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Authoritarian states are often vulnerable to naming and shaming for their human rights abuses. This paper shows that China uses its economic clout to influence United Nations (UN) member states overseeing its human rights reviews, shielding itself from severe criticisms within the UN system. I argue that paying for lenient reviews is possible, but its effectiveness depends on the extent to which reviewing states prioritize economic benefits over normative principles. Using text-based coding of over 90,000 UN Universal Periodic Review reports, I demonstrate that countries with strong economic ties to China through Chinese overseas development projects tend to offer more lenient reviews of China’s human rights record. This effect, however, is conditional: it is pronounced in “middle” countries whose stance on human rights norms is neither too aligned with nor too distant from China's. Another “distant” group, which is furthest from China’s human rights vision, is resistant to providing lenient reviews in return for economic favors. Contrary to the conventional belief that human rights monitoring mechanisms are deeply politicized, I find that the peer-review monitoring system does have normative resilience: that commitments to democratic values and human rights matter. There is a nuanced interplay between economic interests and norms in states’ interactions: authoritarian great powers using economic incentives in exchange for favorable human rights reviews do not always succeed in doing so.

October 7, 2023 brought the Palestinian liberation struggle to the forefront of international politics. Western colonial and imperial powers, led by the US, immediately came to the defense of the [...]

We propose a detailed framework for contraceptive agency to serve as a rights-based guide for centering individuals’ ability to make and act on their own contraceptive choices, regardless of what those choices are, in program design and evaluation.

A healthy ocean is essential for human health, and yet the links between the ocean and human health are often overlooked. By providing new medicines, technologies, energy, foods, recreation, and inspiration, the ocean has the potential to enhance human health and wellbeing. However, climate change, pollution, biodiversity loss, and inequity threaten both ocean and human health. Sustainable realisation of the oceans health benefits will require overcoming these challenges through equitable partnerships, enforcement of laws and treaties, robust monitoring, and use of metrics that assess both the oceans natural capital and human wellbeing. Achieving this will require an explicit focus on human rights, equity, sustainability, and social justice. In addition to highlighting the potential unique role of the healthcare sector, we offer science-based recommendations to protect both ocean health and human health, and we highlight the unique potential of the healthcare sector tolead this effort.

The connection between neoliberalism and human rights, which both took flight in the 1970s and 1980s, has garnered significant scholarly attention. Interestingly, from the 1970s onward, there have also been important turning points in the history of refugee protection that have fostered a minimalist approach to refugee protection. Given neoliberalism’s significant influence on the contemporary understanding of human rights, the question arises whether this neoliberal understanding of human rights also extends to refugee rights and refugee protection. This article argues that the minimalist approach to refugee protection presupposes a specific understanding of the rights of refugees that combines with a neoliberal understanding of human rights in general. Refugees are no longer perceived to have rights, but to have needs. Like human rights in general, refugee rights were reshaped according to the idea that saving bare lives and provision of basic needs is deemed sufficient.

BackgroundBritish American Tobacco (BAT) released an industry-first human rights report in 2020, which extolled the efforts and objectives of the tobacco industry giant for promoting human rights. How BAT came to brand itself as a human rights champion, being a leader in an industry long accused of enabling human rights violations from leaf-to-stub including profiting from a product which inherently violates the right to health, is unknown. Exploring BAT's evolution through reviewing its materials and Tobacco Industry Documents could shed light on their development and what it means in the tobacco control and human rights context.MethodologyWe reviewed publicly available materials from BAT as well as conducted archival research in the Tobacco Industry Documents digital archives at University of California San Francisco. We focused on how and when BAT used terms such as 'human rights', 'right to health', 'sustainable development goal' and 'harm reduction' as well as 'Framework Convention on Tobacco Control'.ResultsWe reviewed 48 BAT publications and 45 documents from the Tobacco Industry Documents archives. These materials demonstrate both BAT's increasing utilisation of human rights language as well as BAT's reuse of the same language, concepts and general rhetoric. BAT has not engaged significantly or meaningfully on the human right to health.ConclusionBAT's increasing use of human rights rhetoric does not appear to reflect a shift in the company's human rights positions, particularly with respect to the right to health of consumers and BAT's lack of impactful measures to eliminate the harms of its tobacco products.

The article is devoted to researching the content and legal nature of the human right to gender identity. It is noted that the right to gender identity is an integral part of human rights. International organizations such as the UN recognize the importance of protecting people's rights to self-identification. At the same time, ensuring legal protection of gender identity promotes social inclusion and equality, which is extremely important for creating a tolerant and just society where all people can live without fear of discrimination. It was concluded that the right to gender identity can be understood as a given person the opportunity to self-identify as a representative of a certain sex, to perform actions in accordance with his gender identity regarding the change of biological and/or social sex, as well as to demand from others to refrain from actions that violate this right. In addition, legal recognition of gender identity has a direct impact on people's mental and physical health, as research shows that legal protection and support of gender identity reduces stress, depression and suicidal thoughts among transgender people. It was analyzed that from a legal point of view, gender identity can be considered as a good, an object of the corresponding personal non-property right, characterized by the following components: 1) self-determination of a person as a representative of a certain gender; 2) gender selfexpression through the so-called social manners of gender (name, appearance, manner of behavior, clothes, accessories, etc.), which creates a holistic perception of a person as a representative of the corresponding gender. It is noted that the European Court of Human Rights has unequivocally established a positive obligation for European states to ensure legal recognition of gender. However, when it comes to the practical implementation of this obligation, it is necessary to carefully evaluate the procedures for their compatibility with human rights. This section will help when working on amendments or new gender recognition legislation by explaining the guidelines for developing procedures, the requirements and implications of the law, providing information on case law and relevant human rights standards, and identifying common problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with the problem of distinguishing Internet law from Information Law and IT Law, establishing its place among other branches of law, reveals the main criteria for legal regulation of IT Law and fixing the basic principles of its functioning. Attention is focused on the fact that IT and the Internet network are interrelated, since the latter is the habitat of the former, and at the same time, the latter does not make any sense without tools with which any information can be processed. Thus, when considering the definitions of „information", „іnformation technologies" and „Internet network" in the context of the digital space, it was determined that they are interrelated - information is the main element, information technologies are used to work with information (for collecting, storing, processing), and the Internet network is used for transmitting and exchanging data. Such a conclusion can provide a complete picture of how and in accordance with what hierarchy these concepts should be displayed from the point of view of Information Law, IT Law and Internet Law. It was found that Information Law is essentially a broader concept than IT Law and undoubtedly includes it, however, given the specifics of the environment in which the relevant legal relations arise and the subject performing various operations with information, it would be more expedient to separate it into a separate institution of the former. This division is due in particular to the emergence of new areas of development, such as the institute of artificial intelligence, the institute of cloud technologies, the institute of digital signature and the globalization of the Internet network. Thus, Information Law and IT Law regulate a homogeneous range of public relations and are essentially related as an industry and an institution, but they have certain differences that are due to the environment of the emergence of regulatory relations. In turn, Internet Law is a separate branch of law that should regulate public relations that arise in the appropriate environment and consolidate fundamental digital rights and obligations, based on an international character. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to understanding the role of the institution of the Ukrainian Parliament Commissioner for Human Rights in the context of armed conflict, which is accompanied by a gross leveling of the category of «human rights» and devaluation of its existential essence, and as a result, this determines the strengthening of the institutional capacity of the Ombudsman of Ukraine in the context of the national human rights protection mechanism. The object of this scientific research is the functioning of the Ombudsman of Ukraine in the constitutional and legal dimension of human rights protection, and thus the subject of the study is limited to the peculiarities of the implementation of the human rights functions of the Ukrainian Parliament Commissioner for Human Rights through the prism of the armed conflict. The methodological basis of the study is a system of general scientific and special methods of scientific cognition, the most common of which are dialectical, formal legal (dogmatic), legal comparative method, legal hermeneutics method, as well as modeling, analysis and synthesis methods which were used to formulate certain definitions, proposed scientific approaches, and to develop certain positions based on the review of regulatory and legal material. Based on the results of this study, the author proposes to deviate from the statutory time limits for applying to the Ombudsman by persons who are in the temporarily occupied part of the territory in order to provide appropriate legal protection and guarantee consideration of applications from this category of applicants, and determines the moment when the time limits begin to be calculated, the feasibility of such an approach, and models different time limits. Interpreting the provisions of the Law of Ukraine «On the Ukrainian Parliament Commissioner for Human Rights», the author proposes and deepens the understanding of «exceptional circumstances» for extending the time limits for filing an appeal during the armed conflict for no more than two years. The author draws attention to the state of practical implementation of the principle of institutional independence of the Ombudsman under martial law, notes the imperfect regulation of the direct principle in legislation and comes to a consolidated conclusion that it is necessary to regulate certain provisions of legal acts to ensure full establishment of the principle of impartiality and independence of the legal institution, and suggests options for eliminating conflicts of law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article clarifies the actual issues of non-application of the law by the court on the grounds of its contradiction with the Constitution of Ukraine, in particular: the historical evolution of the legislative regulation of the possibility of non-application of the norms of the law on the grounds of their contradiction with the Constitution; peculiarities of modern regulation of this issue and key problems that arise in practice; proposals for improving legislation and judicial practice. It was concluded that one of the most typical forms of direct application of the provisions of the Constitution, along with the possibility of applying the Constitution in the absence of legislative regulation, is the possibility of law enforcement contra legem, i.e. law enforcement contrary to the law due to its (law’s) inconsistency with the Constitution. The fundamental possibility of not applying a law that contradicts the Constitution of Ukraine directly follows from the idea of the supremacy of the Constitution of Ukraine, the recognition of its provisions as norms of direct effect, and, ultimately, from the principle of the rule of law. Another issue is that such an opportunity should have an adequate procedural form of its expression, as well as be organically combined with the activities of the body of constitutional jurisdiction, the specialized body of constitutional control-CCU. Historically, initially, Ukrainian legislation required a stay of proceedings in case of doubt about unconstitutionality, however, the legislation itself was contradictory and conflicting, which made such a stay almost impossible in practice. At the same time, there was an approach that in the absence of doubt, that is, when there is a clear certainty of the unconstitutionality of the application of contra legem, it is possible and no suspension of the proceedings is necessary. Such ideas were partially embodied in the 2017 reform, when courts in all types of proceedings, except for criminal ones, received an explicit opportunity not to apply the law, at the same time turning to the Supreme Court (assuming that the latter would later turn to the CCU). At the same time, there was the problem of motivating such a conclusion, the actual practice of appeals to the Supreme Court, the role of the Supreme Court itself (which sends relevant submissions very rarely). In addition, the experience of foreign countries proves the need for courts to interact with the constitutional court without intermediaries. In practice, significant concerns about the possibility of non-application of the law arise in the field of social rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the problem of implementing freedom of speech in the temporarily occupied territories of Ukraine, as well as compares the actual situation of observing the human right to freedom of speech before and after Russia’s annexation of four regions of Ukraine in 2022. During the study, cases of arbitrary restriction of this freedom by the occupation administration of the Russian Federation were characterized and the reasons for such restrictions were determined. The article emphasizes that the real purpose of establishing restrictions on freedom of speech and other human rights and freedoms by the aggressor state is to ensure the internal stability of the Russian authoritarian regime. In order to achieve this goal, the Russian political nomenclature resorts to the practice of underestimating or excluding the role of representative institutions, as well as canceling or significantly limiting the political rights and freedoms of residents of the territories controlled by Russia. The article states that due to the effective control of certain areas of Donetsk and Luhansk regions by the Russian Federation since 2014, the Russian establishment managed to spread its autocratic practices on the territory of the self-proclaimed «republics» even before their annexation. In order to realize this goal, the occupation administration created formal grounds that allowed it to significantly limit the rights of residents in the territories under its control, although arbitrary restrictions on human rights, in particular the right to freedom of thought and speech, to the free expression of views and beliefs, were observed in the territories of Donetsk and Luhansk regions from the first days of their transition under the control of Russian militants. As a result of conducting a comparative legal analysis of the real situation of freedom of speech in the occupied territories of Ukraine before and after their annexation by the Russian Federation, it was concluded that the annexation by Russia of four regions of Ukraine in 2022 made it more difficult for residents to exercise their right to freely express their views and beliefs. The deterioration of the situation with civil space and fundamental freedoms in the occupied regions of Ukraine is explained by the fact that, as a result of the violent and illegal temporary rejection of part of the territory of Ukraine, Russia extended the effect of its administrative-delict and criminal legislation to these territories, in particular the so-called «fakes laws», by which the Russian Federation introduced military censorship on its territory in March 2022. Compared to the territory of the Russian Federation, in the occupied Ukrainian regions the realization of human and citizen rights and freedoms is further complicated by the introduction of martial law by the Russian occupation administration, which gave Russia a formal opportunity to continue arbitrarily restricting a number of rights and freedoms in the aforementioned territories. Taking into account these and other arguments presented in the article, the conclusions were reached that improving the situation of freedom of speech in the respective regions is possible only in the case of restoration of Ukrainian sovereignty over the temporarily occupied territories and the prevention of any form of interference of the Russian authoritarian regime in the public and political life of Ukraine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reveals the legal positions of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine regarding everyone’s right to information. Attention is focused on information that is collected by state authorities, local self-government bodies, institutions and organizations, and which is not a state or other secret protected by the Law of Ukraine «On Information» and which every person has the right to familiarize himself with. Separate attention is focused on confidential information (information with limited access). One of the types of confidential information is medical information, which, on the one hand, in special cases provided for by the Fundamentals of the Health Care Legislation of Ukraine, can be disclosed to family members or a legal representative of the patient, and on the other hand, in accordance with the decision of the European Court of Human Rights person in the case of «M.K. against Ukraine» confirmation by a doctor of a patient’s illness to a member of his family, even if he learned about it from the patient himself, is an interference by the state in a person’s right to private life, and in the case of infectious diseases, it is qualified as not carried out «in accordance with the law». Attention is focused on the fact that such situations arise more and more when military personnel undergo medical examinations and that there are prohibitive norms of a special law that forbid the disclosure of medical information regarding a certain list of diseases of a military personnel to his employer (military unit), commander, family members of the military personnel. Regarding the confidentiality of information and about a person who holds a position related to the performance of the functions of the state, local self-government bodies, and about members of his family, the legal positions of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine are established: absolutely in each specific case it is determined whether information about a person belongs to confidential; there are guarantees of protection of the rights of the above-mentioned persons, and additional legal burdens, and therefore the state is called upon to ensure a balance of public and private interest. The article also draws attention to the fact that even under martial law conditions, control (direct; indirect) by institutions of public power is prohibited both in terms of content and dissemination of information, even if the state pursues such a goal as protecting the information space from what is considered harmful by the state information that is not necessary for society. The practice of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine on this issue is established. Attention is focused on the fact that censorship cannot be used in Ukraine to protect the information field of the state even in war conditions - it is prohibited in part 3 of Art. 15 of the Constitution of Ukraine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The beginning of the new millennium is the period of the formation of a single information space, the formation of a global information society, the main factor in the development of which is the use of information. The processes of global informatization have a dual nature: on the one hand, they contribute to the security of the individual, society and the state, and on the other hand, information technologies pose certain threats to it. The article analyzes the possibilities of using artificial intelligence (AI) as a type of information technology (IT). Emphasis is placed on the positive and negative aspects of its impact on human rights. It was found that certain threats to humans arise when using the latest AI technologies. As a result of the analysis of international documents, it was established that the governments of many countries around the world are currently trying to protect users of digital services from its harmful effects, developing their strategies for the development and regulation of AI for this purpose. The emergence of the latest technologies has given rise to a number of new problems in the field of human rights. This is evidenced by a number of international documents on «digital human rights». So, for example, the «Portuguese Charter of Human Rights in the Digital Age», «Lisbon Declaration», «European Declaration on Digital Rights and Principles of the Digital Decade» in their provisions, on the one hand, emphasize the rights to use AI technologies, and on the other – on the safety of these technologies for humans. This caused heated discussions among scientists in the context of human information rights: whether AI as a type of information technology can be a safe means for realizing the human right to use it, and whether it can claim the status of a kind of «subject of law» in the future, which is a threat to human rights. The understanding of these problems caused by the development of AI has already become a joint task not only of scientists in the field of law, but also of scientists in the social sciences and humanities, as well as developers of computer programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article describes the internal mechanisms for resolving labour disputes between staff and administration within african international intergovernmental organisations, such as: African Union, Southern African Development Community, Economic Community of West African States. It is indicated that within the African Union there are informal and formal stages of dispute resolution -- an appeal for review to the chairperson or competent authority of any other body and an appeal to the Administrative Tribunal. It is noted that the Administrative Tribunal is competent to consider applications for violations of the Staff Rules and Regulations; non-observance of contracts of employment and any other acts of employment; and, in certain cases, complaints about disciplinary sanctions. It is emphasised that the feature of protection of labour rights of the African Union staff is the provision enshrined in the Staff Rules and Regulations, according to which a staff member may, under certain circumstances, appeal to the African Court of Justice and Human Rights. It is stated that the Southern African Development Community Administrative Tribunal has jurisdiction to hear and resolve labour disputes between the Community Secretariat and any of its institutions. The Tribunal has two levels: First Instance and Appeal Board. It is noted that the system of internal labour dispute resolution of the Economic Community of West African States provides for the submission of an application for review, hierarchical recourse, and referral of the case to the Committee for Conciliation of Staff and Dispute Resolution. An Inter-Institutional Appeals Committee is established to deal with disciplinary appeals in relation to the application of the Staff Regulations, to which employees or their next of kin can apply. It is stated that the staff of any institution may apply to the Court of Justice of the Community after the staff member has exhausted all appeal procedures available to the official under the ECOWAS Staff Rules and Regulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article describes the institutional mechanism for ensuring the right to development at the international universal level. The functions and mandate of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, the Working Group on the Right to Development, the High-level Task Force on the Implementation of the Right to Development, the Special Rapporteur on the Right to Development, the Expert Mechanism on the Right to Development, etc. are described. It is noted that the right to development is the only human right specifically mentioned in resolution 48/141 of the UN General Assembly, by which it established the position of High Commissioner and the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. It is highlighted the functions of the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights in ensuring the right to development. It is described the mandate of the Working Group on the Right to Development, which includes: monitoring and analysis of progress made in the promotion and implementation of the right to development at the national and international levels, making recommendations and further analysis of obstacles to its full implementation; review of reports and any other information submitted by States, UN agencies, other relevant international organisations and nongovernmental organisations on the relationship between their activities and the right to development, etc. It is noted that the High-level Task Force on the Implementation of the Right to Development was established within the framework of the Working Group on the Right to Development to assist it in fulfilling its mandate. It is stated that the Special Rapporteur on the Right to Development contributes to the realisation of the right to development by developing practical guidance to implement the right and to integrate it within development policies and programmes at local, national, regional and international levels. The functions and mandate of the Special Rapporteur are highlighted. It is described the activities of the Expert Mechanism on the Right to Development, which provides the Human Rights Council with thematic expertise on the right to development in searching for, identifying and sharing best practices with Member States and promotes the implementation of the right to development worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Constitution of Ukraine, the Criminal Code of Ukraine, the rule of law, p. According to the study of this direction, various scientists paid a lot of attention to the study of the problems of official criminal offenses and the use of special knowledge in general. However, no monographic scientific research has been carried out in Ukraine, which would combine scientific assets in the direction of special knowledge and official falsification and would reflect a comprehensive approach to the mentioned issues, despite the undoubted relevance of this topic and the need for practice, 89.6% of the respondents testified to the need for a comprehensive study of it. And although combating corruption was identified as one of the state's priority areas, law enforcement agencies have difficulties in proving official forgery, which actualizes the need to highlight the possibilities of using special knowledge during the investigation of such facts. So, based on the experience of scientists, practical workers, taking into account changes in legislation and the specifics of official criminal offenses, we made an attempt to investigate the origins of the development of scientific opinion on official forgery, the possibilities of using special knowledge during their investigation, and to determine the main directions for improving their investigation. The closest to the topic of our research is the organization and tactics of the investigation of official forgery, which highlights: the content of the forensic characteristics of official forgery, its elements, such as the methods of committing the crime, the identity of the criminal, the object of the crime, a typical investigative picture; correlational dependencies between the elements of the forensic characteristics of official forgeries were revealed; types of methods of counteracting the investigation of official forgery in modern conditions (refusal to issue documents, items requested by the investigator, limiting the investigator's access to information, refusal to provide samples for comparative research, influence on the investigator, in particular with the help of a defense attorney), the means of overcoming them are outlined; classification of means of investigative verification of information on the detection of signs of official forgery; the classification of circumstances to be established during the investigation of official forgeries, namely: general circumstances characteristic of the investigation of crimes in general, and special circumstances - the fact that the forged document belongs to an official one, the type and method of document forgery, the connection of the forged document with others and the consequences, that arose in connection with the validity of the document, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to the study of the legal regulation of the asylum granting and ensuring of the refugees’ rights in the European Union. Within the framework of the article, the legal basis of the Common European Asylum System functioning, the creation of which is laid down in the constituent treaties of the European Union, is investigated. In particular, it is determined that the purpose of such a common system is to establish unified standards for determining the criteria for admissibility of applications for asylum or international protection, a similar procedure for considering such applications and the grounds for refusing or suspending the status of a refugee or a person seeking temporary protection, as well as determining the state, responsible for providing asylum, uniform standards for ensuring the rights of refugees, as well as common principles of cooperation between the Member States and partner states that are not members of the Union. The key provisions of the Directive on qualification criteria, on the procedure for granting asylum and international protection, on the conditions of reception and rights of refugees, as well as the Dublin Regulation and the Eurodac Regulation were analyzed. The authors put an emphasis on the fact that because of the full-scale invasion and emergence of the war on the territory of Ukraine, significant changes were made to the process and procedures for granting refugee status and providing asylum within the framework of the legislation of the European Union. The latest Pact on Migration and Asylum was analyzed, especially regarding changes in ensuring border security, quick and effective procedures for considering and obtaining the status of a refugee or a person seeking international protection, solidarity and responsibility among countries that are obliged to provide asylum, as well as strengthening international cooperation in the field of migration. The authors express their support for those concerns regarding alleged violations that may occur after the entry into force of the Pact, in connection with the threat of violations of fundamental human rights. It was concluded that ensuring dignity and respect for human rights is a priority, considering that refugees are recognized as persons who have already suffered violations and were forced to leave their homes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the content and level of human rights protection in the activities of the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine. It analyzes various aspects of the border agency’s operations, including organizational and legal foundations, methods and forms of control, and personnel training. The importance of clarifying the content of international human rights documents and standards for the effective work of border guard agencies and units is thoroughly discussed. The authors emphasize that knowledge and understanding of these provisions are crucial for law enforcement officers in their daily activities. Emphasis is placed on the fact that understanding the requirements of these documents helps ensure that the actions of the border agency comply with international standards and norms regarding human rights protection. Additionally, it is noted that such activities contribute to the formation of appropriate approaches and behavior among law enforcement officers when dealing with citizens, detaining individuals, and resolving conflict situations. Accordingly, understanding and utilizing international standards is an important element in the professional activities of border guards to ensure the protection of human rights and freedoms. Various approaches and strategies that can be applied to ensure and protect human rights and freedoms during the operational activities of the border service are analyzed. Possible ways to further enhance the effectiveness of this work are highlighted, including improving legislation, increasing personnel qualifications, and implementing new methods and technologies for working with people. Attention is drawn to the importance of developing and implementing a comprehensive approach to ensuring human rights and freedoms in the activities of the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine, which takes into account various aspects of its functioning and human needs. Such an approach allows optimizing the work of the service with maximum protection of citizens’ rights and freedoms. The conclusion is made about the necessity of restructuring the relationship between border guards and people on the basis of partnership, as well as improving the forms, methods, and means of ensuring human rights and freedoms. It is important that the service personnel adhere to international human rights standards in their activities and continually enhance their competence in this area. The need to improve the efficiency of the border service requires a thorough and systematic scientific analysis of its organizational and legal foundations in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the growing role and importance of socially responsible business behavior. This is associated with a number of factors, such as the increasing ethical consciousness of society, the growing impact of business on the environment and people’s lives, and intensified competition in the market. It is noted that socially responsible business behavior involves respect for human rights, environmental protection, investment in human capital, and the fight against corruption. The purpose of the article is to explore and substantiate the ways to stimulate business towards socially responsible and respect human rights in the economic sphere. This goal is realized in the article by solving the following research tasks: the author analyzes the concept and essence of socially responsible business behavior and respect for human rights in international legal documents; defines the basic principles of socially responsible business behavior; studies the factors influencing the incentives for business towards socially responsible behavior; and develops and substantiates a complex of measures to stimulate business towards socially responsible behavior and respect for human rights. The author explores the role of business in society and the need to take into account social and ethical aspects in its activities. The author analyzes the impact of socially responsible behavior of business entities on economic development and positive impact on society as a whole. The expected results of the proposed measures are determined. The general conclusion of the article is that socially responsible business behavior and respect for human rights in the economic sphere are important components of sustainable development in modern society. Specific recommendations are proposed for enterprises to engage in these processes and maximize their social impact. The results of this study can be used to develop and implement state policy in the field of stimulating socially responsible business behavior, as well as for self-improvement of business entities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The modern digital world opens up many opportunities for communication, learning, and entertainment. However, along with these opportunities, the number of threats is also increasing. The development of information technologies is accompanied by a rapid spread of offenses in this area. Cyberbullying, as a form of digital violence, has become a serious threat to children in the virtual space. It is a dynamic phenomenon, because it is becoming more dangerous every year, and the number of people affected by it is increasing. Cyberbullying violates not only emotional and social well-being but also security, which is one of the fundamental human rights. Given the increasing digitization of society and the increase in the number of online interactions, understanding and effectively combating cyberbullying is becoming an extremely important component of creating a safe and healthy environment for children’s development. The scientific research is devoted to the investigation of the problem of cyberbullying how to ensure a child right to safety in the online environment. The article analyzes various aspects of cyberbullying, including approaches to defining the concept by foreign and Ukrainian scientists, its types, and consequences for children’s development. An analysis of the legislation was carried out, and the effectiveness of the measures provided by it to prevent and counteract the above-mentioned phenomenon was analyzed. The role of educational institutions and their effectiveness in combating cyberbullying has been studied. It was concluded that there is no single approach to defining the concept of cyberbullying and its types. It was said that the negative impact can have various manifestations and can be both psychological and physical. It was also concluded that there are problems in the effectiveness of measures aimed at combating cyberbullying. The conclusions of the article indicate the importance of a comprehensive approach to the problem of cyberbullying and the need for joint efforts of all interested parties to create a safe online environment for children, forming a model of responsible behavior in cyberspace. The need to develop and implement effective strategies against cyberbullying aimed at ensuring and protecting the child right to safety is emphasized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]