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Based on recent findings that mothers make social comparisons to idealized portrayals of motherhood on social media, this study was designed to explore how two individual difference variables (social comparison orientation and self-esteem) affect such social comparison processes. A 2 (social comparison orientation: low vs. high) X 2 (self-esteem: low vs. high) X 2 (idealization of motherhood portrayals: non-ideal vs. ideal) mixed factorial design experiment was conducted among 464 new mothers to test how these individual difference variables moderate the effects of social media motherhood portrayals on the outcomes of state social comparison, perceived parenting competence, and life satisfaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contemporary reflection on the concept of value oscillates between positions that advocate absolutist realism and positions that propose total relativism. The present paper aims to distance itself from these two ways of reading the topic, rejecting any monolithic conception, and proposing a stratified theory of value. Beginning with an analysis of values that differentiates them from both "goods" and "valuations," the author outlines an understanding of value that must be investigated in its multiple, interconnected layers. The stratification starts from the role of the emotional sphere and comes down to a formal and absolute conception of the concept. The goal of the paper is to outline the different levels of validity of each proposed layer, which must be recognized and differentiated, with the aim of also capturing the difficulties and ambiguities that characterize the transition from one level to another. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Incompleteness of inductive reasoning presents an enduring dilemma for organizational researchers. We examine two practical reasoning strategies--idealization and contextualization--that can be used at the pinnacle of this dilemma: when theoretical conclusions are drawn from empirical data. Understanding the two strategies can lead to more effective argumentation and evaluation. Appreciating the methodological incompleteness of both strategies, in turn, helps us distinguish between the methodological and the policy dimensions of organization-scientific debates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some recent discussions of corporate loyalty have found it misguided, while others see it as crucial for financial success. There is also disagreement over the nature of loyalty. This article analyzes the concept of loyalty, arguing that it is neither a duty nor a virtue (although it has overlaps with those categories), but a passion related to various virtues (and vices). Contrary to standard accounts of capitalism, loyalty does not necessarily oppose self-interest. Furthermore, corporations can and should be communities, and insofar as they are, they are proper objects for loyalty. If corporations are not communities, then loyalty to them cannot exist. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the ideas and theories presented by Soviet psychologist Lev Vygotsky and Marxist author Evald Ilyenkov on the concept of consciousness, the ideal, and human activity. Topics discussed include the appearance of consciousness in the form of language, the way Vygotsky defined consciousness as a social relation, and the production of tools for transformative activity through creative thinking according to Ilyenkov.

The article discusses the normativity of possibilities and ideals and discusses views of author Arthur Jacobson. Topics include the Jewish law piece by considering the topic of lifnim mi-shurat ha-din; the experience of the Jewish people and its relationship to God; and Christoph Moellers' contribution to the discussion of normativity.

My paper was prompted by deviations in the state of the art of accounting from ideals espoused by individual accountants and professional bodies. Professor Benston's defense or advocacy of traditional practice disregards those deviations. He disregards the facts that up-to-date prices alone provide serviceable data for the calculation of solvency, debt to equity and asset composition ratios and rates of return, and that only money equivalents or resale prices of assets at a given date can properly be added to derive the asset components of those ratios. Benston contends that traditional accounting may be upheld against exit price accounting on the grounds of its transactions basis, of its longevity, of its cost-benefit relationship, and of its free and willing acceptance by managers and other parties. There are serious defects in each of these lines of argument; and other critical observations on the use of selling price valuations will not withstand scrutiny. Only the acknowledgment of the flaws in present practice and the pursuit of ideals avowed by the profession will rid its practice of absurdities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Contemporary Accounting Research is the property of Canadian Academic Accounting Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

To commerce and to finance there can be great service given by accountancy. Its power, though, will not be fully known while bits and pieces stand apart, alone. To teach, to practice, to research, invent, is how the time of many has been spent. But cost of time and effort has been vain; for doubt, dispute, confusion still remain. A better prospect far there is in reach. If those who practice and research and teach were disciplined in such a way that each acknowledged that a common course of thought relates, for all men, to things sold and bought--Accounting, then, might do the job it ought. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Animals make up one of the most common motif groups in south Scandinavian Bronze Age rock art, with depictions of pigs and horses, as well as wild animals like red deer and wild boar, occurring in almost all rock art areas. Despite their ubiquity, their treatment in previous research has been inadequate. In this article, the display of animals in the rock art tradition is mapped out and discussed from a perspective based in human-animal relations and social semiotics. The animal figures are analyzed in terms of species, sex, human practice and regional articulations, as well as in relation to the wider archaeological record. The results reveal that animal motifs probably had a dual role during the Bronze Age, showing both the biological reality and the social and symbolic values that were connected to animals. In addition, the animals depicted in rock art also worked as carriers of semiotic resources, which manifested human social and societal ideas and ideals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Synthesis Philosophica is the property of Croatian Philosophical Society and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article presents a report from an October 4-5, 2016 conference on the history of Swabian housewives hosted by the Schwabenakademie Irsee college and the Heimatpflege des Bezirks Schwaben cultural preservation society. Topics of presentations delivered include 19th-century ideals of rural housewives, social aspects of economic scarcity and plenty, and historical sustainability of wood as a construction material.

Copyright of Synthesis Philosophica is the property of Croatian Philosophical Society and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article criticizes John Rawls' conception of political liberalism, which insists that political sphere governed by his two principles of justice can be separated from any comprehensive moral doctrines, and that the validity of his conception of justice is political, not metaphysical nor comprehensive. I argue that Rawls' project is flawed by showing that his two principles of justice and political liberalism are presupposed by the very comprehensive/ metaphysical doctrines which he denies. Whether he realizes it or not Rawls chooses a particular comprehensive theory of the good/person, specifically that of an unencumbered self. I discuss Rawls' political liberalism from two points of view. First, I discuss Rawls' political liberalism from political economy points of view, which I argue that the foundation of Rawls' principles of justice lies in his particular theory of the person. Second, I discuss Rawls' political liberalism from philosophical points of view, which I argues that Rawls' political liberalism and theory of the person are comprehensive, and that political sphere cannot be separated from private sphere. This article criticizes John Rawls' conception of political liberalism, which insists that political sphere governed by his two principles of justice can be separated from any comprehensive moral doctrines, and that the validity of his conception of justice is political, not metaphysical nor comprehensive. I argue that Rawls' project is flawed by showing that his two principles of justice and political liberalism are presupposed by the very comprehensive/ metaphysical doctrines which he denies. Whether he realizes it or not Rawls chooses a particular comprehensive theory of the good/person, specifically that of an unencumbered self. I discuss Rawls' political liberalism from two points of view. First, I discuss Rawls' political liberalism from political economy points of view, which I argue that the foundation of Rawls' principles of justice lies in his particular theory of the person. Second, I discuss Rawls' political liberalism from philosophical points of view, which I argues that Rawls' political liberalism and theory of the person are comprehensive, and that political sphere cannot be separated from private sphere. This article criticizes John Rawls' conception of political liberalism, which insists that political sphere governed by his two principles of justice can be separated from any comprehensive moral doctrines, and that the validity of his conception of justice is political, not metaphysical nor comprehensive. I argue that Rawls' project is flawed by showing that his two principles of justice and political liberalism are presupposed by the very comprehensive/ metaphysical doctrines which he denies. Whether he realizes it or not Rawls chooses a particular comprehensive theory of the good/person, specifically that of an unencumbered self. I discuss Rawls' political liberalism from two points of view. First, I discuss Rawls' political liberalism from political economy points of view, which I argue that the foundation of Rawls' principles of justice lies in his particular theory of the person. Second, I discuss Rawls' political liberalism from philosophical points of view, which I argues that Rawls' political liberalism and theory of the person are comprehensive, and that political sphere cannot be separated from private sphere. This article criticizes John Rawls' conception of political liberalism, which insists that political sphere governed by his two principles of justice can be separated from any comprehensive moral doctrines, and that the validity of his conception of justice is political, not metaphysical nor comprehensive. I argue that Rawls' project is flawed by showing that his two principles of justice and political liberalism are presupposed by the very comprehensive/ metaphysical doctrines which he denies. Whether he realizes it or not Rawls chooses a particular comprehensive theory of the good/person, specifically that of an unencumbered self. I discuss Rawls' political liberalism from two points of view. First, I discuss Rawls' political liberalism from political economy points of view, which I argue that the foundation of Rawls' principles of justice lies in his particular theory of the person. Second, I discuss Rawls' political liberalism from philosophical points of view, which I argues that Rawls' political liberalism and theory of the person are comprehensive, and that political sphere cannot be separated from private sphere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article, by noticing Augustine's constant questioning, shows that he often talks about not knowing and about his need for God's help to know more. It is therefore better to see how he identifies the mystery than to focus on his answers, because he too recognizes his limits. His intellectual prowess can be seen more clearly when he "names the mystery" than by thinking that he has solved it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers the author's view on educational philosophy and the non-ideal theory. He mentions the Platonic tradition in the doctrine that assist in determining ahsitorical and acontextual ideals which create standards against those judged by aspirations toward justice. An overview of the perspective of philosopher John Rawls on the theory is also presented.

The author expresses his opinion on some legal and philosophical considerations in intrinsic and instrumental values of diversity and the selection of competing visions of the world. Topics discussed by the author include instrumental and intrinsic values as two basic values, values in practical decision making, the affirmative action cases in education in the U.S., and the consideration for democratic intervention.

Theorists have long debated whether John Rawls' conception of justice as fairness can be extended to nonideal (i.e. unjust) social and political conditions, and if so, what the proper way of extending it is. This paper argues that in order to properly extend justice as fairness to nonideal conditions, Rawls' most famous innovation—the original position—must be reconceived in the form of a 'nonideal original position'. I begin by providing a new analysis of the ideal/nonideal theory distinction within Rawls' theoretical framework. I then systematically construct a nonideal original position, showing that although its parties must have Rawls' principles of ideal justice and priority relations as background aims, the parties should be entirely free to weigh those aims against whatever burdens and benefits they might face under nonideal conditions. Next, I show that the parties ought to aim to secure for themselves a special class of nonideal primary goods: all-purpose goods similar to Rawls' original primary goods, but which in this case are all-purpose goods individuals might use to (a) promote Rawlsian ideals under nonideal conditions, (b) weigh Rawls' principles of ideal justice and priority relations against whatever burdens and benefits they might face under nonideal conditions, and (c) effectively pursue their most favored weighting thereof. Finally, I defend a provisional list of nonideal primary goods, and briefly speculate on how the parties to the nonideal original position might deliberate to principles of nonideal justice for distributing them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a report from a February 20-22, 2014 conference in Hohenheim, Germany on the history of depictions of witchcraft in mass media in the modern era. Topics of presentations delivered included the fusion of truth and fiction in stories in a witch newspaper, early modern fliers depicting witchcraft, and female religious ideals in the Spanish Inquisition.

An essay is presented on the misguided approaches towards the reforms in the U.S. constitutional amendments. Topics discussed include comparative study between the proposed amendments and progressive ideals, first amendment jurisprudence for finance law and consideration of the corporate limits for preventing corruption. It further discusses the impact of the campaign financing against the enactment of the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 in the Roberts Court.

The article discusses the comparison by movement theory and practice with the theories which the book "The Rhetoric of Agitation and Control" provides during the time of rhetorics. It mentions a three stage model which consisted periods of inception, rhetorical crisis, and consummation without the definition of movement. Finally it mentions a third edition of 2010 after the ones in 1960 and 1970 with the motive of igniting and propelling the youth providing stability to the society.

Copyright of Romanitas: Revista de Estudos Greco-Latinas is the property of Universidade Federal do Espirito Santo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article presents the moral philosophical concept of non-ideal ought implies non-ideal accessibility, which the author defines as actions of agents based on past behavior, severe pathology and character. The author distinguishes the term 'ought' as a moral action of the agent not only to do what he should originally intends to do, but an action he might likely do given the circumstances. The moral consequences of failure to accomplish actions that should ought to be done are discussed.

Edward Dembowski is one of the most controversial figures of Polish history in the nineteenth century. Outstanding conspirator, totally dedicated to the democratic and revolutionary ideals, tirelessly tried to trigger off another national uprising, combined with the social revolution. He was primarily a man of action, but also left a number of writings, showing his achievements in the field of philosophy, literature and journalism. Dembowski's figure is surrounded by legend, also because of his tragic death at a young age. But in fact, the "red castellan" is surrounded by two legends--the black one and the white one. According to the first of them, the character of the following article was an insane communist and revolutionary, guilty of bloodshed in the name of utopian ideals. The second legend, positive, presents his person as the heroic envoy, one of the national heroes of the nineteenth-century, totally dedicated to the national and social causes, finally dying in the name of these ideals. Which of the two legends is closer to the truth? I hope that this article, which aims to provide an overview of the most important facts about the life of Edward Dembowski and to present his political, social and philosophical views, will help readers find the answer to this question. The first part of the paper primarily describes the life and activity of Edward Dembowski, while the second one focuses on his philosophical views. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, the art of Bedri KARAYAGMURLAR, relationships between his life and his works are examined and his poems and his paintings are compared. As the result of the research, it is understood that there is a tight relationship between the artist's life and his works, especially the period of his childhood is reflected in his art. It is found that the artist's present ideals, aspirations, personality characteristics such as an effort to solve the problems are identifying and working to resolve in his art. In addition, because of similarities in terms of style and theme his poems and pictures were found to be compatible with each other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a method to iterate finitely splitting lim-sup tree forcings along non-wellfounded linear orders. As an application, we introduce a new method to force (weak) measurability of all definable sets with respect to a certain (non-ccc) ideal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines George Bernard Shaw's "The Doctor's Dilemma" and its aspiration to tragedy. It says Shaw's critique "The Quintessence of Ibsenism" offers important pointers for analyzing the play, such as Shaw's urging that the main tragic theme in Henrik Ibsen's plays is the hopelessness of humanity's efforts to live up to the ideals it builds for itself. It says that in Shaw's play and often in Ibsen's work, these ideals on which the characters base their lives are shown to be false.

In this article, the author offers his opinion on moral dilemmas and analyzes its implications for the structure of normative moral systems. He examines two criteria of consistency that can be used to evaluate a given moral system. The first criterion assumes that a satisfactory moral system will not allow irresolvable moral conflicts to occur and the second criterion allows irresolvable moral conflicts to occur, but also holds that there are possible worlds in which no such conflicts occur. He believes that the second criterion is more plausible, however the respective roles that the criterions assign to moral dilemmas appear similar. He also discusses several concepts related to the issue.

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The article focuses on women's ideals and practices in contemporary Siem Reap, Cambodia. The destabilization of traditional Khmer ideals relating to Cambodian womanhood or femininity, the idea of making sense of cultural norms for female behavior, and the reordering of gender relations to achieve equality are discussed. The negotiation of women's rights and social norms in the context of mobility and education is discussed. The "Chbap Srie" or code for women that is a combination of Buddhist principles and popular custom is mentioned. The concept of equality during the Khmer Rouge regime is noted.

This paper studies the attitude of the society towards the medical profession, which was torn between high social expectations and ideals and medical practice confronted with real-life obstacles. In the 19th century, the physician's position was still precarious and called for a renegotiation in the community. Physician's work was faced with people's distrust and resistance, superstitions and prejudices, folk medicine and religion. Even such ideal qualities as dignity, conscientiousness, and courage, would quickly be called into question by events such as epidemics. Particularly in 19th century rural areas, the physician's position was far from acknowledged and official medicine had yet to win people's trust. This paper explores the polyvalent attitude of people towards medicine and health. It investigates the discourse used to describe health and medicine in daily press, professional and popular literature, as well as in official medical documents of the time. It shows a long struggle of public health care to gain people's approval. During cholera epidemics, which apart from presenting serious threat to human life were an opportunity for medicine to win people's trust and obedience, the attitude towards health gradually began to change. To some extent this was a result of medical advances, new scientific discoveries, and increasing success in abating the epidemics. At the same time, as the society became more secular, medicine slowly gained people's trust and gradually replaced the healing methods of folk medicine. Health was less and less understood as a result of God's will and mercy, and the attitude towards disease began to evolve from passive resignation to an active battle for health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An article is presented that reports on the philosophical interpretation of happiness and its modern ideals. Happiness is described as a preoccupation of the 21st century and as a goal for individuals and society as a whole. The article discusses critical views of happiness in terms of philosophers including Friedrich Nietzsche, Jean Jacques Rousseau, Max Weber, Plato, and Socrates. Information is also provided on happiness in democracy and religion, as well as on natural desires, altruism, and morality.

Upon close examination of Rousseau's accounts of human development, we find that Rousseau presents us with paradoxical chronologies in which the experience of supposed immediacy from which humans are said to originate always seems to be informed by, and even require, previous mediation. More specifically, reflection, comparison, and imagination are thought to exist only after the onset of perfectibility, but these mediating capacities are always already present in pity and self-love, as well as for the "independent" savage, calling into question the possibility that any human sentiment or condition could be immediately accessible and fundamentally imbuing human life with ambiguity, fluidity, and disorder. Consequently, morality and freedom for Rousseau require the negotiation, stabilization, or management of the unstable "things between" human beings and their experiences, the object world, and others, even as such management is best hidden from view and experienced as given and true. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shame is a painful emotion concerned with failure to live up to certain standards, norms, or ideals. The subject feels that she falls in the regard of others; she feels watched and exposed. As a result, she feels bad about the person that she is. The most popular view of shame is that someone only feels ashamed if she fails to live up to standards, norms, or ideals that she, herself, accepts. In this paper, I provide support for a different view, according to which shame is about failure to live up to public expectations. Such a view of shame has difficulties explaining why an audience is central to shame, why shame concerns the self as a whole, and why the social rank of someone affects their ability to shame others. These features, I argue, are best explained by reference to the descent of shame in the emotion connected with submission in nonhuman animals. The function of submission—to appease relevant social others—also throws light on the sort of emotion that shame is. From the point of view of other people, a subject who experiences shame at her own failing is someone who is committed to living together with others in a socially sanctioned way. The argument is not that we must understand the nature of shame in terms of what it evolved for, but that its heritage is important to understanding the emotion that shame has become. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ideals (or ideal values) help people to navigate in social life. They indicate at a very fundamental level what people are concerned about, what they strive for, and what they want to be affiliated with. Transferring this to a leader–follower analysis, our first study (n = 306) confirms that followers’ identification and satisfaction with their leaders are stronger, the more leaders match followers’ ideal leader values. Study 2 (n = 244) extends the perspective by introducing the novel concept of counter-ideals (i.e., how an ideal leader should not be) as a second, non-redundant point of reference. Results confirm that a leader’s match on ideal and on counter-ideal values have independent effects in that both explain unique variance in followers’ identification and satisfaction with their leader. Study 3 (n = 136) replicates the previous results in an experimental scenario study and provides evidence for the proposed causal direction of the underlying process. We conclude that counter-ideal values might be an additional point of reference that people use to triangulate targets above and beyond ideal values and discuss the implications of our findings for value research and management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article argues that Nietzsche's transvaluation project refers not to a mere inversion or negation of a set of nihilism-prone, Judeo-Christian values but, instead, to a different conception of what a value is and how it functions. Traditional values function within a standard logical framework and claim legitimacy and "bindingness" based on exogenous authority with absolute extension. Nietzsche regards this framework as unnecessarily reductive in its attempted exclusion of contradiction and real opposition among competing values. I propose a nonstandard, dialetheic model of valuation that requires a value to be both true and false as well as neither true nor false. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lamenting the'state of contemporary sex' seems to be a thriving academic business, and is, not surprisingly, probably just as booming as sex as a commercial business is blooming. These critiques come in many flavours, and are inspired by a range of different backgrounds and worries. Some feminists and some progressive intellectuals join the chorus, thereby echoing parts of the more conservative critiques, albeit on different grounds, from different backgrounds and defending different ideals. I label their position as 'progressive sexual pessimism.' Progressive, because they all share a broadly emancipatory outlook on sexuality, thus distinguishing their views from contemporary conservative critiques of (post)modern sexuality; and pessimistic because on the whole they take a rather dim view of the possibility of the realization of a healthy and emancipatory sexuality under the conditions of (post)modernity. One of the critiques is that a 'morality of negotiations,' based on the notion of (valid) consent, is in itself unable to provide any directions for a meaningful sexuality. They defend the view that such a morality of negotiation empties the sexual domain of any (inherent) values, thereby rendering it vulnerable to commercialisation, commodification, pornofication, etc, or that such a 'morality of consent' is blind to the actual power-relations within society. In this contribution I attempt to place these viewpoints within the wider perspective of the sexual revolutions and briefly develop one line of defence of a sexual morality of negotiations, based on the multiplicity of sexual meanings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the aspects of proportionment of happiness to virtue and the relevance of future divine justice amidst many moral difficulties surrounding the idea. It explores the transactional model of punishment and reward for those who neglect their continuing relationship with God who judges. It mentions that the idea of a proportionment of happiness to virtue represents a simplification of the on-going task human beings face in realizing morality among themselves.