, N-NO3−, N-NH4+ and Si accumulation in the shoots, roots and grain tissue, leaf chlorophyll index, grain yield and agronomic efficiency. The silicon amendment application enhanced leaf chlorophyll index, agronomic efficiency and N-uptake in maize and wheat plants, benefiting shoots and roots development and leading to a higher grain yield (an increase of 5.2 and 7.6%, respectively). It would be possible to reduce N fertilization in maize from 185–180 to 100 kg N ha−1 while maintaining similar grain yield with Si application. Additionally, Si application would reduce N fertilization in wheat from 195–200 to 100 kg N ha−1. Silicon application could be a key technology for improving plant-soil N-management, especially in Si accumulator crops, leading to a more sustainable cereal production under tropical conditions. Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture (CENA) University of São Paulo (USP) Department of Soil Water and Climate Southwest Research and Outreach Center (SWROC) University of Minnesota (UMN) Department of Plant Health Rural Engineering and Soils (DEFERS) São Paulo State University (UNESP) Department of Plant Health Rural Engineering and Soils (DEFERS) São Paulo State University (UNESP) FAPESP: 2017/06002-6 CNPq: 312359/2017-9

A adubação tem proporcionado grandes avanços na produtividade e qualidade de pastagens, e entre os nutrientes, o nitrogênio (N) merece destaque por sua grande extração e aumento da produtividade das pastagens, porém, após sua aplicação ao solo, sofre influência do meio e pode ser perdido, quando mal manejado. Para minimizar tal problema, uma alternativa promissora é o uso de fertilizantes de eficiência aumentada, buscando-se reduzir tais perdas e proporcionar aumento de produtividade. Dessa forma, avaliou-se o efeito de fontes e doses de N na implantação de Urochloa brizantha cv. Xaraés (capim-xaraés) na produtividade e nos valores bromatológicos, em cultivo em condições do Cerrado. O experimento foi conduzido em área experimental no município de Rio Verde - GO, distribuídos em blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições, em esquema fatorial de 3x4. O primeiro fator foram três fontes de N (ureia convencional, ureia de eficiência aumentada e nitrato de amônio); o segundo fator foram quatro doses de N (0, 20, 40 e 80 kg N ha-1 corte-1). O uso da ureia convencional fez-se como a melhor alternativa para a cultura do capim-xaraés (P ≥ 0,05). A dose de nitrogênio recomendada é de 80 kg ha-1 por corte (P < 0,05), em vista do aumento da produtividade de massa seca, e à melhoria da qualidade bromatológica do capim-xaraés.

Entre os fatores agrícolas, a adubação tem proporcionado grandes avanços na produtividade e qualidade de pastagens, sendo que o nitrogênio (N) merece destaque por sua grande extração e aumento da produtividade de gramíneas, entretanto, sofre influência do meio e pode ser perdido se mal manejado. Para minimizar tal problema, uma alternativa apontada como promissora é o uso de fertilizantes de eficiência aumentada. Dessa forma, objetivou-se com o trabalho avaliar o efeito de fontes e doses de N na implantação do Urochloa brizantha cv. Xaraés (capim-xaraés), em cultivo nas condições do Cerrado. O experimento foi conduzido em área experimental no município de Rio Verde – GO, Brasil, com delineamento em blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições, em esquema fatorial de 3x4. Sendo três fontes de N (ureia convencional, ureia de eficiência aumentada e nitrato de amônio); e quatro doses de N (0, 20, 40 e 80 kg N ha-1 corte-1). O uso da ureia convencional fez-se como a melhor alternativa para a cultura do capim-xaraés, a ureia revestida não foi considerada de maior eficiência. A dose de nitrogênio recomendada é de 80 kg ha-1 por corte, em vista da melhoria nutricional da matéria seca da parte aérea.

Made available in DSpace on 2022-04-29T08:27:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2018-11-01 Boron is one of the most limiting micronutrients in the grain production system in Brazil, mainly due to its complex dynamics in the soil-plant system. In this way, the objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of application forms and doses of boron with emphasis on wheat grain yield. The experiment was conducted in no-tillage system in an Oxisol with clay texture in Selvíria, MS. The experimental design was a randomized block design with four replicates arranged in a 4 x 3 factorial scheme, using four doses of boron (0, 1, 2 and 4 kg ha-1) with boric acid source (B = 17%); and three apllication forms: (A1) in desiccation of the predecessor straw, along with herbicide; (A2) at the time of sowing, in soil along with the formulated fertilization seeding and (A3) foliar application along with the syrup of the herbicide (with the application of post emergent herbicide). The increase in boron doses reduced the recovery of apparent boron (RAB), boron uptake efficiency (BUpE) and agronomic efficiency (AE), but the application of 2 kg ha-1 provided the highest boron utilization efficiency (BUtE) and wheat grain yield. We recommend application of 2 kg ha-1 of B in the soil at sowing to obtain approximately 4311 kg ha-1 of wheat. Department of Plant Health Rural Engineering and Soils Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira Universidade Estadual Paulista 'Júlio de Mesquita Filho' Higher Education Institute of Rio Verde College Objetivo Department of Plant Health Rural Engineering and Soils Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira Universidade Estadual Paulista 'Júlio de Mesquita Filho'

Azospirillum brasilense is a bacterium known for its biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) in wheat crops. However, there is a lack of comprehensive research defining how much mineral N should be applied to maximize the efficiency of BNF and attain high, economically sustainable yields. Moreover, it would be interesting to investigate whether adding urea with N- (n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT) urease inhibitor might increase BNF in grasses. The objective was to study the effect of inoculation with A. brasilense, associated with varying doses and sources of N, and economically evaluating the yield of irrigated wheat. The experiment was conducted in Selvíria - MS in crop years 2014 and 2015 in Oxisol soil type that was not-tilled. The experimental design was a randomized block with four replications, in a 2 × 5 × 2 factorial scheme, where 2 N sources (urea and Super N - urea with urease inhibitor enzyme), 5 nitrogen fertilization doses in top-dressing (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 kg ha-1), were applied to wheat crops with or without the inoculation of A. brasilense. Our results showed that the supply of N through Super N was not economically superior to the use of conventional urea; therefore, we recommend the use of urea because of the ease of acquisition. The application of 140 kg ha-1 of N combined with inoculation with A. brasilense showed higher grain yield. However, the 50 kg ha-1 dose of urea in the absence of inoculation provided greater economic viability in wheat cultivation, but was not sufficient to ensure high profitability with grain productivity. O Azospirillum brasilense se destaca na fixação biológica de nitrogênio (FBN) em cultivo de trigo. Contudo, faltam maiores pesquisas para definição do quanto se pode aplicar de N mineral quanto à eficiência da FBN, para alcançar altas produtividades economicamente sustentáveis. Além disso, seria interessante analisar se a ureia com inibidor da enzima urease NBPT pode ser menos prejudicial, beneficiando a FBN em gramíneas. Sendo assim, objetivou-se estudar o efeito da inoculação com Azospirillum brasilense, associado às doses e fontes de N, avaliando economicamente a produtividade de grãos de trigo irrigado. O experimento foi desenvolvido em Selvíria - MS, nos agrícolas de 2014 e 2015, em sistema plantio direto, em Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos aoacaso, com quatro repetições, dispostos em um esquema fatorial 2 x 5 x 2, sendo: 2 fontes de N (ureia e Super N - ureia com inibidor da enzima urease; 5 doses de N em cobertura (0, 50, 100, 150 e 200 kg ha-1); com e sem inoculação de sementes com A. brasilense. O fornecimento de N por meio do Super N não foi economicamente superior ao uso de ureia convencional, portanto recomenda-se utilizar a ureia em função da facilidade de aquisição. A aplicação de 140 kg ha-1 de N aliada à inoculação com A. brasilense proporcionou maior produtividade de grãos, entretanto a dose de 50 kg ha-1, na ausência de inoculação e com a fonte ureia, proporcionou maior viabilidade econômica no cultivo de trigo, todavia não é suficiente para garantir elevada lucratividade com a produção de grãos.

A cultura da soja tem elevada participação no agronegócio brasileiro, ocupando lugar de destaque nas exportações dos produtos agrícolas e na área destinada à agricultura. O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar doses e fontes de fertilizantes fosfatados na adubação de manutenção na cultura da soja, em solo com teor alto de P, visando estudar as modificações do teor de óleo em grãos de soja, bem como, em sua qualidade. O experimento foi realizado em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições, em esquema fatorial de 2x4+1. O primeiro fator foram duas fontes de fertilizantes (superfosfato triplo e superfosfato triplo revestido por polímeros), segundo fator quatro doses de fósforo (40, 80, 120 e 240 kg de P2O5 ha-1) e uma testemunha (sem P-fertilizante). O experimento foi conduzido à campo e, por ocasião da colheita, os grãos foram colhidos, limpos, secos e triturados com o auxílio de um triturador industrial. Para determinação do teor de óleo, os grãos foram transferidos para aparelhos de extração, tipo Soxhlet. Com o óleo obtido foram realizadas as titulações de índice de Acidez, índice de Peróxidos e índice de Iodo. Diante dos resultados constatou-se que o uso fontes ou doses de P, via adubação, em solos com altos teores, não interferem no teor de óleo dos grãos de soja, bem como, não tem influência em sua qualidade. O uso de Superfosfato triplo convencional se faz como a melhor opção, para a adubação de manutenção. A cultura da soja não responde à aplicação de fósforo em solos com alto teor do elemento.

The objective of this work was to study the ideal water content at grains at harvest of soybean crop, yield and production components as well as losses from natural drying in the field at different water contents at grains harvest. The experimental design was of randomized blocks with 4 repetitions and the treatments consisted in the harvest of the following average levels of water contents of grains on a wet basis: 37.9 (point of full physiological maturity), 20.2, 18.7, 15.6, 14.4, and 13.1%. The final population of plants, 100-kernel weight and potential yield of grains linearly decreased with the reduction of grain moisture content at harvest, however, the anticipation of the soybean harvest causes higher losses, with ideal harvesting point close to 13% moisture (W.B.).

Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-11T16:45:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2017-04-01 Manganese (Mn) is an essential element for plants; however, high concentrations in certain soil conditions can cause toxicity symptoms in the plant tissue. Here, we describe Mn toxicity symptoms and Mn toxicity responses in soybean plants. Soybean plants exposed to excess Mn showed reductions in the CO2 assimilation rate and stomatal conductance, which in turn resulted in decreased shoot biomass. Furthermore, peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) activity were higher in plants grown with the highest Mn concentration. The Mn doses increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as CAT, POD, and SOD. The toxicity symptoms presented by the leaves included hypertrophying of the adaxial epidermis and the formation of necrotic areas with purple-colored veins. Dramatic movement of calcium from the healthy region to the purple-colored necrotic region was observed, as was the exit of potassium from the necrotic area to the healthy region of the tissue. The high activities of POD and SOD in the presence of high Mn compartmented in the roots was the main physiological responses at high Mn uptake by soybean plants. USP – University of São Paulo Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture UNESP – São Paulo State University UNESP – São Paulo State University

Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-26T16:48:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2016-01-01. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2019-10-09T18:26:04Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 S0100-06832016000100526.pdf: 3219426 bytes, checksum: d10970213ceb2a0177022618aadb0cb1 (MD5) The biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) process in grasses is caused by diazotrophic bacteria, particularly Azospirillum brasilense. However, studies are lacking on BNF efficiency to define how much mineral nitrogen (N) can be applied to achieve more sustainable high yields. Furthermore, there should be an analysis of whether urea with the urease enzyme inhibitor NBPT is less harmful, benefiting BNF in grasses. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of N sources and N rates associated with inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense regarding foliar diagnosis and leaf chlorophyll index (LCI), agronomic efficiency (AE), and corn grain yield in the Cerrado (Brazilian tropical savanna) region. The experiment was conducted in a no-tillage system in a Latossolo Vermelho Distroferrico (Oxisol). A randomized block experimental design was used with four replications in a 2 x 5 x 2 factorial arrangement as follows: two N sources - urea and Super N, urea with urease enzyme inhibitor NBPT [N - (n-butyl thiophosphoric triamide)]; five N rates (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 kg ha(-1)) applied in topdressing; and two seed inoculation treatments, one with and one without A. brasilense. N rate positively influenced the LCI and concentrations of N, S, and Mn in leaves, and may increase the concentrations of P, Cu, and Fe; however, higher N rates can reduce AE. The N sources had similar effects, and therefore urea is recommended for N fertilization. Inoculation with A. brasilense decreased leaf concentration of Fe and increased LCI, leaf concentration of P, AE, and corn grain yield; the use of this diazotrophic bacterium is therefore viable even when high rates of N are applied. Univ Estadual Paulista, Programa Posgrad Agron Sistemas Prod, Campus Ilha Solteira, BR-04023 Sao Paulo, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Dept Fitossanidade Engn Rural & Solos, Campus Ilha Solteira, BR-04023 Sao Paulo, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Curso Zootecnia, Campus Ilha Solteira, BR-04023 Sao Paulo, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Curso Agron, Campus Ilha Solteira, BR-04023 Sao Paulo, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Programa Posgrad Agron Sistemas Prod, Campus Ilha Solteira, BR-04023 Sao Paulo, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Dept Fitossanidade Engn Rural & Solos, Campus Ilha Solteira, BR-04023 Sao Paulo, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Curso Zootecnia, Campus Ilha Solteira, BR-04023 Sao Paulo, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Curso Agron, Campus Ilha Solteira, BR-04023 Sao Paulo, Brazil

The objective was to study the harvest point for the wheat crop, associated maximum grain yield and productive components with different harvest moisture and losses on natural drying in the field with different water levels in grain. The treatments consisted of the following crop moisture levels (on wet basis) of the grains: 27.9 (point of full physiological maturity), 22.6; 19.9; 18.1; 15; and 12.9%, evaluating the number of spikelets per spike, number of voids grains, number of grains per spike and per spikelet, percentage of lodging, thousand grain mass, number of ears per meter, hectoliter mass, and yield. The largest wheat yield was obtained with the grain harvest at physiological maturity point, decreasing linearly until natural drying to 13% (on a wet basis).

Made available in DSpace on 2022-04-30T13:09:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2018-01-01 Cross sowing is a little studied technique which may contribute to increase productivity. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of cross-sowing on population arrangements of early soybean cultivars with different growth habits. The experiment was completely randomized in a 2 x 3 + 2 factorial design with two cultivars, three cross-sowing populations and two controls (one for each cultivar evaluated, row sowing with 400 thousand plants ha-1). The experiment was conducted in Rio Verde, Goiás (GO) state. We observed that only the cultivar BMX Potência RR differed from the control as for grain yield. The cultivars responded differently to populations. The BMX Potência RR was more productive in the smallest population and the NA 7337 RR had the highest yield in the larger population. Therefore, the growth habit and sowing population have a direct influence on soybean yield in cross-sowing. Consultor técnico da empresa Exacta Instituto de Ensino Superior de Rio Verde Universidade Estadual Paulista Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira Universidade Estadual Paulista Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira

Boron is one of the most limiting micronutrients in grains production system in Brazil. In this way, the objective was to evaluate the effect of forms of application and doses of boron in irrigated wheat grain yield evaluating the economic terms in Cerrado region. The experiment was conducted in no-tillage system in an Oxisol with clay texture in Selvíria, MS, Brazil. The experimental design was a randomized block design with four replicates, arranged in a 4 × 3 factorial scheme: four doses of boron (0, 1, 2 and 4 kg ha-1) with boric acid source (B = 17%); and three apllication forms: a) in desiccation of the predecessor straw, together with herbicide; b) at the time of sowing, in soil along with the formulated fertilization seeding and c) via leaf tissue with the application of post emergent herbicide. The application of 2 kg ha-1 provides greater grain yields, but the highest economic return was obtained at the dose of 1 kg ha-1, with application in soil, ensuring profitability from production of irrigated wheat in the Cerrado.

Azospirillum brasilense is a bacterium known for its biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) in corn crops. However, there is a lack of comprehensive research defining how much mineral N should be applied to maximize the efficiency of BNF and attain high, economically sustainable yields. Moreover, it would be interesting to investigate whether adding urea with NBPT urease inhibitor might increase BNF in grasses. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the effect of inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense associated with N sources and doses in a Cerrado biome soil by evaluating the grain yield of irrigated corn in economic terms. The experiment was conducted in Selvíria, MS, Brazil under a no-till system on a Latossolo Vermelho distrófico (Oxisol). The experiment was set up as a randomized block design with four replications in a 2 × 5 × 2 factorial arrangement consisting of two sources of N (urea and urea with NBPT urease enzyme inhibitor) and five N doses applied as top-dressing (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 kg ha-1), with and without the inoculation of seeds with A. brasilense. Inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense makes corn growth much more profitable, irrespective of the dose and source of N. Addition of 200 kg ha-1 N in the form of conventional urea coupled with inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense increases grain yield; however, the highest economic return is obtained with N applied at 100 kg ha-1 with conventional urea and inoculation.