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This article presents the results of the examination dissenting opinions submitted by judges of administrative courts in excise duty cases in the years 2004-2018. The analysis covers the judgments of all sixteen administrative courts in Poland issued in the abovementioned period. These criteria led to the selection of research material covering a votum separatum from 78 judgments issued by administrative courts on excise duty and 60 judgements issued by the Supreme Administrative Court as a result of filing a cassation appeal against administrative court judgments. By using quantitative analysis in the performed case studies, it has been determined that, for example, administrative court judges extremely rarely submit in cases of excise duty votum separatum -- about five times per year. Between 2004 and 2018 out of 19,172 judgments issued only to 78 of them issued a dissenting opinion, which is more or less 0.5% of the total. In the course of case studies using qualitative analysis it has been observed, for example, that in the constituent part of the justification -- the legal basis of the decision and its explanation -- the SAC referred to the arguments expressed in a separate opinion in 41% of judgments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Constitutional and international law often interrelate and regulate certain areas differently. The legal scholar's viewpoint significantly determines his or her approach to the role of international and constitutional law in certain legal circumstances. This article focuses on the issue of determining the place of international treaties and generally recognized international law principles and norms in Ukraine's domestic legal system. Ukraine has a well-established practice of automatically recognizing international treaties' priority over its norms of domestic legislation, but this priority cannot be regarded as absolute. This article argues that legal scholars advance different arguments on this because they apply different approaches -- approaches that originate either in constitutional or international law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The past few years have seen the issue of refugees rise in prominence, particularly in Europe but also in other parts of the world. It has been almost seven decades since the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees was set up and the first international treaty regulating the issue of refugees signed. This article examines the international legal framework governing the issue of refugees and argues that it is ineffectual because refugees are inherently a matter of high politics -- refugees are fundamentally a political issue subject to the vicissitudes of politics. The moral and economic justifications for the international refugee regime are also highly contested, and this contestation plays out in the political realm. The international refugee regime and legal regulation of the issue is unlikely to be effective for as long as the nation-state continues to be the primary actor in the international world order. This is because the international refugee regime requires enforcement by states to be effective -- however, political, moral and economic vicissitudes across the states involved impede its ability to function in its ideal conception. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

O artigo cuida da participação do Brasil, como Estado não-membro, nas atividades da Organização Internacional para os Refugiados (OIR). Após contextualizar do ponto de vista histórico, político e jurídico tanto o estabelecimento quanto o mandato da OIR, o autor analiza, com o uso de fontes primárias pesquisadas no Arquivo Histórico do Itamaraty, os bastidores, a implementação e os resultados da política exterior do Brasil no que respeita à proteção de refugiados no periodo que se estende de 1946 a 1952.The article deals with Brazilian participation, as a non-member State, in the activities of the International Refuge e Organization (IRO). The author examines first the historical, political and legal context of both the establishment and the mandate of the IRO. He then uses primary sources researched at the Historical Archive of the Brazilian Ministry of Foreign Affairs to analyze the internal decision-making, enforcement and outcomes of Brazilian foreign policy relating to the protection of refugees between 1946 and 1952.

In 1940, Howard Kershner, director of European relief for the American Friends Service Committee, was stationed in Vichy France, where Quakers were organizing relief for refugees. He had witnessed any number of wartime atrocities in his years of service during the Spanish Civil War, including violence directed at civilians, bombings, starvation, and disease. Now he added a new item to the litany of wartime suffering: “One of the greatest tragedies of all times is the separation of families in Europe today: wives in one country, husbands in another, with no possibility of reunion and often no means of communication; babies who have never seen their fathers; scattered fragments of families not knowing if their loved ones are living or dead, and often without hope of ever seeing them again. There are multitudes of wretched souls for whom it seems the sun of hope has set.” [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article deals with Brazilian participation, as a non-member State, in the activities of the International Refugee Organization (IRO). The author examines first the historical, political and legal context of both the establishment and the mandate of the IRO. He then uses primary sources researched at the Historical Archive of the Brazilian Ministry of Foreign Affairs to analyze the internal decision-making, enforcement and outcomes of Brazilian foreign policy relating to the protection of refugees between 1946 and 1952. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on the relief and rehabilitation activities of the Mennonite Central Committee (MCC). It shows that most of the Mennonite refugees from the Soviet Union who met appropriate political and medical standards were able to migrate from Europe to North or South America with the assistance from the International Refugee Organization (IRO). It cites the intervention by the American State Department officials to the eligibility fight that created much tension. Moreover, it provides information on the roles of both IRO and MCC in the post-World War II migration of 7,698 Mennonite refugee immigrants from Europe to Canada after the war.

After more than five decades of internal armed conflict, in November 2016 the Colombian government signed a peace agreement with the FARC-EP. Does this mean that those Colombians who had been forced to leave the country must now begin to return? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reviews the website the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR): The UN Refugee Agency, located at www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texls/vtx/home, developed by the UNHCR.