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Characterized by their ability to impact the world order without having superpower status, middle powers contribute significantly to maintaining global stability and fostering notable advancements. The notion of middle powers is longstanding in international relations, with its roots traceable in the writings of the Italian 16th century thinker Giovanni Botero. The literature concerning middle powers is full of debates and considerations about their definitions, characteristics, and objectives. Turkiye and Brazil have been chosen as primary subjects of this study to exemplify the growing role of middle powers as mediators due to their involvement in international negotiations. Keywords: Middle Powers; Great Powers; the Grain Deal; JCPOA; diplomatic negotiations; mediation., The recent developments in the Ukraine and Gaza conflicts have highlighted the growing significance of middle powers. Middle powers are regarded as states that lack superpower status but possess enough [...]

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Can the tone of scientific reports shape the ensuing political debates? This question is of utmost importance as global science bodies like the IPCC and IPBES release increasingly fervent calls to action. This article seeks an initial study about whether global science bodies can influence the negotiations by state parties by performing a multifaceted sentiment analysis of scientific inputs into the debates of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). The article articulates two social learning pathways in which science can influence the tone of debates: pushing and participation. It then finds these pathways lacking in the incorporation of science into the CBD negotiations, and empirical work demonstrates limited effect on the sentiment or tone of debates as a result of scientific inputs. The conclusion reflects on the role that multifaceted sentiment analysis can play in understanding the increasingly complex politics of science on global governance institutions and particularly in the case of biodiversity governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gabriel Swiney is a Senior Policy Advisor in NASA's Office of Technology, Policy, and Strategy (OTPS). He has also served as an Attorney Adviser at the U.S. Department of State [...]

The dataset on the involvement of international organizations (IOs) in in the negotiations for a new legally binding instrument for the conservation and sustainable use of marine Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction (BBNJ) under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) underlies the visualizations (Figure 1,2,3) and overview (Table 1) in the publication “Not ‘undermining’ whom? Unpacking the emerging BBNJ regime complex”. The dataset describes the involvement of IOs in the negotiations through participation, making statements, being referred to by states, hosting side events and being mentioned in a draft text. Every involvement was traced to one of the package items of the BBNJ agreement, as well as to the specific provision of the draft text, where the involvement occurred.

In the relationship between Brazil and the United States during the Bolsonaro and Trump administrations (2019 and 2020), Brazil advanced a demanding agenda that met with limited reciprocity. John Kingdon's concept of the policy window is useful for explaining that the two presidents, having similar worldviews, saw the possibility of moving forward with this agenda, but Brazil's subservient position ended up compromising its bargaining position. In the case of the commercial aspects of the Alcântara technological safeguards agreement, Brazil's unilateral concessions failed to generate concrete results before this window was closed and even set the country on the path toward becoming an international pariah. O governo brasileiro promoveu uma agenda ambiciosa que facilitou pouca reciprocidade na relação entre o Brasil e os Estados Unidos durante os governos Bolsonaro e Trump (2019 e 2020). O conceito de John Kingdon do policy window é útil para explicar o fato que ambos os presidentes, além de partilhar visões semelhantes do mundo, viram a possibilidade de avançarem esta agenda. Contudo, a posição submissa do Brasil acabou em comprometer sua posição negocial. No caso dos aspectos comerciais do acordo das salvagardas tecnológicas da Alcântara, o Brasil deixou passar essa oportunidade porque as concessões unilaterais do governo brasileiro falharam em produzir resultados concretos e, ademais, colocou o país no caminho de se tornar um paria internacional. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: In this study, the strategies of internal and external decision makers in Barjam are examined using game theory. Methodology: The decisions made by three related personalities in JCPOA, including the leadership of Iran, the Government of Iran and the group (1+5) have been simulated using game theory and analyzed based on the game theory mechanism. In the problem statement section, principles are accepted and the game is designed based on that. The AHP method was used to evaluate the consequences of the game. The low incompatibility rate calculated for this method describes the evaluation results as acceptable. Entering the negotiations in the form of a static game is expressed with complete information and the process of mutual agreement is shown as a dynamic game. Findings: The game is discussed from two aspects, in the pre-game section, the nature of entering or not entering the negotiations is examined. Examining the game process shows that entering into negotiations is a strategic behavior for Iran and the group (5+1). But in the main game where strategies for decision making are examined. Trust without guarantee has been shown to change the outcome of the game from win-win to win-lose. Originality/Value: There are various attitudes about JCPOA. In this research, regardless of attitudes and factions, the work process is implemented in a mathematical model with a strategic structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Temporal baselines constitute common elements of good policy design and are necessary to set scenarios, targets and to measure changes over time. The choice of baselines not only can have a profound influence on outcomes but represent a political decision when included in governmental or intergovernmental instruments. Therefore, setting up baselines has technical and political consequences and they should be evidence-based to make them politically and technically stronger. Contrary to the Climate Change regime, which has an internationally agreed baseline set up at preindustrial times, there is no baseline to measure historical biodiversity loss. This feature results in the lack of a necessary reference to foster a fair implementation and monitoring of biodiversity conventions. This article looks throughout history to find regional, temporal and material circumstances related to biodiversity loss in order to suggest an evidence-based baseline. Facts show that almost all regions share a common substantially and temporally related pattern: unsustainable deforestation processes were massively conducted once the industrial revolution began, in order to respond to the external demand for raw materials. Facts also prove that other regions and/or countries had already lost their biodiversity way before industrial times to cover their internal demand for food and wood. This research aims at showing interlinkages among history, biodiversity loss and politics to suggest an evidence-based baselines to measure biodiversity loss in order to (i) increase the ambition of the Post 2020 Global Biodiversity Framework; (ii) recognize historical contributions to biodiversity loss and responsibilities to repair it; and (iii) establish conditions for a fair transition in developing countries toward sustainable development. • Global deforestation has been mostly caused by colonization processes after the first industrial revolution. • Only having historical baselines could make us understand the root causes of the current environmental crisis. • Historical baselines contribute to level the playing field, creating conditions for a fair transition in developing countries. • Historical baselines on Biodiversity loss can increase the Global Biodiversity Framework's ambition on ecosystem restoration. • Historical biodiversity loss calls for the application of the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the article is to study psychological characteristics in the context of the negotiation process as one of the mechanisms of diplomacy in the XXI centu-ry. Research is based on an understanding of the main psychological factors of the participants and their influence on the results of negotiations. The success of the negotiation process depends on understanding the goal that the participants set for themselves, their general model of behavior, and the technology of negoti-ation. Methodology. The study used the methodology of interdisciplinary science. The authors used methods such as analysis and synthesis. An analysis of infor-mation from various sources based on psychological aspects of the negotiation process was conducted. The results of the analysis of psychological features of negotiations show that the psychology of participants is one of the integral fac-tors influencing the results of conflict resolution and the negotiation process itself. Negotiators may view negotiations as a means of winning or treat them as a means of analyzing a problem together with a partner and finding ways to solve it. From the psychological point of view, it is very important to take into account the fact that at the preparatory stage of negotiations there are already certain ide-as (stereotypes) about partners, connected with cultural and/or ethnic features. Careful preparation for negotiations and the study of the characteristics of the participants in terms of their psychology will allow for a successful conclusion of the negotiation process. Future negotiations can only be successful if the parties carefully analyze the situation. Misunderstandings between the parties can lead to a breakdown in negotiations or an unfavorable result. Practical implications. The results of the analysis of the psychology of participants in the negotiation pro-cess and identification of their characteristics can be used as a theoretical com-plement to the research in the context of psychological communication, causes and ways to resolve conflicts through negotiations. Value/originality. The study of psychological peculiarities allows us to better understand the partners in nego-tiations in order to complete them successfully with the most favorable condi-tions for all participants in the negotiation process.

The purpose of the article is to determine the influence of ethnic and cultural characteristics on the successful outcome of the negotiation process. The study is based on an understanding of the cultural component of the negotiation process, national, ethnic stereotypes and the formation of national style on their basis. An important aspect to consider is the influence of cultural sensitivities on the course of negotiations, which should lead to a positive end result. Methodology. The paper used the methodology of general scientific and interdisciplinary research. The authors of the article applied methods of analysis and synthesis, research, and description. A number of scientific works on intercultural negotiations and the influence of ethnic and cultural characteristics on the negotiation process were analyzed. The result of the analysis of the cultural factor in negotiations showed that culture as a social category, covering the mentality, habits, traditions of a particular social group, directly affects the behavior and motivation of the partic-ipants in the negotiation process. In this context, national stereotypes (the gener-alized image of representatives of a particular nation) are of great importance in the parties' perception of each other. These collective traits can be both positive and negative, but more often the stereotypes are negative. Therefore, it is im-portant for participants in intercultural negotiations not only to study, but also to understand the ethnic and national characteristics of their partners, to be able to change their perception of the other culture and not to base their attitudes and actions on purely national stereotypes. Although cultural differences can make joint decision-making difficult, this factor can also have a positive impact on the end result of negotiations. More attention is paid to common interests, and as a result, the likelihood of reaching consensus is higher when the parties have strong cultural differences. In addition, an important factor influencing the conduct and outcome of negotiations is the interpreters, whose role should be not only lan-guage skills, but also the cultural context of the negotiations. Practical meaning. Cultural analysis of the negotiation process is an important element in the train-ing of negotiators and can be the key to success in achieving mutually beneficial results. Value/originality. Learning and understanding ethnic and national char-acteristics and styles is an important factor in successful negotiations and in cre-ating favorable decision-making conditions that can satisfy all parties to the ne-gotiation process.