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The Infrared method has the potential to extend the shelf life of duku fruit by drying the duku’s skin into "shell likeness". Duku’s skin drying using infrared method could change the shape and characteristics of duku’s skin which would significantly affect the length of fruit shelf life. The texture of duku’s skin for the treatment of infrared emitter distance of 6 cm, temperature of 400 °C and exposure time of 80 seconds was increasing with the storage time which made the fruit inside the skin to experience a passive modified atmosphere and increase the shelf life of duku. The 3D visual depiction of the optimization result on drying process using infrared had the largest porosity and cavity value in the treatment of infrared emitter distance of 10 cm, temperature of 300 °C, and exposure time of 80 seconds. At the magnification of 2500 times, with a resolution of 10 mm, it was found that the porosity and thickness of the duku’s void were greater than duku fruit without treatment. The result of the porosity also found that drying process with the infrared emitter distance of 6 cm at temperature of 400 °C, and exposure time of 80 seconds has more stable porosity (without collapsing) which confirmed the result found on the texture of the skin. The results of scanning electron microscopy analysis and 3D visual analysis confirmed the results of optimization that had previously performed in the drying process of duku fruit using infrared method.

Duku (Lansium domesticum), tropical exotic fruit, was successfully preserved by drying using exposure to infrared radiation emitters. Response surface methodology (RSM) is used to optimize independent variables (IRE distance of 6 cm and 10 cm, IRE temperature of 200 °C, 300 °C, 400 °C, and IRE exposure time of 50 s, 60 s, 70 s, and to produce response variables (weight loss, fruit firmness, titratable acidity, total soluble solid, and browning index). It could be concluded from the optimization performed that drying duku skin in a whole fruit by exposing the fruit to the infrared emitter resulted in a duku fruit with a relatively good physical and chemical conditions and still be consumable. The IRE distance of 6 cm gave a desirability value of 0.80 while the IRE distance of 10 cm gave a desirability value of 0.92 however the IRE distance of6 cm gave a better storage time. The IRE distance of 6 cm has an optimum value of weight loss 2.2%; optimum value of fruit firmness of 40.92 N; optimum value of total soluble solid of 17.48 brix; optimum value of titratable acidity of 0.33%; and optimum value of browning index of 0.9. The fitting model base on RSM resulted from this research indicated that this study could be used as the basis for alternative process in food processing of duku but still need further research to increase the shelf life and a better result in the chemical and physical characteristics of duku.

The article presents a new approach to determining the main characteristics of the thermal regime in the buildings and structures heated by the gas infrared emitters, based on the analysis of convective heat transfer in the air and thermal conductivity in the enclosing structures. The authors have considered a mathematical model of turbulent heat transfer in the framework of the standard k-e model under radiant heating conditions. The simulation was carried out for a large room with an approximation to the real operating conditions of an industrial facility. The options for heating an empty room and the room with an object were considered.

Various types of emitters are often used as energy sources in real engineering systems and technological processes. Investigations of heat transfer basic laws in such systems are of interest. We conducted mathematical modelling of conjugate heat transfer in a closed rectangular cavity under conditions of radiant energy source operating. The 2-D problem of conjugate natural convection in vorticity stream function-temperature dimensionless variables has been numerically solved by means of the finite difference method. Radiant energy distribution along the gas-wall interfaces was set by Lamberts? cosine law. We obtained fields of temperature and stream functions in a wide range of governing parameters (Rayleigh number 104 ? Ra ? 106, the length of radiant heating source 0.15 ? D ? 0.6). Then we analyzed how heat retaining properties of finite thickness heat conducting walls made of different materials affect the heat transfer intensity. Differential characteristics distribution showed significant non-uniformity and non-stationarity of the conjugate heat transfer process under study.

In this work, the processes of heat transfer in a premise heated by a gas infrared emitter (GIE) are studied on the basis of numerical solution of the heat and mass transfer equations in a two-dimensional formulation. Calculations are carried out taking into account the presence of supply and exhaust ventilation in the considered area. Ventilation is required during the operation of high-intensity type GIE. The analysis of the main heat and mass transfer parameters by radiant and convective flows is carried out.

A thermal radiation light source, such as an incandescent light bulb, is considered a legacy light source with low luminous efficacy. However, it is an ideal energy source converting light with high efficiency from electric power to radiative power. In this work, we evaluate a thermal radiation light source and propose a new type of filament using a refractory metasurface to fabricate an efficient light bulb. We demonstrate visible-light spectral control using a refractory metasurface made of tantalum with an optical microcavity inserted into an incandescent light bulb. We use a nanoimprint method to fabricate the filament that is suitable for mass production. A 1.8 times enhancement of thermal radiation intensity is observed from the microcavity filament compared to the flat filament. Then, we demonstrate the thermal radiation control of the metasurface using a refractory plasmonic cavity made of hafnium nitride. A single narrow resonant peak is observed at the designed wavelength as well as the suppression of thermal radiation in wide mid-IR range under the condition of constant surface temperature.

One of the possible methods of modeling heat energy losses in infrared apparatuses of the food industry is considered. It is proved that the Bouguer law is valid for weakly divergent beams of beams in most practical situations and can be used as the basis for solving the problems of finding energy losses in the working chambers of food industry apparatuses. The working chambers are considered to contain vapor with different relative humidity. The dependence of heat energy loss is found depending on the distance between the source and the receiver, and the medium in which the heat travels. The obtained dependence is based on the Bouguer law but in the three-dimensional formulation, that is, the energy from the emitter is considered on a flat angle, but in a solid angle. An estimation of the efficiency of radiant energy use taking into account absorption and carrying capacity of H20 (depending on the relative humidity of the steam-air environment). A number of computational experiments were carried out under the following conditions: the pressure of the steam-air medium in the working chamber P = 1,01 MPa, the relative humidity has a value of 0% (diathermic medium), 20%, 40%, 60%, a cylindrical emitter with a power of 1kW, the distance from the radiator to the surface of 600 mm, the dimensions of the receiver 300х300mm. The dependence between the humidity of gas and the distance traveled by thermal beam is established. From the results obtained, it is possible to see that the higher the humidity in the working chamber is, the more energy absorption occurs. The problem of finding the relationship between the absorption of heat and the shape of reflectors in the working chamber is also considered and solved. It turned out that the absorption of energy in the operating chamber has little effect on the shape of the reflecting surface, and more often leads to a decrease in the intensity of heat flux on the receiving surface. From the dependence found, one can conclude that when calculating forms of the reflective surfaces, absorption of energy by the medium and the surface of the reflector can be neglected.

The previous research showed that the duku’s peel which dried using infrared radiation could extend the shelf life up to 25 days. The aims of this study to illustrate using 3D visual analysis on microstructural of dried duku’s peel that had dried using infrared radiation. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) technique with magnifications of x100, x500, and x2500, resolution of 10 μm, 50 μm, and 100 μm in dried duku’s peel using infrared radiation at a distance of infrared emitter (IRE) 6 cm and 10 cm with an exposure temperature of 300°C for 60 s. The 3D visual illustration using Mountain Maps Program shows the porosity value on 6 cm distance of IRE, with 300°C of IRE temperature and 60 s of exposure time has 90,91%, while the 10 cm distances of IRE, 300°C of IRE temperature and 60 s of exposure time has 146,95%. It could conclude that from 3D illustrative of SEM by reconstructing a single image into pseudo-color view and a profile curve produced at drying distance of 6 cm, 300°C, and 60 s has lower porosity value, and more stable contour when compared to drying with a distance of 10 cm, 300°C, 6 s, and control treatment. This condition could confirm the previous research. The duku’s peel microtexture condition which was exposed by IRE could create a dry condition as shell-likeness that could maintain the fruit quality and prolong the shelf life.

At present, an urgent task is to reduce errors in non-contact thermal control. The article suggests a model of an extended infrared emitter as a working tool for calibration with thermal control of copper surfaces. The emitter is made of double-sided foil-coated glass-textolite measuring 5x5 cm. The heating element is made in the form of a conductive path. The calculated thermogram of the theoretical model of the emitter, made in the program ANSYS Workbench, is presented. During the simulation, a necessary and sufficient number of heating zones and their size are determined. A structural diagram of the automatic temperature control system for the emitter has been developed. Experimental data were obtained during the experiment: the temperature distribution of the real model of the infrared emitter and the quality of the PID regulator regulation. The real and theoretical models of the emitter are compared. The unevenness of the temperature distribution on the surface in both cases was not more than 1 K. В настоящее время актуальной задачей является уменьшение погрешностей при бесконтактном тепловом контроле. В статье предложена модель протяженного инфракрасного излучателя как рабочего средства калибровки при тепловом контроле поверхностей из меди. Излучатель выполнен из двустороннего фольгированного стеклотекстолита размером 5x5 см. Нагревательный элемент выполнен в виде токопроводящей дорожки. Представлена расчетная термограмма теоретической модели излучателя, выполненная в программе ANSYS Workbench. В ходе моделирования определено необходимое и достаточное количество зон нагрева и их размер. Разработана структурная схема системы автоматического регулирования температуры для излучателя. В ходе эксперимента получены опытные данные: распределение температуры реальной модели инфракрасного излучателя и качество регулирования ПИД-регулятора. Произведено сравнение реальной и теоретической моделей излучателя. Неравномерность распределения температуры на поверхности в том и другом случае составила не более 1 K.

Non-dispersive infrared (NDIR) gas spectroscopy is a highly accurate optical gas sensing technology, which has been implemented in various industrial applications. However NDIR systems remain too expensive for many consumer and automotive apphcations. The cost of the infrared (IR) emitter component is a substantial part of the total system cost. In this paper we report of a single filament IR emitter that is fabricated using wire bonding technology. Our fabrication approach offers the prospect of a fully automated assembly by means of utihzing a wire bonding tool to integrate the single filament to the MEMS structured silicon substrate. An apphcation-specific wire bond trajectory enables the mechanical attachment of the filament to form the meander-shaped emitter with a total area of 1 mm2. The fabricated IR emitter utilizes a Kanthal (FeCrAl) filament with very high thermal stability and excellent emitting properties under atmospheric conditions. The packaged IR emitter has been characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy to study the emitted IR spectrum with respect to the requirements of NDIR systems. QC 20171211

Based on the well-known optical NDIR gas measurement principle Micro-Hybrid developed an advanced gas sensor which works in harsh environments like extraordinary moistures and high temperatures up to 200 °C. A field of application is controlling the CO2 atmosphere and the measurement of the humidity in sterilisable incubators. Core components of the developed gas sensor are highly effective and high temperature stable infrared emitter and detector MEMS chips. The precondition for long term stability is a real hermetic housing especially under these rough conditions. Common gluing technologies are not suitable for such terms. To achieve these requirements Microhybrid developed sophisticated packaging technologies for the IR-MEMS chips and the housing components which are appropriate for harsh environments stable hermetic sealing like high temperatures, high humilities or solvent atmospheres.

This paper reports a novel approach for the fabrication of infrared (IR)emitters for non-dispersive infrared gas sensing. The proposed concept enables theintegration of superior resistive heater materials with microelectromechanical systems(MEMS) structures. In this study, non-bondable filaments made of nickel chromium areattached to mechanical attachment structures using a fully automated state-of-the-artwire bonder. The formation of the electrical contacts between the integrated filamentsand the electrical contact pattern on the substrate is performed using conventionalgold stud bumping technology. The placement accuracy of the integrated filamentsis evaluated using white-light interferometry, while the contact formation using studbumping to embed the filaments is investigated using focus ion beam milled crosssections.A proof-of-concept IR emitter has been successfully operated and heated upto 960 C in continuous mode for 3 hours. QC 20161121

The QSO HE0450-2958 was brought to the front scene by the non-detection of its host galaxy and strong upper limits on the latter's luminosity. The QSO is also a powerful infrared emitter, in gravitational interaction with a strongly distorted UltraLuminous InfraRed companion galaxy. We investigate the properties of the companion galaxy, through new near- and mid-infrared observations of the system obtained with NICMOS onboard HST, ISAAC and VISIR on the ESO VLT. The companion galaxy is found to harbour a point source revealed only in the infrared, in what appears as a hole or dark patch in the optical images. Various hypotheses on the nature of this point source are analyzed and it is found that the only plausible one is that it is a strongly reddened AGN hidden behind a thick dust cloud. The hypothesis that the QSO supermassive black hole might have been ejected from the companion galaxy in the course of a galactic collision involving 3-body black holes interaction is also reviewed, on the basis of this new insight on a definitely complex system.

Infrared sience and technology has been contributing to the four important national priority researches which are nano-, bio-, information- and environmental technologies. In this manuscript we discuss the current status of the infrared science and technology as well as its crucial role in the four technologies.

The paper presents the study results of the thermal conditions in the area above high-temperature gas-fired infrared emitter. A number of bench tests and experiments were made on the basis of production facilities to control the distribution of temperatures above emitter in different heating system operating modes. Impact of the thermal characteristics in the area above high-temperature gas-fired infrared emitter on the heating system performance was estimated. Comparison of the bench tests results with existing experimental data has shown a good result convergence for both efficiency and accuracy. The obtained results can be used in the emitter development phase and in the construction phase of modern gas-fired radiant heating systems.

SUMMARY Recent work published in the accompanying paper used a combination of 3D morphological reconstruction to define optical spread functions and heat transfer physics to study how external heat energy would reach the sensory membrane within the facial pit of pitvipers. The results from all of the species examined indicated asymmetric directional sensitivity, e.g. the pit would preferentially respond to stimuli located below and behind the snake. The present study was intended as a test of these findings through a quantitative neurophysiological analysis of directional sensitivity in the facial pit of the western diamondback rattlesnake, Crotalus atrox. An infrared emitter was positioned through a coordinate system (with varying angular orientations and distances) and the response it evoked measured through neurophysiological recordings of a trigeminal nerve branch composed of the afferents from the sensory membrane of the facial pit. Significant differences were found in the strength of the membrane's neural response to a constant stimulus presented at different orientations (relative to the facial pit opening) and over different distances. The peak sensitivity (at 12 deg above and 20 deg in front of the facial pit opening) was in good agreement with the predicted directional sensitivities based on optical spread functions and 3D topography. These findings support the hypothesis that the topography, and functional performance, of the facial pit has undergone an adaptive radiation within the pit vipers, and that differences in the behavioral ecology of the pit vipers (i.e. terrestrial versus arboreal) are reflected within the facial pits.

Among several solutions to exploit solar energy, thermophotovoltaics (TPV) have been popularized and have known great breakthroughs during the past two decades. Yet, existing systems still have low efficiencies since the wavelength range of optimal photovoltaic (PV) conversion is very small compared to the emitter spectral range. Selective emitters are a very promising solution to this problem. We developed numerical tools to design and optimize such emitters. Some of the resulting structures composed of two or four layers of metals and semiconductors are presented in this paper. We also show that the usual PV devices efficiency limits (30% for crystalline silicon under solar radiation, according to Shockley-Queisser model) can be easily overcome thanks to these structures., 12 pages, 10 figures

Reliable monitoring of the movement of small aquatic animals presents some unique problems. In the case of the larval salamander, the animal may be less than an inch long and move in sporadic short bursts. A device is described that utilizes infrared emitters and wide-band sensors inter-faced to a computer for monitoring location and movement of animals between light and dark environments over extended periods of time. The system employs a multiplexed digital input, is inexpensive, and can be easily expanded to deal with a range of monitoring problems that may occur with a wide range of both aquatic and terrestrial species.

The results of a study to determine whether the pilot loss of consciousness (PLOC) monitor is an effective means of detecting G-induced loss of consciousness through monitoring a pilot's eyeblink are presented. The PLOC monitor uses an oxygen-mask-mounted infrared emitter/receiver and a microprocessor to collect and process the light reflected from the eyelid and sclera to determine when a blink occurs. The method used was to instrument centrifuge subjects for EOG and monitor the output under sustained acceleration levels from 3 to 7 G using the PLOC monitor. The PLOC monitor detected better than 90% of subject blinks during the test. There was no statistically significant difference in performance due to acceleration level or eye color, and no artifact from movement or speech. The PLOC monitor performed well under sustained acceleration and shows potential for use in an in-flight pilot-physiological-state monitoring system. >

The results of mathematical simulation of the heat transfer processes in the closed domain, which corresponds to production accomodation with the gas infrared emitter operation condition are presented. The system of differential Navier-Stokes equations in the approximation of Boussinesq is solved. The comparative analysis of thermal conditions formation in the closed domain is carried out taking into account heat withdrawal through the upper enclosing construction and under the conditions of its heat insulation. The essential transiency of the analyzed heat transfer process and the influence of heat withdrawal from one of the outer boundaries on the mean temperatures values in large-dimension industrial premises are established.

KEZHUAN GU and JUAN WEI, Graduate Students, and WANLIN WANG, Professor, are with the School of Metallurgical Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P.R. China. Contact e-mail: wanlin.wang@gmail.com HIROYUKI MATSUURA, Associate Professor, and FUMITAKATSUKIHASHI, Professor, are with the Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8561, Japan. IL SOHN, Associate Professor, and DONG JOON MIN, Professor, are with Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea. The online version of the original article can be found under doi: 10.1007/s11663-012-9718-3. Article published online February 6, 2013.

This research focused on application of low price interactive multimedia on education and communication. This study used an interactive floor to make a different environment apply on special education and assistive technology. Based on the interactive technology and infrared emitter, participants could control the tool via micro switch instead of a pc mouse. They could sit on the floor and immerse an intimate feeling. Universal design and custom-made interface are the important perspective. The research result could offer a different vision on atmosphere that from interactive floor. The design of the interactive content support both the special education and assistive technology students a different vision field. In these cases, the interactive technology depend on universal design, which care about participant's interactive abilities to transfer the technical capabilities into intuition feedbacks.

With the development of microfabrication technology, compact, lightweight, inexpensive and portable micro-spectrum detection and analyzing products are expected to be extensively applied in the future commercially. From the viewpoint of power consumption and compact volume, integration of various components on one substrate is desirable. In this work, integrated infrared gas sensor with micro infrared emitter and detector elements based on MEMS technology are developed. The integrated suspended infrared emitter and infrared micobolometers are designed and fabricated on a silicon substrate.

We have developed efficient spectrally selective infrared (IR) emitters that can be utilized for thermophotovoltaic (TPV) power generation by using stainless steel (SUS304) substrates coated with β - FeSi 2 thin films. To develop spectrally selective emitters, we theoretically propose antireflection (AR) coatings consisting of a single layer of a dielectric material having a high refractive index (∼5) and are appropriate for use with metals such as stainless steels in the IR region. This type of AR coating is fabricated by sputtering a β - FeSi 2 thin film on a polished SUS304 substrate. The reflectance in the IR region is successfully reduced to less than 10%. In addition, the AR properties are stable even at 700 K in air. Therefore, metals with AR coatings of β - FeSi 2 can be applied to IR emitters in TPV systems.

An apparatus is described for studying aversive conditioning in ants. The aversive stimulus is mechanically produced vibration. Responses are recorded automatically by an infrared photocell system.