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A practical and scalable protocol for electrochemical arylation of quinoxalin(on)es with arylhydrazine hydrochlorides under mild conditions has been developed. This method exhibits high efficiency, easy scalability, and broad functional group tolerance. Various quinoxalin(on)es and arylhydrazines underwent this transformation smoothly in an undivided cell, providing the corresponding aryl-substituted quinoxalin(on)es in moderate to good yields. A radical mechanism is involved in this arylation reaction.

An electrochemical method for the C(sp2)–H thioetherification of quinoxalin-2(1H)-ones with primary, secondary, and tertiary thiols has been reported. Various quinoxalin-2(1H)-ones underwent this t...

A copper(II)-catalyzed cross dehydrogenative coupling reaction between N-hydroxyphthalimide and unactivated C(sp3)–H bonds of alkanes and ethers using Selectfluor as an oxidant is described. This efficient reaction system shows mild conditions and a broad substrate scope for the generation of O-substituted N-hydroxyphthalimide derivatives.

An effective copper-catalyzed esterification of unactivated (non-benzylic and allylic) C(sp3)–H bonds of hydrocarbons with Selectfluor as an oxidant has been developed. This reaction could provide a direct, new and useful strategy for the synthesis of esters and alkyl alcohols by ester hydrolysis.

// Xiaojie Wu 1, * , Haiyong Jin 2, * , Yueling Zhang 3 , Mingyuan Dong 3 , Xiaoting Wu 3 , Jiadi Zhou 1 , Weishan Zhuge 4 , Jianjing Yang 5 , Qichuan Zhuge 5 , Xiying Luan 1 , Dexiang Ban 6 , Wenjie Zhu 3 , Yongjun Jin 7 and Jiangnan Xue 1 1 Department of Immunology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China 2 Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China 3 Department of Operating Theatre, Binzhou People’s Hospital, Binzhou, China 4 Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China 5 Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China 6 Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China 7 Department of Endocrinology, Yantai Affiliate Hospital, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China * These authors contributed equally to this work Correspondence to: Jiangnan Xue, email: xuejinagnan@263.net Yongjun Jin, email: endojin@126.com Keywords: nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; mouse trefoil factor 3; peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α; fatty acid oxidation; lipogenesis Received: March 03, 2017 Accepted: December 13, 2017 Published: January 02, 2018 ABSTRACT Hepatic trefoil factor 3 (Tff3) was identified as a potential protein for the treatment of diabetes, yet the mechanisms involved in this effect remain unclear. Moreover, the effect of Tff3 on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has never been examined. Here, we show that the expression of hepatic Tff3 was significantly decreased in NAFLD mouse models, indicating that Tff3 was a potential marker gene for NAFLD. Restoring the expression of Tff3 in the liver of NAFLD mice including db/db (diabetic), ob/ob (obese) and DIO (diet-induced obese) mice with adenovirus-mediated Tff3 (Ad-Tff3) attenuates the fatty liver phenotype. In contrast, adenovirus-mediated knockdown of Tff3 (Ad-shTff3) in normal C57BL/6J mice results in an obvious fatty liver phenotype. Furthermore, our molecular experiments indicated that hepatic Tff3 could alleviate hepatic steatosis by directly up-regulating the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPARα), thereby enhancing fatty acid oxidation processes in the liver. Notably, we found that Tff3 attenuates the fatty liver phenotype independent of modulation of lipogenesis and enhances anti-inflammatory effects. Overall, our results suggest that hepatic Tff3 could be effectively used as a potential therapy target for the treatment of NAFLD.