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RESPECTIVELY OFFERING NARRATIVES OF YOUNG WOMANHOOD IN MID-TWENTIETH-CENTURY ITALY AND THE LASTING IMPACTS OF JAPANESE OCCUPATION ON GENERATIONS OF A KOREAN FAMILY, THESE TV ADAPTATIONS OF ACCLAIMED LITERARY WORKS BY [...]

TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction. 1447 I. Existing Barriers to Neuroscientific Advancement 1450 A. Preventive Incarceration. 1450 B. Faulty Investigative Practices. 1453 C. Jailhouse Informants. 1455 D. Retributivism 1458 E. The [...], When examining the future impact of neuroscience on the law, the first step requires narrowing the scope of the inquiry: advances in neuroscience are exciting, but the beneficial or harmful effects of those advances will depend on the specific culture in which they occur. In some cultures--such as in Norway or Sweden--integrating advances in neuroscience into the criminal justice system is likely to enhance understanding and improve the treatment of offenders and potential offenders. In the neoliberal culture of the United States, advances are more likely to exacerbate the profound wrongs of the criminal justice system rather than ameliorate them. The important question for neoliberal cultures is whether advances in neuroscience might contribute to the reform of those cultures. While neuroscience can contribute to that goal, there is a danger that neuroscience advances might encourage the radical individualist orientation of neoliberalism and revive a "nothing works"attitude toward rehabilitation. The benefits of neuroscience are more likely to emerge when the worst elements of neoliberal culture have been reformed.

TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION 460 IT. BACKGROUND 463 A. International Human Rights Develops into Bioethics of Genetic Modifications 463 B. The Severity of HIV and Sickle Cell Disease in [...], Recent genetic studies indicate that CRISPR-Cas9, a biological gene-editing mechanism derived from bacteria, may be capable of curing HIV and Sickle Cell Disease. Clinical research for HIV and SCD is prevalent in African nations because of the high incidence of those diseases in all forms. Because past research studies in Africa demonstrate how Western companies can abuse lax ethics regulations in developing African nations, ethics systems must prevent this new, potentially far-reaching CRISPR technology from being prematurely and unethically used on African research participants. In updating current international bioethics frameworks, drafters should pay particular attention to its application in African nations. International bioethics agreements cannot fully protect African research participants, however, until developing countries accord those agreements the power of law. African nations should accelerate the development of unitary systems of ethics laws and education programs unique to the cultural underpinnings of each nation. Only with both the reappraisal of international frameworks to better incorporate traditional African ideals and the development of coherent regional bioethics systems will African research participants be adequately protected.

This study proposes that countries with a cultural orientation toward individualism tend to enjoy a higher level of financial development. Estimates based on cross-country data lend strong support to this hypothesis. Specifically, the results indicate that existing disparity in the level of financial development is significantly correlated with variation in the extent of individualism across countries, where a one standard deviation increase in individualism is associated with 0.631 standard deviations improvement in the level of financial development. The results are robust to a number of considerations. Additional results provide some support to the notion that individualistic culture and legal origin may serve as complements rather than substitutes to each other. (JEL 040, O50, Z10), I. INTRODUCTION It is a widely held view among economists that a deep financial system is beneficial for growth in the long run. A key issue, however, remains unresolved: why [...]

INTRODUCTION Dignitatis Humanae: "Of Human Dignity." The Second Vatican Council's 1965 declaration on religious liberty must have seemed a triumph--an exclamation mark signaling the success of a decades-long project, begun [...]

We suffer from political nostalgia, not political polarization. So argues Yuval Levin in an important new book, The Fractured Republic: Renewing America's Social Contract in the Age of Individualism. The [...]

IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY ESSAY 'SELF RELIANCE,' Ralph Waldo Emerson exhorts his audience, 'Trust thyself: every heart vibrates to that iron string. [...] Do not spill thy soul: do not [...]

My concern in this article is to explore what I take to be the essence of freedom and to locate it in the context of our civilization. Described thus, the [...]

A standard interpretation of Durkheim's theory of individualism is that he advocated the rights and dignity of the individual, and a social order based on the principles of equality and justice. Contemporary scholars discuss his notion of individual rights in neutral terms, as if Durkheim applied it equally to both sexes, ignoring the fact that women are excluded from Durkheim's vision of a just society. This article places Durkheim's theory of moral individualism and social justice in the context of his views on women, and offers a critique both of his theory and its present-day interpretation. It is argued that his reputation as defender of human rights is undermined by his theoretical treatment of the female sex. Durkheim refers to the 'individual' in generic terms, but his approach to a just social order and rights is essentially formulated in terms of the 'social' male individual. Key words: individualism, moral individualism, individual rights, social justice, gender inequality, gender relations. Une interpretation classique de la theorie durkheimienne de l'individualisme avance qu'elle defend les droits et la dignite de l'individu ainsi qu'un ordre social ancre dans les principes d'egalite et de justice. Or, les chercheurs contemporains discutent de maniere plutot neutre cette notion de droits individuels, comme si Durkheim les appliquait de maniere equivalente aux deux sexes, ignorant par le fait meme qu'il excluait les femmes dans son interpretation d'une societe juste. Cet article porte un regard critique sur la theorie durkheimienne de l'individualisme moral et de la justice sociale dans le contexte de sa perspective sur les femmes ainsi que sur ses interpretations actuelles. La reputation de Durkheim, en tant que defenseur des droits de la personne, est minee par sa conceptualisation theorique de la femme dans la societe moderne. Durkheim parle de 'l'individu' en termes generiques, toutefois sa vision des droits et d'un ordre social juste est formulee a partir de l'individu 'social' masculin. Mots cles: individualisme, individualisme moral, droits individuels, justice sociale, INTRODUCTION Ourkheim has been characterized as a conservative (Coser 1960; Nisbet 1952; Zeitlin 1981), a liberal (Strenski 2006; Lukes 1973; Prager 1981; Bellah 1973), a radical thinker with socialist tendencies [...]

Within neoliberalism, an individual's agency and identity are fundamentally different than at any other stage in human development. The argument set forth is that within neoliberalism, agency and identity are, respectively, falsified and fluid, which further supports the intensification of the neoliberal project. When studied through the Veblenian lens, the role played by the habituating tools of commodity fetishism, conspicuous consumption, and moral panics become clear, demonstrating that while fundamentally different, neoliberal agency and identity emerge from previously established habits of thought. Keywords: agency, identity, neoliberal, Veblen JEL Classification Codes: B25, B52, N32, Identity and Agency Identity is most easily understood using Davis's (2009) rubric (1) of three distinct, interrelated components: 'personal identities,' which are self-ascribed; 'individual identities,' which are other-assigned identities; and [...]

Byline: Adebowale Akande (1) Keywords: Self-esteem; Self-concept; Cross-cultural research; Dimensionality; Measurement equivalence; Individualism-collectivism Abstract: How is the cultural construct of individualism-collectivism relate to self-esteem? This is a complex and challenging proposition. Self-esteem (i.e., a person's global, evaluative view of his/her self), has resisted unequivocal definition or clear operationalization. There is a substantial literature on self-esteem hypothesis which may be stated thus: self-concept and self-esteem play important roles in a person's decisions to engage in certain behaviour. Due to inconsistent and indeterminate findings, business researchers and cross-cultural scholars, have failed to take into account possible interaction between culture/gender and social behaviour (self). Through analyses of variance, we provide evidence, that nationality yielded a highly significant levels of self-esteem with a distinctive statistically significant main and interaction effects. This result is robust to different benchmarks (for example, Hofstede's cultural indicators) used to measure self-esteem. The results are consistent with previous research, the cross-cultural stability of the measure makes it a potentially useful tool for evaluating the nature of self-conception across cultures. Caveats and implications are discussed. Author Affiliation: (1) Graduate School of Business, University of KwaZulu-Natal, PO Box 10806, Marine Parade 4056, Durban, Kwazulu Natal, South Africa Article History: Registration Date: 01/09/2008 Received Date: 17/04/2008 Accepted Date: 01/09/2008 Online Date: 24/09/2008

The priority of the individual, indeed, is one of the main points I attempted to establish in early Chinese understanding of justice or yi. It is certainly a different kind of 'individuality' [than was] intended by Mill or Rawls, but not necessarily untenable or unimportant. Perhaps it also presents a kind of human individuality that is more 'natural' or genuine, if we approach it without modern prejudices. For ancient Chinese, as I see it, such individuality and dignity do not belong exclusively to human beings, but to animals and plants as well: a lion in his commanding posture, a chimpanzee in her serene gaze, an oak tree standing under the sunshine, a reed dancing with the wind. Under this light, Jane Goodall's account of the individual characters of chimpanzees and David Abram's story of a spider are markedly more telling about the original meanings of 'dignity' than Mill's and Rawls' theories of liberty. From my response to a reviewer, Introduction: Dike versus Yi--Two Paths of Justice This essay explores a new possibility for justice by recapturing a line representing an early Confucian understanding of justice in the book of [...]

Individualism and collectivism in America are analyzed on the basis of popular sociopolitical issues of gun ownership and gun control.

The strategies followed by individualists and collectivists during product evaluation are presented.

Western approaches to human social life are divided between the individualism of social action and the holism of social system. It is argued that individual human capacities and conditions shape social and cultural anthropology, and that introspection enables access to universal human truths by providing moral or cosmopolitan social-scientific insights.

In this article, I explore the conversations, debates, and constructions that inform and precede actual policy formation regarding homelessness in a small Canadian prairie city. On the basis of analyses of videotapes of public hearings coupled with participant-observation and interviews with decision makers, my discussion focuses on two related phenomena: first, the interactional production, via indexicality and omission, of an unmarked categorization of the homeless person as 'male Aboriginal addict'; and, second, the destructuring, individualizing influences of discourses of 'diversity.' I conclude with a discussion of the policy implications of both phenomena, with particular emphasis on unintended consequences. [policy, destructuration, individualization, homelessness, race, gender]

We live in curious times. People's sense of individual autonomy co-exists with structures of power. How do these two phenomena co-exist? An important answer to this lies in the menu. The menu operates as a key form of mediation between people's sense of individual autonomy and larger structures of power, allowing both to co-exist. This article illustrates the operation of the menu in society within consumption, within production, and within citizenship. The article also considers how far the metaphor of the menu in society is compatible with important contemporary attempts to characterize the macro-nature of society. The conclusion articulates how the metaphor of the menu in society can help open up the nature of society to critical investigation. KEY WORDS choice / critical sociology / individualism / mediation / power / society

The problem of discursive strategies of categorical purification that tender gifts and commodities, people and things, mutually contradictory and elusive is explored by focusing on the contribution of fetish obscures' contradictions in the management of persons and their bodies in early twenty-first century economics, law and medicine. Such practices throw into sharp relief their common origin in a singular historical constellation out of which both emerged in tandem.

There is something right about the hoary old claim that Protestantism spawned individualism. It has been challenged from all sides: by those who argue the reverse, by historians of religion [...]

Embryonic stem cell research uses human embryos and some oppose it on the basis of the thesis of zygotic personhood, stating that every activated human oocyte and any developmental successor is a person for purposes of the duty to not to kill, while some philosophers oppose zygotic personhood because they demand some cerebral attribute for personhood. Such phiosophers' argument that attacks on individuality, its shortcomings, the prospects for rehabilitation, and where things stand in the aftermath are examined.

A study analyzing Max Weber's conventional management theory and practice from conventional and radical management virtues perspective is presented. The conventional management theory emphasizes on both materialism and individualism.

Socrates could thus very well afford to be ignorant; he had a genius, on whose science he could rely, which he loved and feared as his god, whose peace was [...]

Byline: Jeff McMahan (1) Keywords: animals; cognitive disability; common humanity; Cora Diamond; ethics; George Pitcher; James Rachels; moral individualism; Raimond Gaita; Stephen Mulhall Abstract: This paper defends 'moral individualism' against various arguments that have been intended to show that membership in the human species or participation in our distinctively human form of life is a sufficient basis for a moral status higher than that of any animal. Among the arguments criticized are the 'nature-of-the-kind argument,' which claims that it is the nature of all human beings to have certain higher psychological capacities, even if, contingently, some human beings lack them, and various versions of the idea that there is a special form of life that all human beings share but of which no animal can be a full participant. The paper concludes that none of these arguments succeeds in demonstrating that there are moral reasons to permit animals to be treated less well than members of our own species whose psychological capacities and potential are no higher than those of the animals. Author Affiliation: (1) Department of Philosophy, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901-2882, USA Article History: Registration Date: 10/03/2005 Received Date: 19/02/2005 Accepted Date: 19/02/2005

Critics of liberal individualism have pointed out the many failures of 'atomism' as a method in social and political philosophy. Their methodological criticisms have a tendency, however, to devolve into repudiations of moral individualism as such. In part, this is due to a misreading of Hegel and Tocqueville, two critics of individualism who nevertheless upheld the importance of individual rights and what Hegel called 'freedom of subjectivity.' My essay brings these two very different theorists together in order to show how each deliberately dispensed with the ontology inherited from eighteenth-century social contract theory, the better to focus on associational life and public freedom. The end result is not a relapse into the rhetoric of civic republicanism, but a refurbishment of that tradition from the standpoint of modern liberty: the liberty of the individual. This common project links Hegel, the idealist philosopher, and Tocqueville, the liberal-republican, in unexpected but complementary ways.

Abstract The evaluative function of local public actors has been exacerbated in recent years with the individualisation of social policies. One of their tasks is to select the appropriate informational [...]

It is often said that the root of Latin America's underdevelopment lies in its statist tradition. (1) That tradition goes as far back as the pre-Columbian states, under which masses [...]

Byline: Lita van Wel (1), Lamber Royakkers (1) Keywords: ethics; individuality; KDD; privacy; web data mining Abstract: Web mining refers to the whole of data miningand related techniques that are used toautomatically discover and extract informationfrom web documents and services. When used in abusiness context and applied to some type ofpersonal data, it helps companies to builddetailed customer profiles, and gain marketingintelligence. Web mining does, however, pose athreat to some important ethical values likeprivacy and individuality. Web mining makes itdifficult for an individual to autonomouslycontrol the unveiling and dissemination of dataabout his/her private life. To study thesethreats, we distinguish between `content andstructure mining' and `usage mining.' Webcontent and structure mining is a cause forconcern when data published on the web in acertain context is mined and combined withother data for use in a totally differentcontext. Web usage mining raises privacyconcerns when web users are traced, and theiractions are analysed without their knowledge.Furthermore, both types of web mining are oftenused to create customer files with a strongtendency of judging and treating people on thebasis of group characteristics instead of ontheir own individual characteristics and merits(referred to as de-individualisation). Althoughthere are a variety of solutions toprivacy-problems, none of these solutionsoffers sufficient protection. Only a combinedsolution package consisting of solutions at anindividual as well as a collective level cancontribute to release some of the tensionbetween the advantages and the disadvantages ofweb mining. The values of privacy andindividuality should be respected and protectedto make sure that people are judged and treatedfairly. People should be aware of theseriousness of the dangers and continuouslydiscuss these ethical issues. This should be ajoint responsibility shared by web miners (bothadopters and developers), web users, andgovernments. Author Affiliation: (1) Department of Philosophy and Ethics of Technology, 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands Article History: Registration Date: 30/12/2004

There have been several recent defenses of biocentric individualism, the position that all living beings have at least some moral standing, simply insofar as they are alive. I develop a virtue-based version of biocentric individualism, focusing on a virtue of reverence for life. In so doing, I attempt to show that such a virtue-based approach allows us to avoid common objections to biocentric individualism, based on its supposed impracticability (or, on the other hand, its emptiness).

CONSIDER THE PROBLEM OF INTEGRITY: we all aspire to be true to ourselves, to be today what we were yesterday, to fulfill our promises. One way of addressing the need [...]

Abstract In the Spring 1998 (56(1): 47-57) and Fall 1998 (56(3): 295-306, 307-310) issues of this review, Howard Sherman and Geoffrey Hodgson debated, inter alia, the extent to which Veblen-Ayres [...]

Byline: Keith Lehrer (1) Keywords: consensus; communitarianism; Goodin; individualism; self; society Abstract: Robert Goodin claims that he has undermined my ``proof of theinevitability of rational consensus among all patient people of goodwill.'' I did not intend my position as a proof of the inevitabilityof rational consensus, however, and, in fact, I insist on thereasonableness of dissensus in some cases. I welcome the opportunity,provoked by Goodin's interesting reflections, to clarify my position. Iproved with Carl Wagner that iterated weighted averaging converges towardconsensus under conditions of connectedness and constancy resulting fromthe positive weight that individuals give to each other. I allow, nevertheless,that individuals may rationally assign zero weight to each other in a waythat blocks convergence and yields dissensus. The assignment of zeroweight to others will be rational, for example, when the interests ormoral concerns of the individual would be co-opted as a result of givingpositive weight to others. The assignment of positive weight to othersrequires modification of one's position, however, for the refusal to modifyone's position is mathematically equivalent to assigning zero weight toothers. Dissent is rational to avoid being co-opted, but the cost ofdisensus may be the assignment of zero weight to others and theirrational reciprocation. Author Affiliation: (1) Department of Philosophy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA Article History: Registration Date: 07/10/2004

Byline: Keith Lehrer (1) Keywords: aggregation; communitarianism; connectedness; consensus; convergence; Enlightenment; individualism; interpersonal unity; liberalism; Robert Gordin; self; weights Abstract: There is a contemporary conflict between individualistic andcommunitarian conceptions of rationality. Robert Goodin describes it asa conflict between an enlightenment individualistic conception of a``sovereign artificer'' and ``a socially unencumbered self'' ascontrasted with the communitarian conception of a ``socially embeddedself'' whose identity is formed by his or her community. Should wejustify and explain rationality individualistically or socially? This isa false dilemma when consensus is reached by a model articulated byKeith Lehrer and Carl Wagner. According to this model, the consensusresults from the positive weights individuals give to others and use tocontinually average and, thus, aggregate their allocations. Aggregationconverges toward a consensus in which the social preference and theindividual preferences become identical. The truth of communitarianismis to be found in the aggregate and the truth of individualism in theaggregation. The original conflict dissolves in rational consensus. Author Affiliation: (1) Department of Philosophy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA Article History: Registration Date: 07/10/2004

Byline: Jeremy Waldron (1) Keywords: individualism; liberalism; need; rights Abstract: This paper considers the proposal, associated with the CriticalLegal Studies movement (CLS) that the language of rights shouldbe replaced with the language of needs. It argues that thelanguage of needs is no less contestable, and has an even lesssecure relation to the idea of social duty than the idea ofrights. The paper rejects the notion that rights are usuallynegative claims on others -- claims to their forbearance --and argues that rights can be understood perfectly well as adiscourse in which affirmative claims are articulated. Moreover,rights are naturally associated with the idea of a moral system-- a well-thought-through set of demands, in which potentialconflicts have been addressed and resolved. The concept ofneed does not have such systemic implications. Author Affiliation: (1) School of Law, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA Article History: Registration Date: 16/10/2004

Byline: Anton Vedder (1) Abstract: KDD (Knowledge Discovery in Databases) confronts us withphenomena that can intuitively be grasped as highly problematic, but arenevertheless difficult to understand and articulate. Many of theseproblems have to do with what I call the ``deindividualization of theperson'': a tendency of judging and treating persons on the basis ofgroup characteristics instead of on their own individual characteristicsand merits. This tendency will be one of the consequences of theproduction and use of group profiles with the help of KDD. Currentprivacy law and regulations, as well as current ethical theoryconcerning privacy, start from too narrow a definition of ``personaldata'' to capture these problems. In this paper, I introduce the notionof ``categorical privacy'' as a starting point for a possible remedy forthe failures of the current conceptions of privacy. I discuss some waysin which the problems relating to group profiles definitely cannot besolved and I suggest a possible way out of these problems. Finally, Isuggest that it may take us a step forward if we would begin to questionthe predominance of privacy norms in the social debate on informationtechnologies and if we would be prepared to introduce normativeprinciples other than privacy rules for the assessment of newinformation technologies. If we do not succeed in articulating theproblems relating to KDD clearly, one day we may find ourselves in asituation where KDD appears to have undermined the methodic andnormative individualism which pervades the mainstream of morality andmoral theory. Author Affiliation: (1) Faculty of Law / Eindhoven University of Technology, Faculty of Technology Management, Tilburg University, The Netherlands. E-mail Article History: Registration Date: 04/10/2004

Wide content and individualist approaches to the individuation of thoughts appear to be incompatible; I think they are not. I propose a criterion for the classification of thoughts which captures [...]

In no period of human history has the exercise of perceived individual rights been so extreme, especially in developed countries such as the United States. These perceived rights might have been tolerable in a frontier society (although it is questionable whether the exercise of perceived individual rights to overhunt was tolerated) with vast per capita resources and space, but not on a planet where resources are being fully (or over) utilized, billions are malnourished, and the range from the poorest to the most affluent in material and energy terms is the greatest in human history. Sustainable use of the planet requires some curtailment of individual rights as they are now perceived, not only for the well-being of future generations but for more equitability and fairness at present. In short, sustainability requires a new ethos (a set of guiding beliefs) substantively different from the current practices: (1) an intergenerational equity and fairness in the use of the planet's ecological life support system, (2) an intolerance of the possible high risk associated with human practices that may result from seriously altering the ecological life support system when the consequences of doing so are highly uncertain, and (3) a compassion and esteem for other species and other humans who are now living or yet to live - this should result from tempering often aggressive insistence on individual rights.

Studies of cooperation are abundant in the social sciences, but organizational researchers are calling for integrating the numerous conceptions of cooperation and meeting the new challenges of cultural differences. In this article we develop a culturally contingent model of cooperation. We differentiate various mechanisms from cooperative behaviors and theorize about how culture affects behavioral cooperation through mechanism selection or modification. Delineating cultural effects, we derive patterned differences in the instrumental and expressive motives of individualists and collectivists and propose six culturally contrasting cooperation mechanisms. Finally, we discuss directions for future research and consider implications for practice. (Reprinted by permission of the publisher.)

The scope of what is to be considered public domain has expanded in such a way that there has been a great loss of individual privacy. This phenomenon is largely a result of the difficulty of determining standards of reticence and privacy that permit individuals to participate in society without having to surrender their personal concerns to public scrutiny. There is a need to define the boundaries of public space and personal space in order to allow for the preservation of privacy.

In this paper I analyze images of the 'normal body' in Israel between 1983 and 1993. By correlating body imagery with images of the social order, I argue that this 'normal body' reflects a social discourse of growing individualism. During the Gulf War (1991), images of the 'normal body' changed to reflect a rising collectivism. I consider this abrupt change in the context of Israel's 'interrupted system.' I conclude by offering a panoramic reading of how people narrate their socially informed bodies to suit varying cultural contexts and thus problematize the 'individuality' presumed inherent in 'normal bodies.' [body politic, embodiment, Israeli society, collectivism, individualism, social narratives]