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3. Anomia is simply a reflection of semantic and phonological impairments: Evidence from a case-series study

Author

Lambon Ralph, Matthew A., Moriarty, Lynne, Sage, Karen, Ackerman, Tessa, Arul, Kate, Bird, Helen, Crisp, Jenni, Davies, Sian, Ellis, Andy, Harold, Ruth, Heaney, Pat, Jones, Meryl, Knapp, Sally, Luff, Hannah, McKinnon, Ruth, Morris, Julie, Newton, Alison, Raynor, Ruth, Sharpe, Sam, Southwell, Lucy, Swinson, Janine, Taylor, Lynn, Walker, Emma, and Whitton, Elaine

Subjects
Linguistics and Language, Speech production, PRODUCTION, LEXICAL ACCESS, LANGUAGE PRODUCTION, VISUAL, Clinical Neurology, Representation (arts), computer.software_genre, Language and Linguistics, COMPLEXITY, CLASSICAL ANEMIA, DYSLEXIA, MODELS, COMPREHENSION, Developmental and Educational Psychology, medicine, Set (psychology), Language production, business.industry, Dyslexia, Variance (accounting), LPN and LVN, Variety (linguistics), medicine.disease, Comprehension, Neurology, Otorhinolaryngology, Neurology (clinical), Artificial intelligence, business, Psychology, computer, Natural language processing, PROGRESSIVE FLUENT APHASIA, WORD MEANING BLINDNESS, SPEECH, Cognitive psychology
Abstract

A number of recent studies have attempted to explain patterns of normal and impaired performance in a variety of different language tasks with respect to the same set of "primary" systems rather than resorting to explanations in terms of dedicated processes, specific to each and every language activity. In this study we consider whether the same approach can be taken to patterns of impaired single-word speech production. Specifically, using cross-sectional data from 21 aphasic patients we tested the hypothesis that the degree and nature of anomia can be explained using independently derived measures of the integrity of the patients' phonological and semantic/conceptual representations, without postulating a role for an abstract lexical level of representation. At a global level, we found that these two measures explained 55-80% of the variance in the patients' naming accuracy, a figure which approaches that found for test reliability. There was also a close fit between observed and expected naming accuracy for all individual patients. The same two measures also predicted the rate of different types of anomic error across individuals. Measures intended to assess lexical integrity did not explain any additional, unique variance in naming accuracy. We discuss these results and the theoretical approach with respect to existing theories of speech production, and evaluate the case-series methodology itself, both as a tool to reveal the underpinnings of speech production and as a neuropsychological technique in general.

Published
2002

6. Plasma and memory B-cell kinetics in infants following a primary schedule of CRM197-conjugated serogroup C meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine.

Author

Kelly, Dominic F., Snape, Matthew D., Perrett, Kirsten P., Clutterbuck, Elizabeth A., Lewis, Susan, Rohner, Geraldine Blanchard, Jones, Meryl, Ly-Mee Yu, and Pollard, Andrew J.

Subjects
IMMUNOGLOBULINS, IMMUNIZATION, INFECTION in children, CEREBROSPINAL meningitis, IMMUNE response, CELLULAR immunity
Abstract

The induction of persistent protective levels of pathogen-specific antibody is an important goal of immunization against childhood infections. However, antibody persistence is poor after immunization in infancy versus later in life. Serogroup C meningococci (MenC) are an important cause of bacteraemia and meningitis in children. The use of protein–polysaccharide conjugate vaccines against MenC has been associated with a significant decline in the incidence of invasive disease. However, vaccine effectiveness is negligible by more than 1 year after a three-dose priming series in infancy and corresponds to a rapid decline in antibody following an initial immune response. The cellular mechanisms underlying the generation of persistent antibody in this age group are unclear. An essential prelude to larger studies of peripheral blood B cells is an understanding of B-cell kinetics following immunization. We measured MenC- and diphtheria-specific plasma and memory B-cell kinetics in infants receiving a CRM197 (cross-reactive material; mutant diphtheria toxoid)-conjugated MenC vaccine at 2, 3 and 4 months of age. Plasma cell responses were more delayed after the first dose when compared with the rapid appearance of plasma cells after the third dose. Memory B cells were detectable at all time-points following the third dose as opposed to the low frequency seen following a first dose. This study provides data on B-cell kinetics following a primary schedule of immunization in young infants upon which to base further studies of the underlying cellular mechanism of humoral immunity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2009
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7. Plasma and memory B-cell kinetics in infants following a primary schedule of CRM 197-conjugated serogroup C meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine.

Author

Kelly DF, Snape MD, Perrett KP, Clutterbuck EA, Lewis S, Blanchard Rohner G, Jones M, Yu LM, and Pollard AJ

Subjects
Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Immunity, Cellular, Immunization Schedule, Immunologic Memory, Infant, Male, Vaccines, Conjugate immunology, B-Lymphocytes immunology, Bacterial Proteins immunology, Meningococcal Vaccines immunology
Abstract

The induction of persistent protective levels of pathogen-specific antibody is an important goal of immunization against childhood infections. However, antibody persistence is poor after immunization in infancy versus later in life. Serogroup C meningococci (MenC) are an important cause of bacteraemia and meningitis in children. The use of protein-polysaccharide conjugate vaccines against MenC has been associated with a significant decline in the incidence of invasive disease. However, vaccine effectiveness is negligible by more than 1 year after a three-dose priming series in infancy and corresponds to a rapid decline in antibody following an initial immune response. The cellular mechanisms underlying the generation of persistent antibody in this age group are unclear. An essential prelude to larger studies of peripheral blood B cells is an understanding of B-cell kinetics following immunization. We measured MenC- and diphtheria-specific plasma and memory B-cell kinetics in infants receiving a CRM(197) (cross-reactive material; mutant diphtheria toxoid)-conjugated MenC vaccine at 2, 3 and 4 months of age. Plasma cell responses were more delayed after the first dose when compared with the rapid appearance of plasma cells after the third dose. Memory B cells were detectable at all time-points following the third dose as opposed to the low frequency seen following a first dose. This study provides data on B-cell kinetics following a primary schedule of immunization in young infants upon which to base further studies of the underlying cellular mechanism of humoral immunity.

Published
2009
Full Text
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