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INTRODUCTION: Malnutrition and disturbed sense of smell and taste frequently occur in patients treated with chronic haemodialysis. The common denominator between chemosensation and nutrition may be food preferences. Our aim was to investigate smell and taste function as well as food preferences among haemodialysis patients and compare the results with those of age-matched controls.METHODS: An observational case-control study was conducted on 29 patients on chronic haemodialysis and 39 age-matched healthy controls. Chemosensory function was evaluated using validated gustatory and olfactory tests. Food preferences were recorded using a questionnaire of 63 items including a five-point Likert scale of familiarity, liking and frequency.RESULTS: Chemosensory function was significantly poorer among patients than among controls. Patients had significantly lower familiarity and frequency of consumptions of all food categories than controls and they also had significantly lower liking of vegetables, fruits and starches.CONCLUSIONS: Implementation of the provided knowledge about haemodialysis patients' smell and taste function including their food preferences are suggested, such as enhancement of odorant intensity, use of taste amplification, cooking habits and exposure to more varied food items. Assessments of food preferences and chemosensory function prior to determination of individual dietary schedules are therefore recommended.FUNDING: The authors did not receive any financial support for the research or drafting of this article. The authors declare that they have no financial interests to report.TRIAL REGISTRATION: Danish Ethical Committee project number: M-2018-188-18.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS Non-invasive methods for assessing bone metabolism have been lacking in chronic kidney disease (CKD), and the effects of different treatments on bone metabolism are mostly unknown. However, fluorine-18 labeled sodium fluoride (18F-NaF) PET/CT scanning can assess bone turnover as skeletal plasma clearance of tracer (Ki) and bone volume/tissue volume (BV/TV) in CKD. In a randomized crossover study, we aimed to compare the 8-week treatment effects of a non-calcium-based phosphate binder, sucroferric oxyhydroxide (SO), with 8 weeks of treatment with a calcium-based phosphate binder, calcium carbonate (CC), on bone turnover and BV/TV. METHOD Whole body 18F-NaF PET/CT scans were performed at the end of the CC and SO treatment periods in each participant. Ki was determined by the single-point Patlak method with semi-population input functions. A recently established CKD-MDB population residual curve was applied. Estimation of BV/TV was made by CT-derived Hounsfield units (HU) in specified volumes of interest. Paired t-tests were used or non-parametric tests (Wilcoxon signed-ranks test) when data were not normally distributed. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 20. RESULTS Ki assessed by the 18F-NaF scan was not significantly different at the lumbar spine (CC: 0.030 ± 0.014 mL min–1 mL–1; SO: 0.031 ± 0.014 mL min–1 mL–1; P = .75) or any other site after short-term treatment with SO or CC. However, HU was significantly higher after CC treatment. CONCLUSION 18F-NaF PET/CT is a practical tool with which to evaluate bone metabolism in CKD. Short-term SO treatment did not affect Ki (turnover) differently than CC treatment, but BV/TV (volume) was significantly lower after SO treatment than after CC treatment.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS High blood pressure (BP) is an essential contributor to the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and death. Hence, diagnosing and treating patients with high BP is paramount if the number of cardiovascular related death should be reduced. High nocturnal BP and blunting of normal nocturnal BP decrease have stronger correlation to the risk of CVD than high day time BP. Lowering nocturnal BP is assumed to reduce the risk of CVD. Patients with treatment resistant hypertension (TRH) represent a subgroup of hypertensive patients characterized by lack of BP control despite antihypertensive treatment. These patients are at particular risk of CVD and target organ damage. Patients with TRH are more likely to experience BP increase as a response to sodium loading than other individuals. Lifestyle modification is an important treatment angle in hypertensive patients. It is, in particular, central to reduce sodium intake, as high sodium intake increases the risk of TRH. Thus, in this study we aimed to analyse if self-performed dietary sodium restriction could be implemented in patients with TRH. Moreover, we aimed to analyse the effect of this attempted restriction on nocturnal BP and 24 h BP, on plasma levels of BNP and nitric oxide, and on body water content. METHOD Patients with TRH from 20 to 70 years with normal renal function were invited for participation in this cross-over interventional study. Patients were screened with 24 h ambulatory BP monitoring initiated after observed intake of usual antihypertensive medication, and they were included if 24 h systolic BP/diastolic BP ≥ 130/80 mmHg. Study participation included two periods of 14 days; a standard period with usual diet and an interventional period with instructed dietary sodium restriction and handed-out sodium-reduced bread. For both periods, all antihypertensive medication was dosed and handed out and ingested in the morning. At the end of each period, patients were examined with 24 h BP monitoring, 24 h urine collection (sodium excretion), blood samples (nitric oxide and BNP) and bioimpedance measurement (body water content). RESULTS Baseline characteristics of the fifteen included patients are shown in Table 1. Eleven of the patients were male. Patients had been treated for hypertension for a mean of 12.5 (7) years and excreted a mean of 11.2 grams of salt at baseline [192 (86) mmol sodium]. All patients but one reduced sodium excretion at follow up. Table 2 shows the effect of sodium restriction on BP, nitric oxide, BNP and body water content. Sodium excretion was reduced to 91 mmol/24 h, which equals 5.3 g of salt. BP (24 h, day and nocturnal) decreased significantly as well as body water content and plasma levels of BNP. These changes were, however, not correlated. Plasma levels of nitric oxide increased, but it was not related to the changes in BP. Nocturnal fraction of 24 h sodium excretion increased after sodium restriction; however, this was not correlated to changes in nocturnal BP. Renal function and urinary potassium excretion both remained unchanged. Four patients experienced side effects; three reported newly onset dizziness at follow-up; two of them had 24 h BP reduction > 10 mmHg systolic. One patient had increased creatinine and potassium at follow-up. CONCLUSION In a population of 15 treatment resistant hypertensive patients, we demonstrated that self-performed dietary sodium restriction could be implemented. Urinary sodium excretion was reduced significantly to 5.3 g/24 h. Nocturnal BP was reduced significantly; dipping status was, however, unchanged. Increased plasma levels of nitric oxide may be evidence of improved endothelial function. Hence, by the local vasodilating effect, NO may be one of the involved mechanisms in BP decrease following a sodium restriction. Reduced extracellular water content and BNP may be other explainable effects of BP reduction after inducing sodium restriction.

Background The aim of this study was to prospectively evaluate the effects of renal artery stenting in consecutive patients with severe atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis and high‐risk clinical presentations as defined in a national protocol developed in 2015. Methods and Results Since the protocol was initiated, 102 patients have been referred for revascularization according to the following high‐risk criteria: severe renal artery stenosis (≥70%) with true resistant hypertension, rapidly declining kidney function, or recurrent heart failure/sudden pulmonary edema. At baseline, the mean 24‐hour ambulatory systolic blood pressure was 166.2 mm Hg (95% CI, 162.0–170.4), the defined daily dose of antihypertensive medication was 6.5 (95% CI, 5.8–7.3), and the estimated glomerular filtration rate was 41.1 mL/min per 1.73m 2 (95% CI, 36.6–45.6). In 96 patients with available 3‐month follow‐up data, mean 24‐hour ambulatory systolic blood pressure decreased by 19.6 mm Hg (95% CI, 15.4–23.8; P< 0.001), the defined daily dose of antihypertensive medication was reduced by 52% (95% CI, 41%–62%; P 2 (95% CI, 4.5–11.1; P Conclusions In this prospective cohort study, we observed a reduction in blood pressure and antihypertensive medication, an increase in estimated glomerular filtration rate, and a decrease in new hospital admissions attributable to heart failure/sudden pulmonary edema after renal artery stenting. Registration URL: https://clinicaltrials.gov . Identifier: NCT02770066.

Background and Hypothesis In patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorder (SSD), the lifetime prevalence of self-harm (SH) and non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is currently uncertain. The primary aim of this review was to provide a synthesis of the existing literature concerning the prevalence of SH/NSSI in individuals with SSD, and individuals at clinical high risk of psychosis (CHR-P). Secondary aims were to investigate methods, severity, and functions of self-injurious behavior in these populations. Study Design Studies quantifying the prevalence of SH/NSSI in individuals with SSD or at CHR-P were included in this review. MEDLINE, EMBASE, and PsycInfo were searched for eligible studies June 10, 2022 and systematically screened by two independent reviewers. Risk of bias was assessed using the Joana Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist for Prevalence Studies by two independent reviewers. A meta-analysis of the lifetime prevalence of SH/NSSI was conducted using generalized linear mixed model with the logit transformation. Study Results Thirty-two studies were included in this review (n = 15 440), 4 of which included individuals at CHR-P (n = 397). The meta-analysis showed a pooled lifetime prevalence of SH of 31.0% (95% CI: 22.1%; 41.6%) in individuals with SSD (n = 2822) and 39.7% (95% CI: 17.5%; 70.0%) in individuals at CHR-P (n = 397). These estimates should be interpreted with caution due to substantial heterogeneity. Cutting was the most frequent method of SH/NSSI and SH command hallucinations may be an overlooked cause of self-injurious behavior in these patients. Conclusions Self-injurious behavior is a highly prevalent, and possibly overlooked concern, in individuals with SSD and at CHR-P.

International audience; The Ebro Basin constitutes the central part of the southern foreland of the Pyrenees. It was endorheic during the Cenozoic and accumulated sediments. By the end of the Miocene, erosion and river incision reconnected the basin to the Mediterranean Sea, establishing a post-opening drainage network. Those rivers left terraces that we study in this work. We first synthesize previous works on river terraces that are widely dispersed in the basin. We provide new age constraints, up to 3 Ma, obtained thanks to cosmogenic nuclides using both profile and burial methods. We derive a unified fluvial terrace chronology and a homogenized map of the highest terraces over the entire Ebro Basin. The dated terraces labeled A, B, C, D, and E are dated to 2.8±0.7 Ma, 1.15±0.15 Ma, 850±70 ka, 650±130 ka, and 400±120 ka, respectively. The chronology proposed here is similar to other sequences of river terraces dated in the Iberian Peninsula, around the Pyrenees, and elsewhere in Europe. The oldest terraces (A, B, C) are extensive, indicating they form a mobile fluvial network while from D to present, the network was stable and entrenched by 100 to 200 m-deep valleys. The transition from mobile to a fixed fluvial network is likely to have occurred during the Middle Pleistocene Transition (MPT, between 0.7 and 1.3 Ma), when long-period/high-intensity climate fluctuations were established in Europe. We estimate that between 2.8-1.15 Ma and present, the incision rates have tripled.; Le bassin de l’Ebre constitue le centre du piémont sud-pyrénéen. Il a été endorhéique et a accumulé une épaisseur importante de sédiments au cours du Cénozoique. Vers la fin du Miocène, l'érosion et l'incision fluviale ont reconnecté le bassin à la mer Méditerranée, en établissant un nouveau réseau de drainage. Les rivières constituant ce réseau ont laissé des terrasses que nous étudions dans le cadre de ce travail. Nous faisons d'abord une synthèse des travaux antérieurs sur les terrasses fluviales, qui sont largement dispersées dans le bassin. Ensuite, nous fournissons de nouvelles contraintes d'âge, jusqu'à 3 Ma, obtenues grâce aux nucléides cosmogéniques utilisant à la fois des méthodes de profil d’exposition et d'enfouissement. Enfin, nous en déduisons une chronologie unifiée des terrasses fluviales et une carte homogénéisée des terrasses les plus hautes sur l'ensemble du bassin de l'Ebre. Les terrasses, que nous notons A, B, C, D et E, sont datées respectivement de 2,8±0,7 Ma, 1,15±0,15 Ma, 850±70 ka, 650±130 ka et 400±120 ka. La chronologie proposée ici est similaire à d'autres séquences de terrasses fluviales datées dans la péninsule ibérique, autour des Pyrénées, et ailleurs en Europe. Les terrasses les plus anciennes (A, B, C) sont étendues, ce qui témoignent d’un réseau fluvial mobile alors que depuis la formation des terrasses D jusqu’à aujourd'hui, le réseau était stable et canalisé le long de vallées de 100 à 200 m de profondeur. Le passage d'un réseau fluvial mobile à un réseau fluvial fixe s'est probablement produit pendant la transition du Pléistocène moyen (entre 0,7 et 1,3 Ma), lorsque des fluctuations climatiques de longue période et de forte intensité ont été établies, comme l'ont déjà proposé Gibbard et Lewin (2009) pour les rivières européennes. Nous estimons qu'entre 2,8 et 1,15 Ma et la période actuelle, les taux d'incision ont triplé.

Additional file 1. Appendix: 82Rb-phantom studies for determination of recovery-coefficients.

BackgroundMethods for assessing bone metabolism which can replace the gold standard bone biopsy are sorely needed in the clinical setting in patients with chronic kidney disease - mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD). The aim of the present study was implementation, validation and comparison of non-invasive dynamic and static whole-body (WB) [18F]NaF PET/CT scan methods to replace invasive bone biopsy, used for quantitative analysis of bone clearance in CKD-MBD patients.MethodsSeventeen patients with CKD-MBD underwent a 60-minute dynamic scan followed by a 30-minute static WB scan. Tracer kinetics in four thoracic vertebrae were analyzed using non-linear regression with the Hawkins model and two different Patlak-analysis methods using image-derived arterial input functions obtained from the left myocardial ventricle and the thoracic aorta. For future use in WB PET/CT scans, we validated the use of a semi-population input function. The resulting kinetic parameters (Ki, K1, k2, k3, k4, V0) were compared between the different methods of analysis using the various derived input functions.ResultsDynamic kinetic results from both standard and single-point Patlak analyses correlate well with non-linear regression analysis, but Ki results using Patlak analysis are generally lower for all tested input functions compared to regression analysis. Single-point Patlak analysis on WB scans correlates well with standard Patlak analysis on dynamic scans but show 13-21% higher Ki-values. ConclusionsOur results show good correlation between dynamic and static analysis of skeletal plasma clearance but different Ki-values depending on the analysis method and choice of input function used. Thus, WB [18F]NaF PET/CT scans can be applied in future studies, but the results should not be compared uncritically with results obtained using non-linear regression analysis.

BACKGROUND: Treatment with thyroid hormones is occasionally used in the management of treatment-resistant depression. However, the evidence supporting this treatment is not fully established. The aim of this study was to systematically review the literature on the effect of adjunctive thyroid hormone in the management of treatment-resistant unipolar depression and to provide a pooled estimate of its efficacy.METHODS: The study is registered with PROSPERO (reg. no. CRD42018108088) and followed the PRISMA guidelines. Searches were carried out on June 24th , 2019 in PubMed, EMBASE, and PsycINFO. Each record was screened independently by at least two reviewers. In instances of discrepancies, consensus was reached upon discussion. Pooled efficacy estimates were calculated based on response rates (decrease of ≥50% on the primary outcome measure) using random effect statistics.RESULTS: The search yielded 1355 records. Based on the screening of these records, we identified 10 studies that met the inclusion criteria (total number of patients = 663). The comparison of response to thyroid hormones versus placebo resulted in an odds ratio of 1.56 (95%CI: 0.50-4.84). Similarly, the comparison of response to thyroid hormones versus lithium resulted in an odds ratio of 1.91 (95%CI: 0.85-4.26). Thus, adjunctive therapy with thyroid hormones was not superior to placebo or lithium in the management of treatment-resistant unipolar depression.CONCLUSION: According to this review and meta-analysis, there is not sufficient evidence to support the use of adjunctive thyroid hormones for treatment-resistant unipolar depression.

Aim Correct measurement of blood pressure (BP) is important for optimal diagnosis and treatment of patients with hypertension. The aim of this study was to compare a wrist-worn device using tonometric measurements of BP to a conventional device using oscillometric measurements of 24 h BP, diagnosing of hypertension, and non-dipping. Methods One-hundred patients in the Renal Outpatient Clinic had 24 h ambulatory BP monitoring performed with a tonometric device, BPro, and an oscillometric device, A&D, simultaneously. Results Twenty-four-hour and daytime systolic BP was significantly lower using tonometric monitoring compared to oscillometric (7 and 6 mmHg, respectively, p< 0.001). In the population of patients diagnosed with hypertension, the tonometric device diagnosed 90% of patients with uncontrolled hypertension correctly (positive predictive value), whereas 49% of patients classified as normotensive were uncontrolled hypertensive (negative predictive value). The mean difference between relative nocturnal BP decrease between tonometric and oscillometric was 2±8% (p< 0.01), and 33% of patients classified as dippers were non-dippers (negative predictive value). Conclusion Using the BPro device for tonometric monitoring of BP and classification of hypertension and non-dipping in patients diagnosed with hypertension leads to misclassification of patients. Therefore, the BPro device is not suitable for clinical practice in hypertensive patients from a Renal Outpatient Clinic.

Peer review of research articles is a core part of our scholarly communication system. In spite of its importance, the status and purpose of peer review is often contested. What is its role in our modern digital research and communications infrastructure? Does it perform to the high standards with which it is generally regarded? Studies of peer review have shown that it is prone to bias and abuse in numerous dimensions, frequently unreliable, and can fail to detect even fraudulent research. With the advent of Web technologies, we are now witnessing a phase of innovation and experimentation in our approaches to peer review. These developments prompted us to examine emerging models of peer review from a range of disciplines and venues, and to ask how they might address some of the issues with our current systems of peer review. We examine the functionality of a range of social Web platforms, and compare these with the traits underlying a viable peer review system: quality control, quantified performance metrics as engagement incentives, and certification and reputation. Ideally, any new systems will demonstrate that they out-perform current models while avoiding as many of the biases of existing systems as possible. We conclude that there is considerable scope for new peer review initiatives to be developed, each with their own potential issues and advantages. We also propose a novel hybrid platform model that, at least partially, resolves many of the technical and social issues associated with peer review, and can potentially disrupt the entire scholarly communication system. Success for any such development relies on reaching a critical threshold of research community engagement with both the process and the platform, and therefore cannot be achieved without a significant change of incentives in research environments.

Item does not contain fulltext BACKGROUND: In a previous trial involving patients with early autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD; estimated creatinine clearance, >/=60 ml per minute), the vasopressin V2-receptor antagonist tolvaptan slowed the growth in total kidney volume and the decline in the estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) but also caused more elevations in aminotransferase and bilirubin levels. The efficacy and safety of tolvaptan in patients with later-stage ADPKD are unknown. METHODS: We conducted a phase 3, randomized withdrawal, multicenter, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. After an 8-week prerandomization period that included sequential placebo and tolvaptan run-in phases, during which each patient's ability to take tolvaptan without dose-limiting side effects was assessed, 1370 patients with ADPKD who were either 18 to 55 years of age with an estimated GFR of 25 to 65 ml per minute per 1.73 m(2) of body-surface area or 56 to 65 years of age with an estimated GFR of 25 to 44 ml per minute per 1.73 m(2) were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to receive tolvaptan or placebo for 12 months. The primary end point was the change in the estimated GFR from baseline to follow-up, with adjustment for the exact duration that each patient participated (interpolated to 1 year). Safety assessments were conducted monthly. RESULTS: The change from baseline in the estimated GFR was -2.34 ml per minute per 1.73 m(2) (95% confidence interval [CI], -2.81 to -1.87) in the tolvaptan group, as compared with -3.61 ml per minute per 1.73 m(2) (95% CI, -4.08 to -3.14) in the placebo group (difference, 1.27 ml per minute per 1.73 m(2); 95% CI, 0.86 to 1.68; P3 times the upper limit of the normal range) occurred in 38 of 681 patients (5.6%) in the tolvaptan group and in 8 of 685 (1.2%) in the placebo group. Elevations in the aminotransferase level were reversible after stopping tolvaptan. No elevations in the bilirubin level of more than twice the upper limit of the normal range were detected. CONCLUSIONS: Tolvaptan resulted in a slower decline than placebo in the estimated GFR over a 1-year period in patients with later-stage ADPKD. (Funded by Otsuka Pharmaceuticals and Otsuka Pharmaceutical Development and Commercialization; REPRISE ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02160145 .).

The degree of water transport via aquaporin-2 (AQP2) water channels in renal collecting duct principal cells is reflected by the level of the urinary excretion of AQP2 (u-AQP2). In rats, the AQP2 expression varies with sodium intake. In humans, the effect of sodium intake on u-AQP2 and the underlying mechanisms have not previously been studied. We measured the effect of 4 days of high sodium (HS) intake (300 mmol sodium/day; 17.5 g salt/day) and 4 days of low sodium (LS) intake (30 mmol sodium/day; 1.8 g salt/day) on u-AQP2, fractional sodium excretion (FENa), free water clearance (CH2O), urinary excretion of PGE2(u-PGE2) and cAMP (u-cAMP), and plasma concentrations of vasopressin (AVP), renin (PRC), ANG II, aldosterone (Aldo), atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) in a randomized, crossover study of 21 healthy subjects, during 24-h urine collection and after hypertonic saline infusion. The 24-h urinary sodium excretion was significantly higher during HS intake (213 vs. 41 mmol/24 h). ANP and BNP were significantly lower and PRC, ANG II, and Aldo were significantly higher during LS intake. AVP, u-cAMP, and u-PGE2were similar during HS and LS intake, but u-AQP2 was significantly higher during HS intake. The increases in AVP and u-AQP2 in response to hypertonic saline infusion were similar during HS and LS intake. In conclusion, u-AQP2 was increased during HS intake, indicating that water transport via AQP2 was increased. The effect was mediated by an unknown AVP-independent mechanism.

Clinical trials suggest that statins have beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system independent from their cholesterol lowering properties. In patients with chronic kidney disease stage II-III, we tested the hypothesis that atorvastatin increased systemic and renal nitric oxide (NO) availability using L-N(G) -monomethyl arginine (L-NMMA) as an inhibitor of NO production.In a randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover study patients were treated with atorvastatin for 5 days with standardized diet and fluid intake. Glomerular filtration reate (GFR), fractional excretions of sodium (FENa ), urinary excretion of aquaporin-2 (u-AQP2) and epithelial sodium channels (u-ENaCγ ), vasoactive hormones (renin, angiotensin II, aldosterone, arginine vasopressin, endothelin-1 and brain natriuretic peptide) and central blood pressure (BP) estimated by applanation tonometry were measured before and after systemic administration of the NO inhibitor L-NMMA.Atorvastatin caused a significant reduction in U-ENaCγ , but sodium excretion, C H 2 O , FENa and u-AQP2 were not changed by atorvastatin. L-NMMA reduced renal effect variables, including GFR, FENa and u-ENaCγ and increased brachial BP and central BP to a similar extent during both treatments. Vasoactive hormones were changed in the same way by L-NMMA during atorvastatin and placebo treatment.During, atorvastatin and placebo treatment, inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis induced the same response in brachial and central blood pressure, GFR, renal tubular function and vasoactive hormones. Thus, the data do not support that atorvastatin changes nitric oxide availability in patients with mild nephropathy. The reduced u-ENaC may reflect changes in sodium absorption in the nephron induced by atorvastatin.

Geoforum Perspektiv, Vol 3 No 6 (2004): GI og Digital forvaltning

For many years focus has been on reducing the energy demand in buildings. In existing dwellings this is often done by tightening the building envelope e.g. by changing the windows. The tightening leaves the main part of the ventilation of the dwellings in the hands of the occupants as the dwellings then need to be ventilated actively either by natural or mechanical ventilation. Increased focus on energy reduction together with requirements for e.g. thermal comfort indoors may lead to reduced indoor air quality and moisture problems which in turn may cause mould problems. This paper describes an investigation of the indoor air quality, relative humidity and air change rate in eight Danish houses. The houses were selected as they are all having recurrent problems with condensation on the windows. The houses were built between 1930 and 2007. Some of them have been only slightly renovated where others have been renovated completely. Seven of the eight houses were naturally ventilated and one was equipped with mechanical ventilation system. In each house room air temperature, relative humidity, and CO2 concentration were measured in all primary rooms together with the outdoor climate conditions. The average air change rate in each of the houses was measured using passive tracer gas technique, the measurement period being one to two weeks. Based on the measurements the ventilation condition of the houses was compared to requirements in the Danish building regulations in terms of air change rate, to indoor air quality in terms of CO2 concentration, and to the use of the house in terms of the level of the relative humidity and indoor moisture excess. Furthermore, the moisture production in the houses was estimated and compared to values provided in the literature. A better indoor air quality and lower moisture excess were demonstrated in the houses ventilated according to the Danish building regulations than in houses not fulfilling the requirements. Though, the results showed large variations between the eight houses but also between the parameters examined.