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Background: Children with high-grade CNS cancers frequently experience malnutrition during treatment. We assessed the effects of proactive enteral tube (ET) placement/enteral tube feedings (ETF) on weight in infants/children with high-grade CNS tumors treated with aggressive chemotherapy., Methods: We conducted a retrospective study of patients age 0 to 19 years treated for new high-grade CNS tumors between 2002 and 2017 at a tertiary pediatric hospital system. Patients underwent placement of proactive ET (≤ 31 days postdiagnosis; n = 45), rescue ET (> 31 days, due to weight loss; n = 9), or no ET (n = 18). Most received surgically placed ET (98%), with percutaneous endoscopic gastrojejunostomy or gastrojejunostomy tubes favored to allow jejunal feeding. The majority of patients with ET used ETF (91%). Using mixed-effects regression models, we examined differences in mean weights between ET/ETF groups across the first year of treatment. We also evaluated observed weight changes., Results: All infants (n = 22, median age, 1.5 years) had proactive ET placed and 21 of 22 used proactive ETF. Infants showed an initial increase in mean percentage weight change that eventually leveled off, for an estimated increase of 10.4% over the year. For the pediatric cohort (n = 50, median, 8.1 years), those receiving proactive ETF experienced weight increases (+9.9%), those with rescue ETF experienced an initial decline and eventually rebounded for no net change (0.0%), and those with no ETF demonstrated an initial decline that persisted (-11.9%; P interaction < .001). Analysis of observed weights revealed nearly identical patterns., Conclusions: Proactive ETF was effective at maintaining weight and/or facilitating weight gain over the first year of treatment and was acceptable to patients/families., (© The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Neuro-Oncology and the European Association of Neuro-Oncology. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Meta-analysts rely on the availability of data from previously conducted studies. That is, they rely on primary study authors to register their outcome data, either in a study's text or on publicly available websites, and report the results of their work, either again in a study's text or on publicly accessible data repositories. If a primary study author does not register data collection and similarly does not report the data collection results, the meta-analyst is at risk of failing to include the collected data. The purpose of this study is to attempt to locate one type of meta-analytic data: findings from studies that neither registered nor reported the collected outcome data. To do so, we conducted a large-scale search for potential studies and emailed an author query request to more than 600 primary study authors to ask if they had collected eligible outcome data. We received responses from 75 authors (12.3%), three of whom sent eligible findings. The results of our search confirmed our proof of concept (i.e., that authors collect data but fail to register or report it publicly), and the meta-analytic results indicated that excluding the identified studies would change some of our substantive conclusions. Cost analyses indicated, however, a high price to finding the missing studies. We end by reaffirming our calls for greater adoption of primary study pre-registration as well as data archiving in publicly available repositories.

Bullying and sibling aggression can appear as similar behavior, though the latter is comparatively understudied. Aligned with the Theory of Intergenerational Transmission of Violence, research suggests that exposure to family violence increases an individual's risk for perpetrating violence in their own future relationships. Additionally, Problem Behavior Theory suggests that engaging in one problem behavior (e.g., bullying) increases the likelihood of engaging in other problem behavior (e.g., substance use). In Phase 1, this study of middle school students from the U.S. examined how exposure to family violence predicted membership in latent classes of bullying and sibling aggression perpetration ( N = 894, sampled from four middle schools). In Phase 2, we used mixture modeling to understand how latent classes of family violence, sibling aggression, and bullying predict future substance use, mental health outcomes, and deviance behavior later in high school. Results yielded four profiles of peer and sibling aggression: high all , high sibling aggression , high peer aggression , and low all aggression . Youth who reported witnessing more family violence at home were significantly more likely to fall into the sibling aggression only and high all classes, compared to the low all class. Phase 2 results also yielded four classes: a high all class, a sibling aggression and family violence class, a peer aggression class, and a low all class. Individuals in the high all class were more likely to experience several unfavorable outcomes (substance use, depression, delinquency) compared to other classes. This study provides evidence for pathways from witnessing violence, to perpetrating aggression across multiple contexts, to developing other deleterious mental and behavioral health outcomes. These findings highlight the negative impact family violence can have on child development, providing support for a cross-contextual approach for programming aimed at developing relationships skills., (Copyright © 2020 Ingram, Espelage, Davis and Merrin.)

Objective: To examine the extent to which social support, unsupportive interactions, support services, and disruptive child behaviors predict daily positive and negative mood in parents of children with autism., Methods: Ninety-three parents of children with autism completed initial measures of disruptive child behaviors, and support services, then biweekly measures of daily stress, received emotional and instrumental social support, unsupportive social interactions, and mood over 3 months., Results: Greater levels of daily positive mood were associated with more emotional and instrumental support, and less parenting stress and unsupportive interactions. Greater daily negative mood was associated with less emotional support and more parenting stress, unsupportive interactions, and disruptive child behaviors. Emotional support, unsupportive interactions, and disruptive child behaviors moderated the stress-mood relationship., Conclusions: Daily received social support and unsupportive interactions, and disruptive child behaviors are important predictors of daily mood. Identifying interpersonal processes that enhance psychological well-being may inform future parenting interventions.

Cysts of Myxobolus osburni occurred throughout the pancreas in 119 of 150 (79.3%) pumpkinseed (Lepomis gibbosus) from West Lake Okoboji, northwest Iowa during the summer, 1980. None of 341 bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) were infected. Lobate cysts (up to 3 mm diameters) adjacent to the gall bladder contained sporulating plasmodia and mature spore masses. Inflammatory responses in the infected pancreas included engorged blood vessels, endocrine cell nuclei pyknosis, leukocyte (mostly lymphocyte) infiltration, fibroblast proliferation, dark pigment deposition and fibrosis. Host reaction was most pronounced in pancreas containing unencapsulated spore aggregates. Spore variability and plasmodial structure are also described.