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COVID 19 made a great impact on education system especially on the university education system globally. The purpose of this systematic review of published literature was to trace the history of university teaching and examine the effects of the COVID 19 pandemic on traditional teaching. Systematic review started with 720 articles and ended with the inclusion of 136 articles based on bibliometric search process. Important understandings generated are that educational methods are constantly evolving as what the ruling society values changes and when new technologies that can be used for teaching are invented. Conclusions were that this deadly pandemic overturned the traditional offline teaching and learning process and facilitated the introduction of emergency online educational platforms to be used for university teaching and student learning.

Background: The relationship between risk factors and likelihood of occupational injury has been studied. However, what has been published has only provided a limited explanation of why some of the employees working in the same environment as other employees suffered a single-injury event, while other employees experienced multiple-injury events. This article reports on an investigation of whether artisanal and small-scale miners in Migori County of Kenya are susceptible to a single-injury or multiple-injury incidences, and if so, what underpinning parameters explain the differences between the single incident injured and the multiple incident injured group. Mine management commitment to safety in artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) operations is also considered. Materials and methods: The research objectives were achieved by surveying 162 uninjured and 74 injured miners. A structured, closed-end questionnaire was administered to participants after the stratification of the study population and systematic selection of the representative samples. Results: The results showed that most injured miners suffer a single-injury incident rather than experiencing multiple-injury events, and laceration (28.40%) was the common injury suffered by the miners. The analysis showed that the risk factors for the single incident injured group were not similar to those in the multiple incident injured group. The research also found mine workers have low opinion about mine management/owners commitment to safety. Conclusion: The study concluded that mine management and miners need to be educated and sensitized on the dangers of this operation. Provision of safety gears and positive safety culture must be a top priority for management. Keywords: Incidence, Logistic model, Miners, Occupational injuries, Risk factors

Background Heatwaves, air pollution and their effects on children’s health can vary temporally and spatially. With the emergence of advanced methods such as machine learning, there is an opportunity to improve prediction of children’s health events associated with those exposures. Methods Daily records on emergency department attendances (EDA) for children Results RF was the best model with the lowest root mean squared error (MSE). The best RF validation model had an r-squared (R2) =0.95. The percentage increase in MSE indicated that PM10 and PM2.5 were important predictors of EDA for all children. Number of burns was more important in 5-9 year age group than other groups. GRF models (R2 0.90-0.98) showed that heatwave and PM2.5 were the important predictors in southern part of the study area for all age groups. Conclusions The importance of risk factors to predict EDA was varied by age groups and locations. Such differences are important when developing targeted health promotion strategies tailored to age groups and geographical locations. Key messages RF predicted EDA better than other models. Evaluation of spatial variation of heatwave and air quality effects on EDA for children by GRF modelling is useful to identify at risk geographical locations.

The risk perception and decision-making ability of grassroots managers is the key to the normal operation of enterprises. This study used event-related potential indicators (ERPs) to reveal the process of risk perception and decision-making behaviour of coal mine grassroots managers in different fatigue states. The ERP components, such as CNV, P300, MMN, and FRN, during risk perception, decision-making, and postperception periods were obtained and evaluated. The peak value and variation characteristics of ERP components of grassroots managers under fatigue and nonfatigue conditions were analysed. Accordingly, the effectiveness of decision-making behaviour in different periods was determined. The results showed that the P300 component is a key indicator in measurements of the deviation of grassroots managers’ decision-making behaviour, and FRN could reflect the negative emotions in the decision-making process and reflect the sensitivity of the risk perception of grassroots managers. There was a significant difference between the peak voltages of the ERP components of the grassroots managers in fatigue and nonfatigue states. The peak voltage of the ERP components of the grassroots managers in a fatigue state was generally greater than 10 μV; therefore, the quality of decision-making by the grassroots managers could be evaluated according to the characteristics of the ERP components. This study provides a risk decision-making reference for grassroots managers of coal mine enterprises.

As the frequency, intensity, and duration of heatwaves increases, emergency health serviceutilization, including ambulance service, has correspondingly increased across the world. The negative effects of air pollution on health complicate these adverse health effects. This research work is the first known study to analyze the joint effects of heatwaves and air quality on the ambulance service in Western Australia (WA). The main objective is to investigate the potential joint effects of heatwaves and air quality on the ambulance service for vulnerable populations in the Perth metropolitan area. A time series design was used. Daily data on ambulance callouts, temperature and air pollutants (CO, SO2, NO2, O3, PM10 and PM2.5) were collected for the Perth metropolitan area, WA from 2006 to 2015. Poisson regression modeling was used to assess the association between heatwaves, air quality, and ambulance callouts. Risk assessments on age, gender, socio-economic status (SES), and joint effects between heatwaves and air quality on ambulance callouts were conducted. The ambulance callout rate was higher during heatwave days (14.20/100,000/day) compared to non-heatwave days (13.95/100,000/day) with a rate ratio of 1.017 (95% confidence interval 1.012, 1.023). The ambulance callout rate was higher in males, people over 60 years old, people with low SES, and those living in coastal areas during period of heatwaves. Exposure to CO, SO2, O3 and PM2.5 increased risk on ambulance callouts and exposure to NO2 showed joint effect with heatwave and increased risk of ambulance callouts by 3% after adjustment of all other risk factors. Ambulance callouts are an important indicator for evaluating heatwave-related emergency morbidity in WA. As the median concentrations of air pollutants in WA were lower than the Australian National Standards, the interactive effects of heatwaves and air quality on ambulance service need to be further examined, especially when air pollutants exceed the standards.

Background As global warming and the frequency and intensity of heatwaves increases, health service utilization, including emergency department attendances (EDA) have correspondingly increased across the world. The impact of air quality on health adds to the complexity of the effects. Potential joint effects between heatwaves and air quality on EDA have been rarely reported in the literature, prompting this study. Objectives To investigate the potential joint effect of heatwaves and air quality on the EDA for vulnerable populations in the Perth metropolitan area, Western Australia. Methods A time series design was used. Daily data on EDA, heatwaves (excess heat factor>0) and air pollutants (CO, SO2, NO2, O3, PM10 and PM2.5) were collected for Perth, Western Australia from 2006 to 2015. Poisson regression modelling was used to assess the associations between heatwaves, air quality, and EDA. Risk assessments on age, gender, Aboriginality, socio-economic status (SES), and joint effect between heatwaves and air quality on EDA were conducted. Results The EDA rate was higher in heatwave days (77.86/100,000/day) compared with non-heatwave days (73.90/100,000/day) with rate ratio of 1.053 (95% confidence interval 1.048, 1.058). The EDA rate was higher in males, people older than 60 years or younger than 15 years, Aboriginal people, and people with low SES. Exposure to CO, SO2, O3 and PM2.5 increased risk on EDA and exposure to PM2.5 showed joint effect with heatwave and increased risk of EDA by 6.6% after adjustment of all other risk factors. Conclusions EDA is an important indicator to evaluate heatwave related morbidity for emergency medical service as EDA rate increased during heatwaves with relative high concentrations of air pollutants. As all air pollutants measured in the study were lower than the Australian National Standards, the joint effect of heatwaves and air quality needs to be further examined when it exceeds the standards.

Just as the application of technology in mining processes can cause pollution, it can also be harnessed to minimise, and sometimes eliminate, mine-related contaminants. Waste minimisation can be achieved through decreased waste production, waste collection, waste recycling, and the neutralisation of pollutants into detoxified forms. This article reviews examples of how technology can be used to minimise air, water, land and noise pollution in the mining industry. 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Research was conducted to identify some of the current pollution minimisation practices adopted in Australia's mining and mineral processing industries. Initially, 84 mining and mineral processing companies were approached for inclusion in the study, with request only made for information that was available to the company stakeholders and the wider general community. Among the responses received, BHP Billiton, BlueScope Steel, Newmont Australia Limited and AngloGold Australia provided the information requested and/or a substantial quantity of information through reports on their company website. Analysis of the data collected for these companies indicated that improvements were made, and that policies had been implemented over the previous few years. The pollution minimisation and policy practices adopted at the operations of these companies include environmental management systems, advanced pollution control technologies, environmental awareness training for employees, and requirement – from company stakeholders – for increased accountability of environmental impacts.

This article traces the history of health and safety practices in the Western Australian mining industry from the mining performed by the Aboriginal people to the mining industry work in 2012. It identifi es the success strategies that have made the Western Australian mining industry a world leader in having a high standard of workplace health and safety practices.

Diesel exhaust can pose a significant health risk on exposure populations and workplace can be a significant source of exposure to diesel exhaust. Because of its complex compositions and the delay of advanced technology in exposure assessment, diesel exhaust exposure assessment at workplace in relation to its health effects is understudied. More efforts are needed to clarify exposure levels that may result in adverse health effects, in particular, chronic health effects.