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AI assistants are being increasingly used by students enrolled in higher education institutions. While these tools provide opportunities for improved teaching and education, they also pose significant challenges for assessment and learning outcomes. We conceptualize these challenges through the lens of vulnerability, the potential for university assessments and learning outcomes to be impacted by student use of generative AI. We investigate the potential scale of this vulnerability by measuring the degree to which AI assistants can complete assessment questions in standard university-level STEM courses. Specifically, we compile a novel dataset of textual assessment questions from 50 courses at EPFL and evaluate whether two AI assistants, GPT-3.5 and GPT-4 can adequately answer these questions. We use eight prompting strategies to produce responses and find that GPT-4 answers an average of 65.8% of questions correctly, and can even produce the correct answer across at least one prompting strategy for 85.1% of questions. When grouping courses in our dataset by degree program, these systems already pass non-project assessments of large numbers of core courses in various degree programs, posing risks to higher education accreditation that will be amplified as these models improve. Our results call for revising program-level assessment design in higher education in light of advances in generative AI., Comment: 20 pages, 8 figures

Thanks to decades of observations using HST, the structure of galaxies at redshift $z>2$ has been widely studied in the rest-frame ultraviolet regime, which traces recent star formation from young stellar populations. But, we still have little information about the spatial distribution of the older, more evolved, stellar populations, constrained by the rest-frame infrared portion of galaxies' spectral energy distribution. We present the morphological characterization of a sample of 21 massive galaxies ($\log(M_{\star}/M_{\odot})>9.5$) at redshift $33$ massive galaxies show a smooth distribution of their rest-infrared light, strongly supporting the increasing number of regular disk galaxies already in place at early epochs. On the contrary, the ultraviolet structure obtained from HST observations is generally more irregular, catching the most recent episodes of star formation. Importantly, we find a segregation of morphologies across cosmic time, having massive galaxies at redshift $z>4$ later-type morphologies compared to $z\sim3$ galaxies. These findings suggest a transition phase in galaxy assembly and central mass build up already taking place at $z\sim3-4$. MIRI provides unique information about the structure of the mature stellar population of high-redshift galaxies, unveiling that massive galaxies beyond cosmic noon are prevalently compact disk galaxies with smooth mass distribution., Comment: Submitted to A&A. 7 pages, 4 figures. Comments welcome

We report the discovery of Cerberus, an extremely red object detected with the MIRI Deep Imaging Survey (MIDIS) observations in the F1000W filter of the Hubble Ultra Deep Field. The object is detected at $S/N\sim6$, with $\mathrm{F1000W}\sim27$ mag, and undetected in the NIRCam data gathered by the JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey, JADES, fainter than the 30.0-30.5 mag $5\sigma$ detection limits in individual bands, as well as in the MIDIS F560W ultra-deep data ($\sim$29 mag, $5\sigma$). Analyzing the spectral energy distribution built with low-$S/N$ ($<5$) measurements in individual optical-to-mid-infrared filters and higher $S/N$ ($\gtrsim5$) in stacked NIRCam data, we discuss the possible nature of this red NIRCam-dark source using a battery of codes. We discard the possibility of Cerberus being a Solar System body based on the $<0.016$" proper motion in the 1-year apart JADES and MIDIS observations. A sub-stellar Galactic nature is deemed unlikely, given that the Cerberus' relatively flat NIRCam-to-NIRCam and very red NIRCam-to-MIRI flux ratios are not consistent with any brown dwarf model. The extragalactic nature of Cerberus offers 3 possibilities: (1) A $z\sim0.4$ galaxy with strong emission from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; the very low inferred stellar mass, $\mathrm{M}_\star=10^{5-6}$ M$_\odot$, makes this possibility highly improbable. (2) A dusty galaxy at $z\sim4$ with an inferred stellar mass $\mathrm{M}_\star\sim10^{8}$ M$_\odot$. (3) A galaxy with observational properties similar to those of the reddest little red dots discovered around $z\sim7$, but Cerberus lying at $z\sim15$, with the rest-frame optical dominated by emission from a dusty torus or a dusty starburst., Comment: Accepted for publication in ApJL, results unchanged, manuscript shortened to publish as a letter

Dusty star-forming galaxies emit most of their light at far-IR to mm wavelengths as their star formation is highly obscured. Far-IR and mm observations have revealed their dust, neutral and molecular gas properties. The sensitivity of JWST at rest-frame optical and near-infrared wavelengths now allows the study of the stellar and ionized gas content. We investigate the spatially resolved distribution and kinematics of the ionized gas in GN20, a dusty star forming galaxy at $z$=4.0548. We present deep MIRI/MRS integral field spectroscopy of the near-infrared rest-frame emission of GN20. We detect spatially resolved \paa, out to a radius of 6 kpc, distributed in a clumpy morphology. The star formation rate derived from \paa\ (144 $\pm$ 9 \msunperyear) is only 7.7 $\pm 0.5 $\% of the infrared star formation rate (1860 $\pm$ 90 \msunperyear). We attribute this to very high extinction (A$_V$ = 17.2 $\pm$ 0.4 mag, or A$_{V,mixed}$ = 44 $\pm$ 3 mag), especially in the nucleus of GN20, where only faint \paa\ is detected, suggesting a deeply buried starburst. We identify four, spatially unresolved, clumps in the \paa\ emission. Based on the double peaked \paa\ profile we find that each clump consist of at least two sub-clumps. We find mass upper limits consistent with them being formed in a gravitationally unstable gaseous disk. The UV bright region of GN20 does not have any detected \paa\ emission, suggesting an age of more than 10 Myrs for this region of the galaxy. From the rotation profile of \paa\ we conclude that the gas kinematics are rotationally dominated and the $v_{rot}/\sigma_{m} = 3.8 \pm 1.4$ is similar to low-redshift LIRGs. We speculate that the clumps seen in GN20 could contribute to building up the inner disk and bulge of GN20., Comment: 13 pages, 7 figures, accepted for publication in A&A

We investigate the properties of strong (Hb+[OIII]) emitters before and after the end of the Epoch of Reionization from z=8 to z=5.5. We make use of ultra-deep JWST/NIRCam imaging in the Parallel Field of the MIRI Deep Imaging Survey (MIDIS) in the Hubble eXtreme Deep Field (P2-XDF), in order to select prominent (Hb+[OIII]) emitters (with rest EW_0 > 100 Angstroms) at z=5.5-7, based on their flux density enhancement in the F356W band with respect to the spectral energy distribution continuum. We complement our selection with other (Hb+[OIII]) emitters from the literature at similar and higher (z=7-8) redshifts. We find (non-independent) anti-correlations between EW_0(Hb+[OIII]) and both galaxy stellar mass and age, in agreement with previous studies, and a positive correlation with specific star formation rate (sSFR). On the SFR-M* plane, the (Hb+[OIII]) emitters populate both the star-formation main sequence and the starburst region, which become indistinguishable at low stellar masses (log10(M*) < 7.5). We find tentative evidence for a non-monotonic relation between EW_0(Hb+[OIII]) and SFR, such that both parameters correlate with each other at SFR > 1 Msun/yr, while the correlation flattens out at lower SFRs. This suggests that low metallicities producing high EW_0(Hb+[OIII]) could be important at low SFR values. Interestingly, the properties of the strong emitters and other galaxies (33% and 67% of our z=5.5-7 sample, respectively) are similar, including, in many cases, high sSFR. Therefore, it is crucial to consider both emitters and non-emitters to obtain a complete picture of the cosmic star formation activity around the Epoch of Reionization., Comment: 14 pages, 8 figures. Accepted for publication at the ApJ. Version v3 includes minor update to match journal version

Perpetual futures are contracts without expiration date in which the anchoring of the futures price to the spot price is ensured by periodic funding payments from long to short. We derive explicit expressions for the no-arbitrage price of various perpetual contracts, including linear, inverse, and quantos futures in both discrete and continuous-time. In particular, we show that the futures price is given by the risk-neutral expectation of the spot sampled at a random time that reflects the intensity of the price anchoring. Furthermore, we identify funding specifications that guarantee the coincidence of futures and spot prices, and show that for such specifications perpetual futures contracts can be replicated by dynamic trading in primitive securities.

The evolution of the cosmic dust content and the cycle between metals and dust in the interstellar medium (ISM) play a fundamental role in galaxy evolution. The chemical enrichment of the Universe can be traced through the evolution of the dust-to-metals ratio (DTM) and the dust-to-gas ratio (DTG) with metallicity. We use a novel method to determine mass estimates of the DTM, DTG and dust composition based on our previous measurements of the depletion of metals in different environments (the Milky Way, the Magellanic Clouds, and damped Lyman-$\alpha$ absorbers, DLAs, toward quasars and towards gamma-ray bursts, GRBs), which were calculated from the relative abundances of metals in the ISM through absorption-line spectroscopy column densities observed mainly from VLT/UVES and X-shooter, and HST/STIS. We derive the dust extinction from the estimated dust depletion ($A_{V, \rm depl}$) and compare with the $A_{V}$ from extinction. We find that the DTM and DTG ratios increase with metallicity and with the dust tracer [Zn/Fe]. This suggests that grain growth in the ISM is a dominant process of dust production. The increasing trend of the DTM and DTG with metallicity is in good agreement with a dust production and evolution model. Our data suggest that the stellar dust yield is much lower than the metal yield and thus that the overall amount of dust in the warm neutral medium that is produced by stars is much lower. We find that $A_{V,\rm depl}$ is overall lower than $A_{V, \rm ext}$ for the Milky Way and a few Magellanic Clouds lines of sight, a discrepancy that is likely related to the presence of carbonaceous dust. We show that the main elements that contribute to the dust composition are, O, Fe, Si, Mg, C, S, Ni and Al for all the environments. Abundances at low dust regimes suggest the presence of pyroxene and metallic iron in dust., Comment: Accepted for publication in A&A. Abstract abridged

By using the ultra-deep \textit{JWST}/MIRI image at 5.6 $\mu m$ in the Hubble eXtreme Deep Field, we constrain the role of strong H$\alpha$-emitters (HAEs) during Cosmic Reionization at $z\simeq7-8$. Our sample of HAEs is comprised of young ($<35\;\rm Myr$) galaxies, except for one single galaxy ($\approx 300\;\rm Myr$), with low stellar masses ($\lesssim 10^{9}\;\rm M_{\odot}$). These HAEs show a wide range of UV-$\beta$ slopes, with a median value of $\beta = -2.15\pm0.21$ which broadly correlates with stellar mass. We estimate the ionizing photon production efficiency ($\xi_{ion,0}$) of these sources (assuming $f_{esc,LyC} = 0\%$), which yields a median value $\rm log_{10}(\xi_{ion,0}/(Hz\;erg^{-1})) = 25.50^{+0.10}_{-0.12}$. We show that $\xi_{ion,0}$ positively correlates with EW$_{0}$(H$\alpha$) and specific star formation rate (sSFR). Instead $\xi_{ion,0}$ weakly anti-correlates with stellar mass and $\beta$. Based on the $\beta$ values, we predict $f_{esc, LyC}=4\%^{+3}_{-2}$, which results in $\rm log_{10}(\xi_{ion}/(Hz\;erg^{-1})) = 25.55^{+0.11}_{-0.13}$. Considering this and related findings from the literature, we find a mild evolution of $\xi_{ion}$with redshift. Additionally, our results suggest that these HAEs require only modest escape fractions ($f_{esc, rel}$) of 6$-$15\% to reionize their surrounding intergalactic medium. By only considering the contribution of these HAEs, we estimated their total ionizing emissivity ($\dot{N}_{ion}$) as $\dot{N}_{ion} = 10^{50.53 \pm 0.45}; \text{s}^{-1}\text{Mpc}^{-3}$. When comparing their $\dot{N}_{ion}$ with "non-H$\alpha$ emitter" galaxies across the same redshift range, we find that that strong, young, and low-mass emitters may have played an important role during Cosmic Reionization., Comment: 21 pages, 11 Figures, 1 table. Accepted for publication in ApJ. Updated version 13/06/2024 -- found a mistake in the reported eq. 2 (now corrected)

We study the stellar population properties of 182 spectroscopically-confirmed (MUSE/VLT) Lyman-$\alpha$ emitters (LAEs) and 450 photometrically-selected Lyman-Break galaxies (LBGs) at z = 2.8 - 6.7 in the Hubble eXtreme Deep Field (XDF). Leveraging the combined power of HST and JWST NIRCam and MIRI observations, we analyse their rest-frame UV-through-near-IR spectral energy distributions (SEDs) with MIRI playing a crucial role in robustly assessing the LAE's stellar mass and ages. Our LAEs are low-mass objects (log$_{10}$(M$_\star$[M$_\odot$]) ~ 7.5), with little or no dust extinction (E(B - V) ~ 0.1) and a blue UV continuum slope ($\beta$ ~ -2.2). While 75% of our LAEs are young (< 100 Myr), the remaining 25% have significantly older stellar populations (> 100 Myr). These old LAEs are statistically more massive, less extinct and have lower specific star formation rate (sSFR) compared to young LAEs. Besides, they populate the M$_\star$ - SFR plane along the main-sequence (MS) of star-forming galaxies, while young LAEs populate the starburst region. The comparison between the LAEs properties to those of a stellar-mass matched sample of LBGs shows no statistical difference between these objects, except for the LBGs redder UV continuum slope and marginally larger E(B - V) values. Interestingly, 48% of the LBGs have ages < 10 Myr and are classified as starbursts, but lack detectable Ly$\alpha$ emission. This is likely due to HI resonant scattering and/or selective dust extinction. Overall, we find that JWST observations are crucial in determining the properties of LAEs and shedding light on the properties and similarities between LAEs and LBGs., Comment: 22 pages, 15 figures, 5 tables. Accepted for publication in APJ

We present MIRI/JWST medium-resolution spectroscopy (MRS) and imaging (MIRIM) of the lensed galaxy MACS1149-JD1 at a redshift of $z$=9.1092$\pm$0.0002 (Universe age about 530 Myr). We detect, for the first time, spatially resolved H$\alpha$ emission in a galaxy at a redshift above nine. The structure of the H$\alpha$ emitting gas consists of two clumps, S and N. The total H$\alpha$ luminosity implies an instantaneous star-formation of 5.3$\pm$0.4 $M_{\odot}$ yr$^{-1}$ for solar metallicities. The ionizing photon production efficiency, $\log(\zeta_\mathrm{ion})$, shows a spatially resolved structure with values of 25.55$\pm$0.03, 25.47$\pm$0.03, and 25.91$\pm$0.09 Hz erg$^{-1}$ for the integrated galaxy, and clumps S and N, respectively. The H$\alpha$ rest-frame equivalent width, EW$_{0}$(H$\alpha$), is 726$^{+660}_{-182}$ \'Angstrom for the integrated galaxy, but presents extreme values of 531$^{+300}_{-96}$ \'Angstrom and $\geq$1951 \'Angstrom for clumps S and N, respectively. The spatially resolved ionizing photon production efficiency is within the range of values measured in galaxies at redshift above six, and well above the canonical value (25.2$\pm$0.1 Hz erg$^{-1}$). The extreme difference of EW$_{0}$(H$\alpha$) for Clumps S and N indicates the presence of a recent (<5 Myrs) burst in clump N and a star formation over a larger period of time (e.g., $\sim$50 Myr) in clump S. Finally, clump S and N show very different H$\alpha$ kinematics with velocity dispersions of 56$\pm$4 km s$^{-1}$ and 113$\pm$33 km s$^{-1}$, likely indicating the presence of outflows or increased turbulence in the clump N. The dynamical mass, $M_\mathrm{dyn}$= (2.4$\pm$0.5)$\times$10$^{9}$ $M_{\odot}$, is within the range measured with the spatially resolved [OIII]88$\mu$m line., Comment: 11 pages, 6 figures, published version in A&A

We present deep James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)/MIRI F560W observations of a flux-limited, ALMA-selected sample of 28 galaxies at z=0.5-3.6 in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field (HUDF). The data from the MIRI Deep Imaging Survey (MIDIS) reveal the stellar structure of the HUDF galaxies at rest-wavelengths of >1 micron for the first time. We revise the stellar mass estimates using new JWST photometry and find good agreement with pre-JWST analysis; the few discrepancies can be explained by blending issues in the earlier lower-resolution Spitzer data. At z~2.5, the resolved rest-frame near-infrared (1.6 micron) structure of the galaxies is significantly more smooth and centrally concentrated than seen by HST at rest-frame 450 nm (F160W), with effective radii of Re(F560W)=1-5 kpc and S\'ersic indices mostly close to an exponential (disk-like) profile (n~1), up to n~5 (excluding AGN). We find an average size ratio of Re(F560W)/Re(F160W)~0.7 that decreases with stellar mass. The stellar structure of the ALMA-selected galaxies is indistinguishable from a HUDF reference sample of galaxies with comparable MIRI flux density. We supplement our analysis with custom-made, position-dependent, empirical PSF models for the F560W observations. The results imply that a smoother stellar structure is in place in massive gas-rich, star-forming galaxies at Cosmic Noon, despite a more clumpy rest-frame optical appearance, placing additional constraints on galaxy formation simulations. As a next step, matched-resolution, resolved ALMA observations will be crucial to further link the mass- and light-weighted galaxy structures to the dusty interstellar medium., Comment: 19 pages, 12 figures, 1 table, Accepted for publication in ApJ

Photoproduction of $\pi^0\pi^{\pm}$-pairs from quasifree nucleons bound in the deuteron has been investigated to study the helicity dependence of this reaction. Measurements with a liquid deuterium target were used to extract the unpolarized cross sections for reactions on protons and neutrons. A deuterated, longitudinally polarized solid-butanol target, together with a circularly polarized photon beam, determined the double polarization observable $E$. From these results the spin-dependent cross sections $\sigma_{1/2}$ and $\sigma_{3/2}$, corresponding to the anti-parallel and parallel spin configurations of the beam photon and target nucleon, have been derived. The measurements were performed at the Mainz MAMI accelerator with tagged, circularly-polarized photon beams produced via bremsstrahlung from longitudinally polarized electron beams. The reaction products were detected with an almost $4\pi$ solid-angle covering calorimeter composed of the Crystal Ball and TAPS detectors, supplemented by plastic scintillation detectors for charged particle identification. The results are sensitive to sequential decays of nucleon resonances via intermediate states and also to the decay of nucleon resonances by emission of charged $\rho$ mesons, and are compared to recent model results., Comment: 9 pages, 6 figures

We present a JWST/MRS spectrum of the quasar J1120+0641 at z=7.0848, the first spectroscopic observation of a reionisation-era quasar in the rest-frame infrared ($0.6<\lambda<3.4\mu$m). In the context of the mysterious fast assembly of the first supermassive black holes at z>7, our observations enable for the first time the detection of hot torus dust, the H$\alpha$ emission line, and the Paschen-series broad emission lines in a quasar at z>7. Hot torus dust is clearly detected as an upturn in the continuum emission at $\lambda_{\text{rest}}\simeq1.3\mu$m, leading to a black-body temperature of $T=1413.5^{+5.7}_{-7.4}$K. Compared to similarly-luminous quasars at 06 ($2\sigma$ significance). We measure the black hole mass of J1120+0641 based on the H$\alpha$ Balmer line, $M_{\text{BH}}=1.52\pm0.17\cdot 10^9 M_\odot$, which is in good agreement with the previous rest-UV MgII black hole mass measurement. The black hole mass based on the Paschen-series lines is also consistent, indicating no significant extinction in the rest-frame UV measurement. The broad H$\alpha$, Pa-$\alpha$ and Pa-$\beta$ emission lines are consistent with an origin in a common broad-line region (BLR) with density log$N_H/\text{cm}^{-3}\geq 12$, ionisation parameter $-7<$log$U<-4$, and extinction E(B-V)$\lesssim 0.1$mag. These BLR parameters are consistent with similarly-bright quasars at 0

Luminous infrared galaxies at high redshifts ($z$>4) include extreme starbursts that build their stellar mass over short periods of time (>100 Myr). These galaxies are considered to be the progenitors of massive quiescent galaxies at intermediate redshifts ($z\sim$2) but their stellar structure and buildup is unknown. Here, we present the first spatially resolved near-infrared imaging of GN20, one of the most luminous dusty star-forming galaxies known to date, observed at an epoch when the Universe was only 1.5 Gyr old. The 5.6$\mu$m image taken with the JWST Mid-Infrared Instrument (MIRI/JWST) shows that GN20 is a very luminous galaxy (M$_\mathrm{1.1\mu m,AB}$=$-$25.01), with a stellar structure composed of a conspicuous central source and an extended envelope. The central source is an unresolved nucleus that carries 9% of the total flux. The nucleus is co-aligned with the peak of the cold dust emission, and offset by 3.9 kpc from the ultraviolet stellar emission. The diffuse stellar envelope is similar in size to the clumpy CO molecular gas distribution. The centroid of the stellar envelope is offset by 1 kpc from the unresolved nucleus, suggesting GN20 is involved in an interaction or merger event supported by its location as the brightest galaxy in a proto-cluster. The stellar size of GN20 is larger by a factor of about 3-5 than known spheroids, disks, and irregulars at $z\sim$4, while its size and low S\'ersic index are similar to those measured in dusty, infrared luminous galaxies at $z\sim$2 of the same mass. GN20 has all the ingredients necessary for evolving into a massive spheroidal quiescent galaxy at intermediate $z$: it is a large, luminous galaxy at $z$=4.05 involved in a short and massive starburst centred in the stellar nucleus and extended over the entire galaxy, out to radii of 4 kpc, and likely induced by the interaction or merger with a member of the proto-cluster., Comment: 7 pages, 4 figures

We utilise the unprecedented depth and resolution of recent early-release science (ERS) JWST observations to define the near-infrared counterparts of sub-millimetre selected galaxies (SMGs). We identify 45 SCUBA-2 SMG positions within The Cosmic Evolution Early Release Science Survey (CEERS) JWST/NIRCam fields. Through an analysis of multi-wavelength $p$-values, NIRCam colours and predicted SCUBA-2 fluxes, we define 43 JWST/NIRCam counterparts to the SCUBA-2 SMGs, finding a 63 per cent agreement with those identified in prior $HST$ studies. Using EaZy-py we fit the available HST and JWST observations to quantify the photometric redshifts of the NIRCam-SMGs, establishing a broad range of redshift from $z$$\approx$0.2$-$5.4 with a median of $z$$\approx$2.29, in agreement with other studies of SMGs. We analyse their rest-frame optical and near-infrared morphological properties (e.g. effective radius (R$_{\rm e}$), S\'ersic index ($n$), CAS, Gini and M$_{20}$), finding, on average, late-type disc-like morphologies with large scatter into the intermediate and merger regions of the non-parametric parameter space. For the non-merging galaxies, we find a median rest-frame optical size and S\'ersic index (and $1\sigma$ scatter) of R$_{\rm e}$=3.10$\pm$1.67kpc and $n$=0.96$\pm$0.66. Whilst in the rest-frame near-infrared we establish more compact, higher S\'ersic index morphologies (R$_{\rm e}$=1.64$\pm$0.97, $n$=1.85$\pm$0.63). We further establish that both the rest-frame optical and near-infrared effective radii correlate negatively (at a 2$\sigma$ level) with redshift whilst the S\'ersic index remains constant with cosmic time. Our results are consistent with the picture of inside-out galaxy evolution, with more centrally concentrated older stellar populations, and more extended, younger star-forming regions whose stellar emission is heavily attenuated in the central regions., Comment: Submitted for publication in A&A. Comments welcome. 18 pages

We present the ultraviolet luminosity function and an estimate of the cosmic star formation rate density at $88$ galaxy candidates based on their dropout nature in the F115W and/or F150W filters, a high probability for their photometric redshifts, estimated with three different codes, being at $z>8$, good fits based on $\chi^2$ calculations, and predominant solutions compared to $z<8$ alternatives. We find mild evolution in the luminosity function from $z\sim13$ to $z\sim8$, i.e., only a small increase in the average number density of $\sim$0.2 dex, while the faint-end slope and absolute magnitude of the knee remain approximately constant, with values $\alpha=-2.2\pm0.1$ and $M^*=-20.8\pm0.2$ mag. Comparing our results with the predictions of state-of-the-art galaxy evolution models, we find two main results: (1) a slower increase with time in the cosmic star formation rate density compared to a steeper rise predicted by models; (2) nearly a factor of 10 higher star formation activity concentrated in scales around 2 kpc in galaxies with stellar masses $\sim10^8$ M$_\odot$ during the first 350 Myr of the Universe, $z\sim12$, with models matching better the luminosity density observational estimations $\sim$150 Myr later, by $z\sim9$., Comment: Accepted for publication in ApJL, in memoriam Hans Ulrik Noorgaard-Nielsen and Olivier Le F\`evre

The chemical composition of gas in galaxies can be measured in detail from absorption spectroscopy. By studying gas in galaxies in this way, it is possible to investigate the small and faint galaxies, which are the most numerous in the universe. In particular, the chemical distribution of gas in absorbing systems gives us insight into cycles of gas in and around galaxies. Here we study chemical enrichment within 64 Damped Lyman-alpha Absorption (DLA) systems between $1.7 < z < 4.2$. We use high-resolution spectra from VLT/UVES to infer dust depletion from relative abundances of several metals. We perform a component-by-component analysis within DLAs, and characterise variations in their chemical enrichment. Unlike hydrogen, the metal columns can be characterised for individual components. We use them to derive the dust depletion ([Zn/Fe]fit), as an indicator for chemical enrichment. We find that some DLAs are chemically diverse within themselves, with [Zn/Fe]fit ranging up to 0.62 dex within a single system. This suggests that absorbing gas within these galaxies is chemically diverse. Although we do not find a clear trend of decreasing dust depletion with redshift, we do see that the most chemically enriched systems are at lower redshifts. We also observe evidence for dust-poor components at all redshifts, which may be due to the accretion of pristine gas onto galaxies. We combine the chemical and kinematic properties of the individual gas components and observe potential signatures of infalling gas, with low depletion at velocities below $\sim$100km/s, and outflows, with high depletion and velocities of $\sim$600km/s. We find over-abundances of alpha-elements (an enhancement of $\sim$0.3dex) and under-abundances of Mn in several components, which is likely a signature of core-collapse SNe nucleosythesis in the ISM. We observe these effects mostly at lower levels of chemical enrichment., Comment: 56 pages, 99 figures, Accepted for publication in A&A, Abstract abridged for arXiv

We make use of \textit{JWST} medium and broad-band NIRCam imaging, along with ultra-deep MIRI $5.6 \rm \mu m$ imaging, in the Hubble eXtreme Deep Field (XDF) to identify prominent line emitters at $z\simeq 7-8$. Out of a total of 58 galaxies at $z\simeq 7-8$, we find 18 robust candidates ($\simeq$31\%) for (H$\beta$ + [OIII]) emitters, based on their enhanced fluxes in the F430M and F444W filters, with EW$_{0}$(H$\beta$ +[OIII]) $\simeq 87 - 2100$ {\AA}. Among these emitters, 16 lie in the MIRI coverage area and 12 exhibit a clear flux excess at $5.6 \, \rm \mu m$, indicating the simultaneous presence of a prominent H$\alpha$ emission line with EW$_{0}$(H$\alpha$) $\simeq 200-3000$ {\AA}. This is the first time that H$\alpha$ emission can be detected in individual galaxies at $z>7$. The H$\alpha$ line, when present, allows us to separate the contributions of H$\beta$ and [OIII] to the (H$\beta$ +[OIII]) complex, and derive H$\alpha$-based star formation rates (SFRs). We find that in most cases [OIII]/H$\beta > 1$. Instead, two galaxies have [OIII]/H$\beta < 1$, indicating that the NIRCam flux excess is mainly driven by H$\beta$. This could potentially imply extremely low metallicities. Most prominent line emitters are very young starbursts or galaxies on their way to/from the starburst cloud. They make for a cosmic SFR density $\rm log_{10}(\rho_{SFR_{H\alpha}}) \simeq -2.35$, which is about a quarter of the total value ($\rm log_{10}(\rho_{SFR_{tot}}) \simeq -1.76$) at $z\simeq 7-8$. Therefore, the strong H$\alpha$ emitters likely had a significant role in reionization., Comment: 18 pages, 11 figures. The paper has been accepted for publication in ApJ

Large fractions of metals are missing from the observable gas-phase in the interstellar medium (ISM) because they are incorporated into dust grains, a phenomenon called dust depletion. The study of dust depletion in the ISM is important to investigate the origin and evolution of metals and cosmic dust. Here we aim at characterizing the dust depletion of several metals from the Milky Way to distant galaxies. We collect ISM metal column densities from absorption-line spectroscopy in the literature, and in addition, we determine Ti and Ni column densities from a sample of 70 damped Lyman-$\alpha$ absorbers (DLAs) towards quasars, observed with UVES/VLT. We use ISM relative abundances to estimate the dust depletion of 18 metals (C, P, O, Cl, Kr, S, Ge, Mg, Si, Cu, Co, Mn, Cr, Ni, Al, Ti, Zn and Fe) for different environments (the Milky Way, the Magellanic Clouds (MCs), DLAs towards quasars and towards gamma-ray bursts). We observe linear relations between the depletion of each metal and the strength of dust depletion, which we trace with the observed [Zn/Fe]. In the neutral ISM of the MCs we find small deviations from linearity observed as an overabundance of the $\alpha$-elements Ti, Mg, S and an underabundance of Mn. The deviations disappear if we assume that all OB stars observed towards the MCs in our sample have an $\alpha$-element enhancement and Mn underabundance. This may imply that the MCs have been recently enriched in $\alpha$-elements, potentially due to recent bursts of star formation. The observed strong correlations of the depletion sequences of the metals all the way from low metallicity QSO-DLAs to the Milky Way suggest that cosmic dust has a common origin, independently of the star formation history, which varies significantly between these different galaxies. This supports the importance of grain growth in the ISM as a significant process of dust production., Comment: 30 pages, 35 figures, 12 tables, Accepted for publication in A&A, Abstract abridged for arXiv

This paper provides a comparison of current video content extraction tools with a focus on comparing commercial task-based machine learning services. Video intelligence (VIDINT) data has become a critical intelligence source in the past decade. The need for AI-based analytics and automation tools to extract and structure content from video has quickly become a priority for organizations needing to search, analyze and exploit video at scale. With rapid growth in machine learning technology, the maturity of machine transcription, machine translation, topic tagging, and object recognition tasks are improving at an exponential rate, breaking performance records in speed and accuracy as new applications evolve. Each section of this paper reviews and compares products, software resources and video analytics capabilities based on tasks relevant to extracting information from video with machine learning techniques.

The quasifree $\overrightarrow{\gamma} d\to\pi^0n(p)$ photon beam asymmetry, $\Sigma$, has been measured at photon energies, $E_\gamma$, from 390 to 610 MeV, corresponding to center of mass energy from 1.271 to 1.424 GeV, for the first time. The data were collected in the A2 hall of the MAMI electron beam facility with the Crystal Ball and TAPS calorimeters covering pion center-of-mass angles from 49 to 148$^\circ$. In this kinematic region, polarization observables are sensitive to contributions from the $\Delta (1232)$ and $N(1440)$ resonances. The extracted values of $\Sigma$ have been compared to predictions based on partial-wave analyses (PWAs) of the existing pion photoproduction database. Our comparison includes the SAID, MAID, and Bonn-Gatchina analyses; while a revised SAID fit, including the new $\Sigma$ measurements, has also been performed. In addition, isospin symmetry is examined as a way to predict $\pi^0n$ photoproduction observables, based on fits to published data in the channels $\pi^0p$, $\pi^+n$, and $\pi^-p$., Comment: 11 pages, 9 figures, 5 tables; fixed 2 glitches

This work is an attempt to discover hidden structural configurations in learning activity sequences of students in Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs). Leveraging combined representations of video clickstream interactions and forum activities, we seek to fundamentally understand traits that are predictive of decreasing engagement over time. Grounded in the interdisciplinary field of network science, we follow a graph based approach to successfully extract indicators of active and passive MOOC participation that reflect persistence and regularity in the overall interaction footprint. Using these rich educational semantics, we focus on the problem of predicting student attrition, one of the major highlights of MOOC literature in the recent years. Our results indicate an improvement over a baseline ngram based approach in capturing "attrition intensifying" features from the learning activities that MOOC learners engage in. Implications for some compelling future research are discussed., Comment: "Shared Task" submission for EMNLP 2014 Workshop on Modeling Large Scale Social Interaction in Massively Open Online Courses

In this work, we explore video lecture interaction in Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs), which is central to student learning experience on these educational platforms. As a research contribution, we operationalize video lecture clickstreams of students into cognitively plausible higher level behaviors, and construct a quantitative information processing index, which can aid instructors to better understand MOOC hurdles and reason about unsatisfactory learning outcomes. Our results illustrate how such a metric inspired by cognitive psychology can help answer critical questions regarding students' engagement, their future click interactions and participation trajectories that lead to in-video & course dropouts. Implications for research and practice are discussed

We improve the results from [EBS10] about the Eisenstein series $E_2(z)=1-24\sum_{n=1}^\infty \frac{nq^n}{1-q^n}$. In particular we show that there exists exactly one (simple) zero in each Ford circle and give an approximation to its location., Comment: Corrected error in numerical estimates, revised references, minor improvements, results essentially unchanged