28 results on '"Huittinen, Nina"'
Search Results
2. Investigations towards incorporation of Eu3+ and Cm3+ during ZrO2 crystallization in aqueous solution.
- Author
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Opitz, Lucas, Hübner, René, Shams Aldin Azzam, Salim, Gilson, Sara, Finkeldei, Sarah, and Huittinen, Nina
- Abstract
Nuclear energy provides a widely applied carbon-reduced energy source. Following operation, the spent nuclear fuel (SNF), containing a mixture of radiotoxic elements such as transuranics, needs to be safely disposed of. Safe storage of SNF in a deep geological repository (DGR) relies on multiple engineered and natural retention barriers to prevent environmental contamination. In this context, zirconia (ZrO2) formed on the SNF rod cladding, could be employed as an engineered barrier for immobilization of radionuclides via structural incorporation. This study investigates the incorporation of Eu3+ and Cm3+, representatives for trivalent transuranics, into zirconia by co-precipitation and crystallization in aqueous solution at 80 °C. Complementary structural and microstructural characterization has been carried out by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), spectrum imaging analysis based on energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy in scanning transmission electron microscopy mode (STEM-EDXS), and luminescence spectroscopy. The results reveal the association of the dopants with the zirconia particles and elucidate the presence of distinct bulk and superficially incorporated species. Hydrothermal aging for up to 460 days in alkaline media points to great stability of these incorporated species after initial crystallization, with no indication of phase segregation or release of Eu3+ and Cm3+ over time. These results suggest that zirconia would be a suitable technical retention barrier for mobilized trivalent actinides in a DGR.
- Published
- 2023
3. Investigation of cerium as a surrogate for tetravalent actinides in monazite-type compounds
- Author
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Lender, Theresa, Bazarkina, Elena, Kvashnina, Kristina O., Huittinen, Nina, and Peters, Lars
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- 2024
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4. Self-healing ThSiO4-ZrSiO4 system under conditions relevant to underground nuclear waste repositories
- Author
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Svitlyk, Volodymyr, Weiss, Stephan, Garbarino, Gaston, Azzam, Salim Shams Aldin, Hübner, René, Worbs, Andreas, Huittinen, Nina, and Hennig, Christoph
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- 2024
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5. Deconvoluting Cr states in Cr-doped UO2 nuclear fuels via bulk and single crystal spectroscopic studies
- Author
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Murphy, Gabriel L., Gericke, Robert, Gilson, Sara, Bazarkina, Elena F., Rossberg, André, Kaden, Peter, Thümmler, Robert, Klinkenberg, Martina, Henkes, Maximilian, Kegler, Philip, Svitlyk, Volodymyr, Marquardt, Julien, Lender, Theresa, Hennig, Christoph, Kvashnina, Kristina O., and Huittinen, Nina
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- 2023
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6. Probing the Long- and Short-Range Structural Chemistry in the C-Type Bixbyite Oxides Th0.40Nd0.48Ce0.12O1.76, Th0.47Nd0.43Ce0.10O1.785, and Th0.45Nd0.37Ce0.18O1.815 via Synchrotron X-ray Diffraction and Absorption Spectroscopy
- Author
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Murphy, Gabriel L., primary, Bazarkina, Elena, additional, Svitlyk, Volodymyr, additional, Rossberg, André, additional, Potts, Shannon, additional, Hennig, Christoph, additional, Henkes, Maximilian, additional, Kvashnina, Kristina O., additional, and Huittinen, Nina, additional
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- 2024
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7. The effect of UV-C irradiation and EDTA on the uptake of Co2+ by antimony oxide in the presence and absence of competing cations Ca2+ and Ni2+
- Author
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Malinen, Leena, Repo, Eveliina, Harjula, Risto, and Huittinen, Nina
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- 2022
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8. Microstructural investigation of Au ion-irradiated Eu-doped LaPO4 ceramics and single crystals.
- Author
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Gilson, Sara E., Svitlyk, Volodymyr, Bukaemskiy, Andrey A., Niessen, Jonas, Lender, Theresa, Murphy, Gabriel L., Henkes, Maximilian, Lippold, Holger, Marquardt, Julien, Akhmadaliev, Shavkat, Hennig, Christoph, Winkler, Bjoern, Tonnesen, Thorsten, Peters, Lars, Fischer, Cornelius, and Huittinen, Nina
- Subjects
SINGLE crystals ,RUTHERFORD backscattering spectrometry ,CERAMICS ,LUMINESCENCE spectroscopy ,SCANNING electron microscopy ,CRYSTAL grain boundaries - Abstract
Ceramics and single crystals of LaPO
4 monazite doped with Eu(III) were irradiated with 14 MeV Au5+ ions at three different fluences. Changes to crystallinity, local coordination environments, and topography were probed using grazing-incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD), vertical scanning interferometry (VSI), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman, and luminescence spectroscopy. GIXRD data of the ceramics revealed fluence dependent amorphization. A similar level of amorphization was detected for samples irradiated with 5 × 1013 ions/cm2 and 1 × 1014 ions/cm2 , whereas the sample irradiated with the highest fluence of 1 × 1015 ions/cm2 appeared slightly less amorphous. VSI showed clear swelling of entire grains at the highest ion fluence, while more localized damage to grain boundaries was detected for ceramic samples irradiated at the lowest fluence. Single crystal specimens showed no pronounced topography changes following irradiation. SEM images of the ceramic irradiated at the highest fluence showed topological features indicative of grain surface melting. Raman and luminescence data showed a different degree of disorder in polycrystalline vs. single crystal samples. While changes to PO4 vibrational modes were observed in the ceramics, changes were more subtle or not present in the single crystals. The opposite was observed when probing the local Ln-O environment using Eu(III) luminescence, where the larger changes in terms of an elongation of the Eu-O (or La-O) bond and an increasing relative disorder with increasing fluence were observed only for the single crystals. The dissimilar trends observed in irradiated single crystals and ceramics indicate that grain boundary chemistry likely plays a significant role in the radiation response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2024
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9. Grazing-incidence synchrotron radiation diffraction studies on irradiated Ce-doped and pristine Y-stabilized ZrO2 at the Rossendorf beamline
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Svitlyk, Volodymyr, primary, Braga Ferreira dos Santos, Luiza, additional, Niessen, Jonas, additional, Gilson, Sara, additional, Marquardt, Julien, additional, Findeisen, Stefan, additional, Richter, Selina, additional, Akhmadaliev, Shavkat, additional, Huittinen, Nina, additional, and Hennig, Christoph, additional
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- 2024
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10. Using Eu3+ as an atomic probe to investigate the local environment in LaPO4–GdPO4 monazite end-members
- Author
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Huittinen, Nina, Arinicheva, Yulia, Schmidt, Moritz, Neumeier, Stefan, and Stumpf, Thorsten
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- 2016
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11. Influence of gluconate on the retention of Eu(III), Am(III), Th(IV), Pu(IV), and U(VI) by C-S-H (C/S = 0.8)
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Dettmann, Sophie, Huittinen, Nina Maria, Jahn, Nicolas, Kretzschmar, Jerome, Kumke, Michael, Kutyma, Tamara, Lohmann, Janik, Reich, Tobias, Schmeide, Katja, Azzam, Salim Shams Aldin, Spittler, Leon, and Stietz, Janina
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sorption ,cementitious material ,540 Chemie und zugeordnete Wissenschaften ,actinide ,ddc:540 ,luminescence ,concrete ,Institut für Chemie ,ddc:620 ,organic ligand - Abstract
The retention of actinides in different oxidation states (An(X), X = III, IV, VI) by a calcium-silicate-hydrate (C-S-H) phase with a Ca/Si (C/S) ratio of 0.8 was investigated in the presence of gluconate (GLU). The actinides considered were Am(III), Th(IV), Pu(IV), and U(VI). Eu(III) was investigated as chemical analogue for Am(III) and Cm(III). In addition to the ternary systems An(X)/GLU/C-S-H, also binary systems An(X)/C-S-H, GLU/C-S-H, and An(X)/GLU were studied. Complementary analytical techniques were applied to address the different specific aspects of the binary and ternary systems. Time-resolved laser-induced luminescence spectroscopy (TRLFS) was applied in combination with parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) to identify retained species and to monitor species-selective sorption kinetics. ¹³C and ²⁹Si magic-angle-spinning (MAS) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were applied to determine the bulk structure and the composition of the C-S-H surface, respectively, in the absence and presence of GLU. The interaction of Th(IV) with GLU in different electrolytes was studied by capillary electrophoresis-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (CE-ICP-MS). The influence of GLU on An(X) retention was investigated for a large concentration range up to 10⁻² M. The results showed that GLU had little to no effect on the overall An(X) retention by C-S-H with C/S of 0.8, regardless of the oxidation state of the actinides. For Eu(III), the TRLFS investigations additionally implied the formation of a Eu(III)-bearing precipitate with dissolved constituents of the C-S-H phase, which becomes structurally altered by the presence of GLU. For U(VI) sorption on the C-S-H phase, only a small influence of GLU could be established in the luminescence spectroscopic investigations, and no precipitation of U(VI)-containing secondary phases could be identified., Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe; 1318
- Published
- 2023
12. Cm(III) retention by calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) gel and secondary alteration phases in carbonate solutions with high ionic strength: A site-selective TRLFS study
- Author
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Wolter, Jan-Martin, Schmeide, Katja, Huittinen, Nina, and Stumpf, Thorsten
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- 2019
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13. A Combined Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure Spectroscopy and Density Functional Theory Study of Americium vs. Yttrium Adsorption on Corundum (α–Al2O3)
- Author
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Huittinen, Nina, primary, Virtanen, Sinikka, additional, Rossberg, André, additional, Eibl, Manuel, additional, Lönnrot, Satu, additional, and Polly, Robert, additional
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
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14. Investigations towards incorporation of Eu3+ and Cm3+ during ZrO2 crystallization in aqueous solution.
- Author
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Opitz, Lucas, Hübner, René, Shams Aldin Azzam, Salim, Gilson, Sara E., Finkeldei, Sarah C., and Huittinen, Nina
- Subjects
SCANNING transmission electron microscopy ,AQUEOUS solutions ,CRYSTALLIZATION ,LUMINESCENCE spectroscopy ,GEOLOGICAL repositories ,NUCLEAR fuel rods - Abstract
Nuclear energy provides a widely applied carbon-reduced energy source. Following operation, the spent nuclear fuel (SNF), containing a mixture of radiotoxic elements such as transuranics, needs to be safely disposed of. Safe storage of SNF in a deep geological repository (DGR) relies on multiple engineered and natural retention barriers to prevent environmental contamination. In this context, zirconia (ZrO
2 ) formed on the SNF rod cladding, could be employed as an engineered barrier for immobilization of radionuclides via structural incorporation. This study investigates the incorporation of Eu3+ and Cm3+ , representatives for trivalent transuranics, into zirconia by co-precipitation and crystallization in aqueous solution at 80 °C. Complementary structural and microstructural characterization has been carried out by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), spectrum imaging analysis based on energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy in scanning transmission electron microscopy mode (STEM-EDXS), and luminescence spectroscopy. The results reveal the association of the dopants with the zirconia particles and elucidate the presence of distinct bulk and superficially incorporated species. Hydrothermal aging for up to 460 days in alkaline media points to great stability of these incorporated species after initial crystallization, with no indication of phase segregation or release of Eu3+ and Cm3+ over time. These results suggest that zirconia would be a suitable technical retention barrier for mobilized trivalent actinides in a DGR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. Deconvoluting Cr states in Cr-doped UO2 nuclear fuels via bulk and single crystal spectroscopic studies.
- Author
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Murphy, Gabriel L., Gericke, Robert, Gilson, Sara, Bazarkina, Elena F., Rossberg, André, Kaden, Peter, Thümmler, Robert, Klinkenberg, Martina, Henkes, Maximilian, Kegler, Philip, Svitlyk, Volodymyr, Marquardt, Julien, Lender, Theresa, Hennig, Christoph, Kvashnina, Kristina O., and Huittinen, Nina
- Subjects
NUCLEAR fuels ,NUCLEAR fuel claddings ,SINGLE crystals ,X-ray absorption near edge structure ,ELECTRON paramagnetic resonance ,X-ray fluorescence ,NUCLEAR energy ,EXTENDED X-ray absorption fine structure - Abstract
Cr-doped UO
2 is a leading accident tolerant nuclear fuel where the complexity of Cr chemical states in the bulk material has prevented acquisition of an unequivocal understanding of the redox chemistry and mechanism for incorporation of Cr in the UO2 matrix. To resolve this, we have used electron paramagnetic resonance, high energy resolution fluorescence detection X-ray absorption near energy structure and extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopic measurements to examine Cr-doped UO2 single crystal grains and bulk material. Ambient condition measurements of the single crystal grains, which have been mechanically extracted from bulk material, indicated Cr is incorporated substitutionally for U+4 in the fluorite lattice as Cr+3 with formation of additional oxygen vacancies. Bulk material measurements reveal the complexity of Cr states, where metallic Cr (Cr0 ) and oxide related Cr+2 and Cr+3 2 O3 were identified and attributed to grain boundary species and precipitates, with concurrent (Cr+3 x U+4 1-x )O2-0.5x lattice matrix incorporation. The deconvolution of chemical states via crystal vs. powder measurements enables the understanding of discrepancies in literature whilst providing valuable direction for safe continued use of Cr-doped UO2 fuels for nuclear energy generation. Additive based UO2 nuclear fuels, which incorporate small amounts of metal oxides such as chromia (Cr2 O3 ), are an important class of accident tolerant fuels. Here authors determine the structural-redox mechanism for Cr lattice incorporation into UO2 nuclear fuels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2023
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16. Spektroskopische Untersuchungen zur Komplexierung und zum Einbau von Actiniden: Uran(VI) Komplexierung mit gelösten Silikaten und Stabilität von Europium(III) Xenotim Solid Solutions
- Author
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Stumpf, Thorsten, Churakov, Sergey, Huittinen, Nina, Technische Universität Dresden, Lösch, Henry, Stumpf, Thorsten, Churakov, Sergey, Huittinen, Nina, Technische Universität Dresden, and Lösch, Henry
- Abstract
Die weltweite Nutzung der Kernenergie hat sich in den letzten Jahrzehnten zu einem festen Bestandteil der Primärenergieerzeugung gewandelt. Neben dem Vorteil der CO2-armen Energieerzeugung besitzt die Kernenergie jedoch den großen Nachteil der Entsorgung des anfallenden hochradioaktiven Abfalls. Angestrebt wird eine tiefengeologische Endlagerung der wärmeentwickelnden hochradioaktiven Abfälle mit einem sicheren Einschluss über einen Zeitraum von 1 Million Jahre. Für die Sicherheitsanalyse eines solchen Endlagers ist ein grundlegendes Verständnis der geochemischen Prozesse im Nah- und Fernfeld, z.B. zu den Wechselwirkungen der Abfälle mit den einzelnen Barrieren und deren Charakteristika, notwendig. In Abhängigkeit des eingelagerten Abfalls und des gewählten Wirtsgesteines kann es im Nahfeld zu einem Temperaturanstieg auf bis zu 200 °C kommen, mit einem entsprechenden Einfluss auf die geochemischen Prozesse. Für eine sichere Endlagerung des wärmeentwickelnden hochradioaktiven Abfalls ist daher die Charakterisierung der stattfindenden Prozesse, wie Komplexierung sowie Sorption und Einbaureaktionen, als auch die Bestimmung derer thermodynamischen Größen, inklusive ihrer Temperaturabhängigkeit, essenziell. Die Arbeit kann im Folgenden in drei Themengebiete eingeteilt werden. Das erste Themengebiet dieser Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Temperaturabhängigkeit der Uran(VI)-Lumineszenz. Die Lumineszenz-Spektroskopie kann dabei für die Bestimmung von thermodynamischen Daten herangezogen werden. Für die Auswertung der Lumineszenz-Spektren ist es wichtig zu wissen, ob es zu Veränderungen der Emissionsspektren bei der Variation der Temperatur kommt. In dieser Arbeit durchgeführte UV-Vis Untersuchungen zeigen eine Verschiebung der Absorptionsbanden im Temperaturbereich zwischen 3 - 70 °C. Anhand der Spektren lässt sich eine bathochrome Verschiebung feststellen, welche auch auf die Lumineszenz-Spektren übertragen werden kann. Um Folgefehler bei der Bestimmung weiterer Größen zu
- Published
- 2020
17. Temperature-dependent luminescence spectroscopic and mass spectrometric investigations of U(VI) complexation with aqueous silicates in the acidic pH-range
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Lösch, Henry, primary, Raiwa, Manuel, additional, Jordan, Norbert, additional, Steppert, Michael, additional, Steudtner, Robin, additional, Stumpf, Thorsten, additional, and Huittinen, Nina, additional
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
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18. Rare-Earth Orthophosphates From Atomistic Simulations
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Ji, Yaqi, Kowalski, Piotr, Kegler, Philip, Huittinen, Nina, Marks, Nigel A., Vinograd, Victor, Arinicheva, Yulia, Neumeier, Stefan, and Bosbach, Dirk
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Ceramics ,nuclear waste management ,Review ,ceramics ,Xenotime ,Chemistry ,thermodynamics ,solid solutions ,Rare-earth phosphates ,ddc:540 ,monazite ,Thermodynamics ,Monazite ,rare-earth phosphates ,atomistic simulations ,Atomistic simulations ,xenotime - Abstract
Lanthanide phosphates (LnPO4) are considered as a potential nuclear waste form for immobilization of Pu and minor actinides (Np, Am, and Cm). In that respect, in the recent years we have applied advanced atomistic simulation methods to investigate various properties of these materials on the atomic scale. In particular, we computed several structural, thermochemical, thermodynamic and radiation damage related parameters. From a theoretical point of view, these materials turn out to be excellent systems for testing quantum mechanics-based computational methods for strongly correlated electronic systems. On the other hand, by conducting joint atomistic modeling and experimental research, we have been able to obtain enhanced understanding of the properties of lanthanide phosphates. Here we discuss joint initiatives directed at understanding the thermodynamically driven long-term performance of these materials, including long-term stability of solid solutions with actinides and studies of structural incorporation of f elements into these materials. In particular, we discuss the maximum load of Pu into the lanthanide-phosphate monazites. We also address the importance of our results for applications of lanthanide-phosphates beyond nuclear waste applications, in particular the monazite-xenotime systems in geothermometry. For this we have derived a state-of-the-art model of monazite-xenotime solubilities. Last but not least, we discuss the advantage of usage of atomistic simulations and the modern computational facilities for understanding of behavior of nuclear waste-related materials.
- Published
- 2019
19. A Spectroscopic Investigation of Eu3+ Incorporation in LnPO4 (Ln = Tb, Gd1-xLux, X = 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 1) Ceramics
- Author
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Lösch, Henry, primary, Hirsch, Antje, additional, Holthausen, Jacqueline, additional, Peters, Lars, additional, Xiao, Bin, additional, Neumeier, Stefan, additional, Schmidt, Moritz, additional, and Huittinen, Nina, additional
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
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20. Sorption of trivalent actinides onto gibbsite, γ-alumina, and kaolinite : A spectroscopic study of An(III) interactions at the mineral-water interfaces
- Author
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Huittinen, Nina Maria, University of Helsinki, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of radiochemistry, Helsingin yliopisto, matemaattis-luonnontieteellinen tiedekunta, kemian laitos, Helsingfors universitet, matematisk-naturvetenskapliga fakulteten, kemiska institutionen, Ekberg, Christian, Lehto, Jukka, Rabung, Thomas, and Geckeis, Horst
- Subjects
radiokemi - Abstract
This Ph.D. thesis concerns investigations on the interactions of trivalent actinides with the mineral phases γ-alumina, gibbsite, and kaolinite. Spectroscopic methods, namely time-resolved laser fluorescence spectroscopy (TRLFS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) have been employed together with macroscopic sorption investigations to obtain molecular level process understanding of the solid-water interface reactions occurring in the mineral suspensions. Results obtained in the macroscopic sorption investigations with gadolinium(III) and the spectroscopic (TRLFS) investigations with curium(III) onto the aluminum hydroxide phase gibbsite, α-Al(OH)3 showed that two interaction mechanisms, inner sphere surface complexation and incorporation, are required to explain the metal ion speciation at the gibbsite surface over the investigated pH range 5-11.5. Sorption of Gd3+/Cm3+ commences at pH values close to 5 through formation of an inner sphere surface complex. When the pH is raised towards the alkaline pH range another inner sphere complex can be detected from the acquired TRLFS data. The continuous increase of suspension pH, however, also influences the solubility of aluminum with a direct impact on the trivalent metal ion speciation. Upon moving from higher aluminum solubility regions in the acidic pH range towards the solubility minimum at pH 6.3, aluminum hydroxide precipitates from oversaturated solutions and consequently incorporates surface bound curium on the gibbsite surface. When further increasing the pH towards the alkaline pH range, aluminum solubility increases again which results in dissolution of the incorporating precipitate uncovering the curium surface complex. This sorption behavior has not been encountered previously in investigations with other aluminum oxide/hydroxide minerals as sorbent phases for trivalent metal ion attachment. Identification of an incorporated curium species as a consequence of pH variations is a clear proof that mineral surfaces cannot be considered as inert with regard to chemical variations as done in many studies. In macroscopic (Eu3+) and TRLFS (Cm3+) sorption investigations with kaolinite as sorbent phase, both outer sphere and inner sphere surface complexes could be identified. Outer sphere complexation was pronounced in background electrolyte concentrations of 1 mM NaClO4, while outer sphere attachment was found only for low (less than 10-7 M) europium concentrations on a natural kaolinite batch and not at all in synthetic kaolinite suspensions when 100 mM NaClO4 was used in the experiments. Three inner sphere curium complexes differing only in the degree of hydrolysis were found to dominate the speciation over a large pH range (5.5-11.5). These species were assigned to >Cm(H2O)52+, >Cm(OH)(H2O)4+ and >Cm(OH)2(H2O)3 based on fluorescence lifetime data and they correlate very well in terms of emission peak positions and fluorescence lifetimes values to curium species found on other clay mineral surfaces. Above pH 11.5 a further curium complex that could not be assigned to a pure hydrolyzed curium surface complex became prevailing. The TRLFS experiments showed that the dissolution of kaolinite in the alkaline pH-range (>10) resulted in the formation of a ternary complex between surface-sorbed curium and dissolved silicates in solution. Thus, the dissolution of the sorbent phase could again be shown to influence the metal ion speciation verifying the need for spectroscopic investigations for a correct assignment of the formed complexes at the solid/water interface. The sorption of diamagnetic yttrium(III) and paramagnetic europium(III) on the various surface hydroxyl groups of γ-alumina (γ-Al2O3) and kaolinite was investigated in NMR studies. Upon Eu3+/Y3+ attachment onto the mineral surfaces the 1H NMR signal could be seen to decrease. In difference spectra produced by subtracting the acquired proton spectra of samples with high metal ion concentrations from spectra of clean mineral samples or samples with lower metal ion loadings, a manifold of surface hydroxyl groups influenced by the metal ion attachment to the surface could be identified. These surface groups could be assigned to doubly coordinated Al2-OH and singly coordinated Al-OH groups on the respective mineral surfaces. In the γ-alumina study the wide distribution of chemically very similar OH protons was attributed to variations in O-H bond lengths and to variations in the Al coordination (AlIV/AlVI). In the kaolinite study removed protons in the metal ion sorption reaction were assigned to singly coordinated Al-OH groups at the kaolinite edge surfaces. In addition, indications of trivalent metal ion attachment to bridging Al-OH-Al groups at the gibbsite-like basal plane of the mineral were obtained. Det använda kärnbränslet från de finska kärnreaktorerna kommer att slutförvaras i berggrunden i Olkiluoto. Syftet med slutförvaret är att isolera det radioaktiva avfallet från den levande naturen i flera hundratusen år. I slutförvaret kommer det använda kärnbränslet att skyddas av tre barriärer: kopparkapseln, bufferten och själva urberget. I denna avhandling har växelverkningar mellan trevärda aktinider som förekommer i det använda kärnavfallet samt mineralfaserna γ-alumina [γ-Al2O3], gibbsit [α-Al(OH)3] och kaolinit [Al2Si2O5(OH)4] undersökts. Syftet med arbetet har varit att erhålla information om hur dessa aktinider adsorberas på mineralytorna, vilket i berggrunden kommer att fördröja eller hindra dessa radioaktiva ämnens transport med grundvattnet upp mot markytan. För att erhålla information om de processer som sker vid mineral/vatten gränsytan har de spektroskopiska metoderna tidsupplöst laserinducerad fluorescensspektroskopi (TRLFS) samt kärnmagnetisk resonansspektroskopi (NMR) tillämpats. De spektroskopiska undersökningarna har kompletterats med makroskopiska, så kallade batchundersökningar, där trevärda lantanider har används som analoger till de radioaktiva aktiniderna. Sorptionsundersökningarna med lantaniden gadolinium(III) eller europium(III) och de spektroskopiska (TRLFS) undersökningarna med aktiniden curium(III) har visat att de trevärda metallerna adsorberas på mineralytorna gibbsit och kaolinit som såkallade innersfärkomplex, där en kemisk bindning mellan metallen och mineralytan bildas. Dessutom sker adsorptionen av Eu3+/Cm3+ även som yttersfärkomplexbildning på kaolinitytan i det sura pH-området. Yttersfärkomplexbildning är en elektrostatisk växelverkan mellan den negativa mineralytan och den positiva metalljonen. I TRLFS undersökningarna kunde den kontinuerliga pH-ökningen från pH 5 till 11.5 under experimenten ses påverka gibbsitlösligheten i mineralsuspensionerna med en direkt inverkan på den trevärda metalljonens speciation. Då experimenten utfördes från ett pH-område med högre aluminiumlöslighet till ett med lägre löslighet, skedde en utfällning av aluminiumhydroxid från den övermättade lösningen. Denna fällning inkorporerade det innersfäradsorberade curiumkomplexet vid gibbsitytan. I kaolinitstudierna kunde ett curium-innersfärkomplex mellan adsorberat curium på kaolinitytan samt lösta silikater i mineralsuspensionen, som uppkommit som följd av en märkbar upplösning av kaolinitmineralen då pH överskrider 10, påvisas. Identifieringen av den inkorporerade curium-specien på gibbsitytan och komplexet mellan curium och lösta silikater på kaolinitytan är ett tydligt bevis på att mineralytor inte kan anses vara inerta med avseende på kemiska variationer, utan förändringar i de kemiska förhållandena under undersökningarna måste beaktas. Dessutom framhävs behovet av spektroskopiska undersökningar för en korrekt beskrivning av de bildade komplexen vid mineral/vatten gränsytan. Adsorptionen av diamagnetiskt yttrium(III) och paramagnetiskt europium(III) på de olika yt-hydroxylgrupperna hos γ-alumina (γ-Al2O3) och kaolinit undersöktes i NMR-studier. Vid adsorption av Eu3+/Y3+ på mineralytorna, kunde protonsignalen i samtliga 1H NMR spektra ses avta i jämförelse med den erhållna protonsignalen från de rena mineralerna. 1H NMR signalens avtagande sker som följd av metallkomplexbildningen på ytan som samtidigt lösgör en eller flera hydroxylprotoner från mineralytan. Hydroxylgrupper på de respektiva mineralytorna som påverkades av sorptionreaktionen identifierades som dubbelt koordinerade Al2-OH grupper, där en hydroxylgrupp är förknippad med två aluminiumatomer i mineralstrukturen, samt enkelt koordinerade Al-OH grupper, där varje hydroxyl är förknippad med enbart en aluminiumatom. Erhållna NMR spektra visade dessutom att det är fråga om ett flertal, mycket liknande hydroxylgrupper som deltar i sorptionsreaktionen.
- Published
- 2013
21. Sorption of trivalent actinides onto gibbsite, γ-alumina, and kaolinite : A spectroscopic study of An(III) interactions at the mineral-water interfaces
- Author
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Helsingin yliopisto, matemaattis-luonnontieteellinen tiedekunta, kemian laitos, Helsingfors universitet, matematisk-naturvetenskapliga fakulteten, kemiska institutionen, University of Helsinki, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of radiochemistry, Huittinen, Nina Maria, Helsingin yliopisto, matemaattis-luonnontieteellinen tiedekunta, kemian laitos, Helsingfors universitet, matematisk-naturvetenskapliga fakulteten, kemiska institutionen, University of Helsinki, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of radiochemistry, and Huittinen, Nina Maria
- Abstract
This Ph.D. thesis concerns investigations on the interactions of trivalent actinides with the mineral phases γ-alumina, gibbsite, and kaolinite. Spectroscopic methods, namely time-resolved laser fluorescence spectroscopy (TRLFS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) have been employed together with macroscopic sorption investigations to obtain molecular level process understanding of the solid-water interface reactions occurring in the mineral suspensions. Results obtained in the macroscopic sorption investigations with gadolinium(III) and the spectroscopic (TRLFS) investigations with curium(III) onto the aluminum hydroxide phase gibbsite, α-Al(OH)3 showed that two interaction mechanisms, inner sphere surface complexation and incorporation, are required to explain the metal ion speciation at the gibbsite surface over the investigated pH range 5-11.5. Sorption of Gd3+/Cm3+ commences at pH values close to 5 through formation of an inner sphere surface complex. When the pH is raised towards the alkaline pH range another inner sphere complex can be detected from the acquired TRLFS data. The continuous increase of suspension pH, however, also influences the solubility of aluminum with a direct impact on the trivalent metal ion speciation. Upon moving from higher aluminum solubility regions in the acidic pH range towards the solubility minimum at pH 6.3, aluminum hydroxide precipitates from oversaturated solutions and consequently incorporates surface bound curium on the gibbsite surface. When further increasing the pH towards the alkaline pH range, aluminum solubility increases again which results in dissolution of the incorporating precipitate uncovering the curium surface complex. This sorption behavior has not been encountered previously in investigations with other aluminum oxide/hydroxide minerals as sorbent phases for trivalent metal ion attachment. Identification of an incorporated curium species as a consequence of pH variations is a clear proof that mineral surfa, Det använda kärnbränslet från de finska kärnreaktorerna kommer att slutförvaras i berggrunden i Olkiluoto. Syftet med slutförvaret är att isolera det radioaktiva avfallet från den levande naturen i flera hundratusen år. I slutförvaret kommer det använda kärnbränslet att skyddas av tre barriärer: kopparkapseln, bufferten och själva urberget. I denna avhandling har växelverkningar mellan trevärda aktinider som förekommer i det använda kärnavfallet samt mineralfaserna γ-alumina [γ-Al2O3], gibbsit [α-Al(OH)3] och kaolinit [Al2Si2O5(OH)4] undersökts. Syftet med arbetet har varit att erhålla information om hur dessa aktinider adsorberas på mineralytorna, vilket i berggrunden kommer att fördröja eller hindra dessa radioaktiva ämnens transport med grundvattnet upp mot markytan. För att erhålla information om de processer som sker vid mineral/vatten gränsytan har de spektroskopiska metoderna tidsupplöst laserinducerad fluorescensspektroskopi (TRLFS) samt kärnmagnetisk resonansspektroskopi (NMR) tillämpats. De spektroskopiska undersökningarna har kompletterats med makroskopiska, så kallade batchundersökningar, där trevärda lantanider har används som analoger till de radioaktiva aktiniderna. Sorptionsundersökningarna med lantaniden gadolinium(III) eller europium(III) och de spektroskopiska (TRLFS) undersökningarna med aktiniden curium(III) har visat att de trevärda metallerna adsorberas på mineralytorna gibbsit och kaolinit som såkallade innersfärkomplex, där en kemisk bindning mellan metallen och mineralytan bildas. Dessutom sker adsorptionen av Eu3+/Cm3+ även som yttersfärkomplexbildning på kaolinitytan i det sura pH-området. Yttersfärkomplexbildning är en elektrostatisk växelverkan mellan den negativa mineralytan och den positiva metalljonen. I TRLFS undersökningarna kunde den kontinuerliga pH-ökningen från pH 5 till 11.5 under experimenten ses påverka gibbsitlösligheten i mineralsuspensionerna med en direkt inverkan på den trevärda metalljonens speciation. Då experimenten
- Published
- 2013
22. The effect of UV-C irradiation and EDTA on the uptake of Co2+by antimony oxide in the presence and absence of competing cations Ca2+and Ni2+
- Author
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Malinen, Leena, Repo, Eveliina, Harjula, Risto, and Huittinen, Nina
- Abstract
In nuclear power plants and other nuclear facilities the removal of cobalt from radioactive liquid waste is needed to reduce the radioactivity concentration in effluents. In liquid wastes containing strong organic complexing agents such as EDTA cobalt removal can be problematic due to the high stability of the Co-EDTA complex. In this study, the removal of cobalt from NaNO3solutions using antimony oxide (Sb2O3) synthesized from potassium hexahydroxoantimonate was investigated in the absence and presence of EDTA. The uptake studies on the ion exchange material were conducted both in the dark (absence of UV-light) and under UV-C irradiation. Ca2+or Ni2+were included in the experiments as competing cations to test the selectivity of the ion exchanger. Results show that UV-C irradiation noticeably enhances the cobalt sorption efficiency on the antimony oxide. It was shown that nickel decreased the sorption of cobalt to a higher extent than calcium. Finally, the sorption data collected for Co2+on antimony oxide was modeled using six different isotherm models. The Sips model was found to be the most suitable model to describe the sorption process. The Dubinin-Radushkevich model was further used to calculate the adsorption energy, which was found to be 6.2 kJ mol−1.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. Spektroskopische Untersuchungen zur Komplexierung und zum Einbau von Actiniden: Uran(VI) Komplexierung mit gelösten Silikaten und Stabilität von Europium(III) Xenotim Solid Solutions
- Author
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Lösch, Henry, Stumpf, Thorsten, Churakov, Sergey, Huittinen, Nina, and Technische Universität Dresden
- Subjects
ddc:540 ,Uran(VI), Lumineszenz-Spektroskopie, Silikate, Schubert-Methode ,Uranium(VI), luminescence spectroscopy, silicates, Schubert method - Abstract
Die weltweite Nutzung der Kernenergie hat sich in den letzten Jahrzehnten zu einem festen Bestandteil der Primärenergieerzeugung gewandelt. Neben dem Vorteil der CO2-armen Energieerzeugung besitzt die Kernenergie jedoch den großen Nachteil der Entsorgung des anfallenden hochradioaktiven Abfalls. Angestrebt wird eine tiefengeologische Endlagerung der wärmeentwickelnden hochradioaktiven Abfälle mit einem sicheren Einschluss über einen Zeitraum von 1 Million Jahre. Für die Sicherheitsanalyse eines solchen Endlagers ist ein grundlegendes Verständnis der geochemischen Prozesse im Nah- und Fernfeld, z.B. zu den Wechselwirkungen der Abfälle mit den einzelnen Barrieren und deren Charakteristika, notwendig. In Abhängigkeit des eingelagerten Abfalls und des gewählten Wirtsgesteines kann es im Nahfeld zu einem Temperaturanstieg auf bis zu 200 °C kommen, mit einem entsprechenden Einfluss auf die geochemischen Prozesse. Für eine sichere Endlagerung des wärmeentwickelnden hochradioaktiven Abfalls ist daher die Charakterisierung der stattfindenden Prozesse, wie Komplexierung sowie Sorption und Einbaureaktionen, als auch die Bestimmung derer thermodynamischen Größen, inklusive ihrer Temperaturabhängigkeit, essenziell. Die Arbeit kann im Folgenden in drei Themengebiete eingeteilt werden. Das erste Themengebiet dieser Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Temperaturabhängigkeit der Uran(VI)-Lumineszenz. Die Lumineszenz-Spektroskopie kann dabei für die Bestimmung von thermodynamischen Daten herangezogen werden. Für die Auswertung der Lumineszenz-Spektren ist es wichtig zu wissen, ob es zu Veränderungen der Emissionsspektren bei der Variation der Temperatur kommt. In dieser Arbeit durchgeführte UV-Vis Untersuchungen zeigen eine Verschiebung der Absorptionsbanden im Temperaturbereich zwischen 3 - 70 °C. Anhand der Spektren lässt sich eine bathochrome Verschiebung feststellen, welche auch auf die Lumineszenz-Spektren übertragen werden kann. Um Folgefehler bei der Bestimmung weiterer Größen zu vermeiden, ist es wichtig solche Verschiebungen zu berücksichtigen. Das zweite Themengebiet dieser Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der temperaturabhängigen Uran(VI)-Hydrolyse sowie der Komplexierung von Uran(VI) mit wässrigen Silikaten. Uran(VI) zeigt eine sehr ausgeprägte Hydrolyse, unter Bildung verschiedener mono- und polynuklearer Hydroxo-Komplexe. Die Hydrolyse ist eine grundlegende Reaktion und muss bei Untersuchungen von Komplexreaktionen als kompetitive Reaktion stets berücksichtigt werden. Mittels Lumineszenz-Spektroskopie konnte die Bildung des 1:1 Hydroxo-Komplexes (UO2OH+) ab etwa pH 3 bestätigt werden. Neben diesem Komplex konnte die Bildung des polynuklearen 3:5 ((UO2)3(OH)5+) Hydroxo-Komplexes nachgewiesen werden. Um den Einfluss der lumineszenz-starken polynuklearen Hydroxo-Spezies in der folgenden Uran(VI)-Silikat-Komplexierung zu reduzieren, erfolgte die Untersuchungen unterhalb von pH 4,3 bzw. die Uran(VI)-Konzentration lag unterhalb der Grenze zur Bildung dieser Spezies. Silizium gilt als ein ubiquitäres Element und ist nach Sauerstoff das zweithäufigste Element in der Erdkruste. Die Silikate besitzen ebenfalls eine vielgestaltige wässrige Chemie unter Bildung von mononuklearen bis kolloidalen Spezies. Gleichzeitig ist Silizium ein Hauptbestandteil in den möglichen Wirtsgesteinen Ton und Kristallin in einem tiefengeologischen Endlager. In vielen Fällen ist zudem aus konstruktionsbedingten Gründen die Verwendung von Zement notwendig. Die im Zement enthaltenen Porenwässer besitzen dabei oft sehr hohe pH-Werte im Bereich 11 - 13. An der Grenzfläche zwischen Zement und Wirtsgestein können diese Porenwässer zur Auflösung des Wirtsgesteins und damit verbunden zur Erhöhung der Silikat- sowie Aluminatkonzentration führen. Daher sollte Silizium als möglicher Komplexpartner mit in die Langzeitsicherheitsanalyse aufgenommen werden. Aus der Literatur ist bisher nur ein An(VI)-Si-Komplex im aziden pH-Bereich, basierend auf folgender Reaktion: AnO22+ + H4SiO4 '⇌ ' AnO2OSi(OH)3+ + H+, bekannt (An = U, Np, Pu). In diesen Arbeiten wurde die Löslichkeitsgrenze für wässrige Silikate oft überschritten und eine Komplexbildung mit oligomeren Spezies kann daher nicht ausgeschlossen werden. Ziel der U(VI)-Komplexbildungsstudien war es daher, die Rolle der U(VI)-Hydrolyse und Silikatpolymerisation in Gegenwart wässriger Silikate im sauren pH-Bereich aufzuklären und den Einfluss der Temperatur auf die U(VI)-Silikat-Komplexierung zu untersuchen. Darüber hinaus wurden die Komplexbildungsstudien auf den alkalischen pH-Bereich ausgedehnt, in dem bisher keine U(VI)-Silikat-Spezies bekannt sind. Neben der Lumineszenz-Spektroskopie diente die Elektrosprayionisation-Massenspektrometrie (ESI-MS), die Schubert-Methode sowie die Dichte-Funktional-Theorie (DFT) der Bestimmung thermodynamischer Größen dieses Systems. Zur Abschätzung der experimentellen Bedingungen erfolgten ESI-MS Untersuchungen bei verschiedenen pH-Werten sowie Si-Konzentrationen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass es bei pH 3,5 sowie 5,0 zur Bildung oligomerer U-Si sowie Si-Spezies, bei bereits geringer Überschreitung der Löslichkeitsgrenze, kommt. Die experimentellen Bedingungen wurden daher auf pH 3,5 bei einer maximalen Si-Konzentration von 1∙10‒3 M festgelegt. In der Lumineszenz-Spektroskopie zeigt sich eine Zunahme der Molfraktion für den Uran(VI)-Silikat Komplex mit steigender Temperatur. Mit Hilfe der Spektrenentfaltung konnte ein Einzelkomponentenspektrum für den Komplex UO2OSi(OH)3+ bestimmt werden. Die dazugehörige Stabilitätskonstante beträgt log K0 = ‒(0,06 ± 0,24). Die temperaturabhängige Untersuchung ermöglicht die Bestimmung der molaren Standardreaktionsenthalpie ΔrHm0 sowie -entropie ΔrSm0. Für beide Größen ergibt sich ein positiver Wert. Dies weist daraufhin, dass die Entropie als Triebkraft für die Komplexbildung mit steigender Temperatur verantwortlich ist. Zur Untersuchung der Komplexbildungsreaktion im alkalischen pH-Bereich wurde die Schubert-Methode verwendet. Die Methode beruht dabei auf der Bestimmung von Verteilungskoeffizienten in An- und Abwesenheit eines Komplexbildners sowie einer Festphase. Durch die kompetitive Methode ist es möglich, weitere gleichzeitig stattfindende Komplexreaktionen in einem Nebenreaktionskoeffizienten zu vereinen. Die Ergebnisse sind die Anzahl an der Reaktion beteiligten Liganden sowie die Anzahl an ausgetauschten H+-Ionen. Auf Basis dieser beiden Informationen lässt sich auf die Bildung eines ternären Uran(VI)-Silikat-Komplexes im pH-Bereich zwischen 8 - 11 mit einer mono- oder bidentaten Anbindung der Silikat-Gruppe an das Uran(VI) Zentralion schließen. Es konnten zwei mögliche ternäre Komplexe UO2(OH)2OSi(OH)3‒ bzw. UO2(OH)O2Si(OH)2‒ mit einer Stabilitätskonstante logK0 = −(17,2 ± 1,1) identifiziert werden. DFT-Rechnungen zeigen dabei, dass der Komplex UO2(OH)2OSi(OH)3‒ die höhere relative Stabilität besitzt. Der in dieser Arbeit bestimmte An(VI)-Silikat-Komplex ist der erste, welcher unter alkalinen pH-Bedingungen identifiziert werden konnte. Speziationsrechnungen, basierend auf einem natürlichen Tongestein-Porenwasser, zeigen, dass der identifizierte Komplex neben dem dominanten Uran(VI)-Carbonat- und Uran(VI)-Hydroxid-Komplexen vorliegen kann. Dies sind wichtige Hinweise in Hinblick auf die Langzeitsicherheitsanalyse eines tiefengeologischen Endlagers. Eine weitere Quelle für wässrige Silikate stellen Glaskokillen aus der Wiederaufbereitung abgebrannter Brennelemente dar. Hier kann es zur Auflösungen dieser Kokillen, unter Freisetzung wässriger Silikate und der darin enthaltenen hochradioaktiven trivalenten minoren Actinide Np3+, Am3 sowie Cm3+, kommen. Das dritte Themengebiet beschäftigt sich daher mit einer alternativen Host-Matrix zu den Glaskokillen in Form von LnPO4-Keramiken in der Xenotim-Struktur. Als nicht radioaktives chemisches Analogon zu den dreiwertigen Actiniden wird oft Eu3+ eingesetzt, welches sehr gute lumineszenz-spektroskopische Eigenschaften besitzt. Die Dotierung der LnPO4-Kermiken mit Eu3+ ermöglicht die Verwendung der site-selektiven Lumineszenz-Spektroskopie, neben der Röntgendiffraktometrie und der Raman-Spektroskopie. Die Untersuchung erfolgte jeweils nach der Synthese, sowie nach einem Jahr Lagerung. Die erhaltenen Ergebnisse zeigen, neben der Bildung der gewünschten Xenotim-Struktur, die Bildung von LnPO4-Keramiken in einer unüblichen Anhydrit-Struktur sowie von mehrphasigen Keramiken. Nach einem Jahr Lagerung wurde eine signifikante Veränderung innerhalb der Lumineszenz-Spektren festgestellt, was auf einen Ausschluss von Eu3+ aus der gebildeten Xenotim-Struktur schließen lässt. Anhand dieser Ergebnisse, ist von der Verwendung von LnPO4-Keramiken in der Xenotim-Struktur für die Endlagerung minorer Actinide abzuraten.
- Published
- 2020
24. Cycloisomerization of 2-alkynylanilines to indoles catalyzed by carbon-supported gold nanoparticles and subsequent homocoupling to 3,3′-biindoles
- Author
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Michele Melchionna, Otto-Ville Laukkanen, Jose Antonio Lopez-Sanchez, Nina Huittinen, Tom Wirtanen, Martin Nieger, Jesus E. Perea‐Buceta, Juho Helaja, Mikko K. Mäkelä, Perea Buceta, Jesus E., Wirtanen, Tom, Laukkanen, Otto Ville, Mäkelä, Mikko K., Nieger, Martin, Melchionna, Michele, Huittinen, Nina, Lopez Sanchez, Jose A., and Helaja, Juho
- Subjects
biindoles ,Indoles ,biindole ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Graphite oxide ,Heterogeneous catalysis ,010402 general chemistry ,01 natural sciences ,Catalysis ,Catalysi ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Cycloisomerization ,Nanoparticle ,Organic chemistry ,carbon supports ,gold ,heterogeneous catalysis ,homocoupling ,Alkynes ,Carbon ,Cyclization ,Gold ,Nanoparticles ,Chemistry (all) ,carbon support ,Alkyne ,010405 organic chemistry ,General Chemistry ,General Medicine ,3. Good health ,0104 chemical sciences ,chemistry ,Organic reaction ,Colloidal gold ,Indole ,Surface modification ,heterogeneous catalysi - Abstract
However, the reductive nature of those conditions limited thereaction scope and precluded the possibility of furthercascade functionalization. Soon after, Somorjai, Toste, andco-workers reported that Pt nanoparticles supported onmesoporous silica are able to efficiently promote the intra-molecular heterocyclization of N-carbamate protected 2-alkynylanilinestoaffordthecorrespondingindoleproductsinexcellent yields.
- Published
- 2013
25. Probing the Long- and Short-Range Structural Chemistry in the C-Type Bixbyite Oxides Th 0.40 Nd 0.48 Ce 0.12 O 1.76 , Th 0.47 Nd 0.43 Ce 0.10 O 1.785 , and Th 0.45 Nd 0.37 Ce 0.18 O 1.815 via Synchrotron X-ray Diffraction and Absorption Spectroscopy.
- Author
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Murphy GL, Bazarkina E, Svitlyk V, Rossberg A, Potts S, Hennig C, Henkes M, Kvashnina KO, and Huittinen N
- Abstract
The long- and short-range structural chemistry of the C-type bixbyite compounds Th
0.40 Nd0.48 Ce0.12 O1.76 , Th0.47 Nd0.43 Ce0.10 O1.785 , and Th0.45 Nd0.37 Ce0.18 O1.815 is systematically examined using synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction (S-PXRD), high-energy resolution fluorescence detection X-ray absorption near edge (HERFD-XANES), and extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (EXAFS) measurements supported by electronic structure calculations. S-PXRD measurements revealed that the title compounds all form classical C-type bixbyite structures in space group Ia 3̅ that have disordered cationic crystallographic sites with further observation of characteristic superlattice reflections corresponding to oxygen vacancies. Despite the occurrence of oxygen vacancies, HERFD-XANES measurements on the Ce L3 -edge revealed that Ce incorporates as Ce4+ into the structures but involves local distortion that resembles cluster behavior and loss of nearest-neighbors. In comparison, HERFD-XANES measurements on the Nd L3 -edge supported by electronic structure calculations reveal that Nd3+ adopts a local coordination environment similar to the long-range C-type structure while providing charge balancing for the formation of oxygen defects. Th L3 -edge EXAFS analysis reveals shorter average Th-O distances in the title compounds in comparison to pristine ThO2 in addition to shorter Th-O and Th-Ce distances compared to Th-Th or Ce-Ce in the corresponding F-type binary oxides (ThO2 and CeO2 ). These distances are further found to decrease with the increased Nd content of the structures despite simultaneous observation of the overall lattice structure progressively expanding. Linear combination calculations of the M-O bond lengths are used to help explain these observations, where the role of oxygen defects, via Nd3+ incorporation, induces local bond contraction and enhanced Th cation valence, leading to the observed increased lattice expansion with progressive Nd3+ incorporation. Overall, the investigation points to the significance of dissimilar cations exhibiting variable short-range chemical behavior and how it can affect the long-range structural chemistry of complex oxides., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing financial interest., (© 2024 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society.)- Published
- 2024
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26. Grazing-incidence synchrotron radiation diffraction studies on irradiated Ce-doped and pristine Y-stabilized ZrO 2 at the Rossendorf beamline.
- Author
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Svitlyk V, Braga Ferreira Dos Santos L, Niessen J, Gilson S, Marquardt J, Findeisen S, Richter S, Akhmadaliev S, Huittinen N, and Hennig C
- Abstract
In this work, Ce-doped yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) and pure YSZ phases were subjected to irradiation with 14 MeV Au ions. Irradiation studies were performed to simulate long-term structural and microstructural damage due to self-irradiation in YSZ phases hosting alpha-active radioactive species. It was found that both the Ce-doped YSZ and the YSZ phases had a reasonable tolerance to irradiation at high ion fluences and the bulk crystallinity was well preserved. Nevertheless, local microstrain increased in all compounds under study after irradiation, with the Ce-doped phases being less affected than pure YSZ. Doping with cerium ions increased the microstructural stability of YSZ phases through a possible reduction in the mobility of oxygen atoms, which limits the formation of structural defects. Doping of YSZ with tetravalent actinide elements is expected to have a similar effect. Thus, YSZ phases are promising for the safe long-term storage of radioactive elements. Using synchrotron radiation diffraction, measurements of the thin irradiated layers of the Ce-YSZ and YSZ samples were performed in grazing incidence (GI) mode. A corresponding module for measurements in GI mode was developed at the Rossendorf Beamline and relevant technical details for sample alignment and data collection are also presented., (open access.)
- Published
- 2024
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27. Investigations towards incorporation of Eu 3+ and Cm 3+ during ZrO 2 crystallization in aqueous solution.
- Author
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Opitz L, Hübner R, Shams Aldin Azzam S, Gilson SE, Finkeldei SC, and Huittinen N
- Abstract
Nuclear energy provides a widely applied carbon-reduced energy source. Following operation, the spent nuclear fuel (SNF), containing a mixture of radiotoxic elements such as transuranics, needs to be safely disposed of. Safe storage of SNF in a deep geological repository (DGR) relies on multiple engineered and natural retention barriers to prevent environmental contamination. In this context, zirconia (ZrO
2 ) formed on the SNF rod cladding, could be employed as an engineered barrier for immobilization of radionuclides via structural incorporation. This study investigates the incorporation of Eu3+ and Cm3+ , representatives for trivalent transuranics, into zirconia by co-precipitation and crystallization in aqueous solution at 80 °C. Complementary structural and microstructural characterization has been carried out by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), spectrum imaging analysis based on energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy in scanning transmission electron microscopy mode (STEM-EDXS), and luminescence spectroscopy. The results reveal the association of the dopants with the zirconia particles and elucidate the presence of distinct bulk and superficially incorporated species. Hydrothermal aging for up to 460 days in alkaline media points to great stability of these incorporated species after initial crystallization, with no indication of phase segregation or release of Eu3+ and Cm3+ over time. These results suggest that zirconia would be a suitable technical retention barrier for mobilized trivalent actinides in a DGR., (© 2023. The Author(s).)- Published
- 2023
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28. A Spectroscopic Investigation of Eu 3+ Incorporation in Ln PO 4 ( Ln = Tb, Gd 1-x Lu x , X = 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 1) Ceramics.
- Author
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Lösch H, Hirsch A, Holthausen J, Peters L, Xiao B, Neumeier S, Schmidt M, and Huittinen N
- Abstract
We have investigated the incorporation of the luminescent Eu
3+ cation in different Ln PO4 ( Ln = Tb, Gd1-x Lux , x = 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 1) host phases. All samples were analyzed with powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), Raman spectroscopy, and site-selective time-resolved laser-induced luminescence spectroscopy (TRLFS) directly after synthesis and after an aging time of one year at ambient conditions. The PXRD investigations demonstrate the formation of a TbPO4 phase in an uncommon anhydrite-like crystal structure evoked by a pressure-induced preparation step (grinding). In the Gd1-x Lux PO4 solid solution series, several different crystal structures are observed depending on the composition. The TRLFS emission spectra of LuPO4 , Gd0.3 Lu0.7 PO4 , and Gd0.5 Lu0.5 PO4 indicate Eu3+ -incorporation within a xenotime-type crystal structure. TRLFS and PXRD investigations of the Gd0.7 Lu0.3 PO4 composition show the presence of anhydrite, xenotime, and monazite phases, implying that xenotime no longer is the favored crystal structure due to the predominance of the substantially larger Gd3+ -cation in this solid phase. Eu3+ -incorporation occurs predominantly in the anhydrite-like structure with smaller contributions of Eu3+ incorporated in monazite and xenotime. The electronic levels of the Eu3+ -dopant in Gd0.3 Lu0.7 PO4 and Gd0.5 Lu0.5 PO4 xenotime hosts are strongly coupled to external lattice vibrations, giving rise to high-energy peaks in the obtained excitation spectra. The coupling becomes stronger after aging to such an extent that direct excitation of Eu3+ in the xenotime structure is strongly suppressed. This phenomenon, however, is only visible for materials where Eu3+ was predominantly incorporated within the xenotime structure. Single crystals of Eu3+ -doped LuPO4 show no changes upon aging despite the presence of vibronically coupled excitation peaks in the excitation spectra measured directly after synthesis. Based on this observation, we propose a lattice relaxation process occurring in the powder samples during aging, resulting in Eu3+ migration within the crystal structure and Eu3+ accumulation at grain boundaries or xenotime surface sites.- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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