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12. The injection of methadone syrup in New South Wales: patterns of use and increased harm after partial banning of injecting equipment

Author

Hopwood, Max, Southgate, Erica, Kippax, Susan, Bammer, Gabriele, Isaac-Toua, Geetha, and Mackintosh, Margaret

Subjects
Injections, Intravenous -- Risk factors, Methadone maintenance -- Risk factors, Methadone hydrochloride -- Dosage and administration, Health
Abstract

Objective: To describe methadone injectors and the risk practices associated with injecting methadone in New South Wales, Australia. To assess the impact on injecting drug use and risk behaviour of the withdrawal of methadone injecting equipment from government-funded needle and syringe programs. Method: Cross-sectional survey, conducted in 1999, of 206 people who had injected methadone at least once in the previous month. Participants were from Central Sydney, West Sydney and rural New South Wales. Results: Of participants who had injected both methadone and other drugs in the previous month (n=162), significantly more reused their methadone injecting equipment compared with those who reused their other drug injecting equipment (60% vs. 28%, p Conclusions: Our results suggest that the current policy has led to increased reuse of equipment for injecting methadone. Implications: A range of other possible policy options, such as closer monitoring and dilution of take-home doses, increasing oral doses and implementing trials of injected methadone, may assist to reduce the prevalence of methadone syrup injection and related harms.

Published
2003

14. Stigma, Anxiety, and Depression Among Gay and Bisexual Men in Mixed-Orientation Marriages

Author

Hopwood, Max, Cama, Elena, de Wit, John, Treloar, Carla, Hopwood, Max, Cama, Elena, de Wit, John, and Treloar, Carla

Abstract

The mental health of gay and bisexual men in mixed-orientation marriages is poorly understood. In this article, the authors explore the development of anxiety and depression among gay and bisexual men in heterosexual marriages. Sixteen men, living in the Australian states of New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria, and Tasmania were interviewed throughout 2016 and 2017. An analysis of interviews identified four main themes, namely, compulsory heterosexuality, existential distress, compartmentalization, and integration and resolution. Participants reported experiencing anxiety and depression, which were exacerbated by the stigmatization of same-sex attraction and by an overwhelming distress from feelings of shame and guilt regarding their marital infidelity. Findings indicate that gay and bisexual men in mixed-orientation marriages develop anxiety and depression in response to the exigencies of compulsory heterosexuality and the compartmentalizing of same-sex attraction and identity during heterosexual marriage. Coming-out as same-sex attracted resolved men's distress by facilitating an integrative self-structure.

Published
2020

15. The role of social support in moderating the relationship between HIV centrality, internalised stigma and psychological distress for people living with HIV

Author

Public Health, Social Policy and Public Health, Leerstoel de Wit, Brener, Loren, Broady, Timothy, Cama, Elena, Hopwood, Max, de Wit, John B F, Treloar, Carla, Public Health, Social Policy and Public Health, Leerstoel de Wit, Brener, Loren, Broady, Timothy, Cama, Elena, Hopwood, Max, de Wit, John B F, and Treloar, Carla

Published
2020

20. Evaluation of the Deadly Liver Mob program: insights for roll-out and scale-up of a pilot program to engage Aboriginal Australians in hepatitis C and sexual health education, screening, and care

Author

Treloar, Carla, primary, Hopwood, Max, additional, Cama, Elena, additional, Saunders, Veronica, additional, Jackson, L. Clair, additional, Walker, Melinda, additional, Ooi, Catriona, additional, Ubrihien, Ashley, additional, and Ward, James, additional

Published
2018
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21. Stigma Indicators Monitoring Project: Summary Report

Author

Cama, Elena, Broady, Timothy, Brener, Loren, Hopwood, Max, de Wit, J.B.F., Treloar, Carla, Cama, Elena, Broady, Timothy, Brener, Loren, Hopwood, Max, de Wit, J.B.F., and Treloar, Carla

Published
2018

22. Stigma Indicators Monitoring Project: Summary Report

Author

Leerstoel de Wit, Public Health, Cama, Elena, Broady, Timothy, Brener, Loren, Hopwood, Max, de Wit, J.B.F., Treloar, Carla, Leerstoel de Wit, Public Health, Cama, Elena, Broady, Timothy, Brener, Loren, Hopwood, Max, de Wit, J.B.F., and Treloar, Carla

Published
2018

27. HIV/AIDS, hepatitis and sexually transmissible infections in Australia: annual report of trends in behaviour 2012

Author

de Wit, John, National Centre in HIV Social Research, UNSW, Holt, Martin, National Centre in HIV Social Research, UNSW, Hopwood, Max, National Centre in HIV Social Research, UNSW, Treloar, Carla, National Centre in HIV Social Research, UNSW, de Wit, John, National Centre in HIV Social Research, UNSW, Holt, Martin, National Centre in HIV Social Research, UNSW, Hopwood, Max, National Centre in HIV Social Research, UNSW, and Treloar, Carla, National Centre in HIV Social Research, UNSW

Abstract

This report reviews behavioural data relevant to the transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), viral hepatitis and sexually transmissible infections (STIs) in Australia. It also examines behavioural data relevant to the social aspects of treatment and care of those who have been infected, including those who are living with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS).

Published
2011

28. Treatment decisions: what makes people decide to have treatment for hepatitis C?

Author

Wilson, Hannah, National Centre in HIV Social Research, UNSW, Hopwood, Max, National Centre in HIV Social Research, UNSW, Lavis, Yvonna, National Centre in HIV Social Research, UNSW, Newland, Jamee, National Centre in HIV Social Research, UNSW, Bryant, Joanne, National Centre in HIV Social Research, UNSW, Treloar, Carla, National Centre in HIV Social Research, UNSW, Wilson, Hannah, National Centre in HIV Social Research, UNSW, Hopwood, Max, National Centre in HIV Social Research, UNSW, Lavis, Yvonna, National Centre in HIV Social Research, UNSW, Newland, Jamee, National Centre in HIV Social Research, UNSW, Bryant, Joanne, National Centre in HIV Social Research, UNSW, and Treloar, Carla, National Centre in HIV Social Research, UNSW

Abstract

Available literature indicates that clinical factors, social factors, personal values and knowledge are all important in determining whether or not people decide to have treatment for hepatitis C. Therefore this study sought to investigate a range of factors associated with making the decision to take up treatment. Additionally, to explore how Australian clients of Opiate Substitute Treatment (OST) centres made decisions about treatment, this study interviewed a sample of OST clients and health professionals in Sydney about their perceptions of a proposed model of delivery of treatment for hepatitis C through OST clinics.

Published
2010

29. HIV/AIDS, Hepatitis and Sexually Transmissible Infections in Australia Annual Report of Trends in Behaviour 2010

Author

Hopwood, Max, National Centre in HIV Social Research, Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences, UNSW, Holt, Martin, National Centre in HIV Social Research, Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences, UNSW, Treloar, Carla, National Centre in HIV Social Research, Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences, UNSW, de Wit, John, National Centre in HIV Social Research, Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences, UNSW, Hopwood, Max, National Centre in HIV Social Research, Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences, UNSW, Holt, Martin, National Centre in HIV Social Research, Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences, UNSW, Treloar, Carla, National Centre in HIV Social Research, Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences, UNSW, and de Wit, John, National Centre in HIV Social Research, Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences, UNSW

Abstract

This report reviews behavioural data relevant to the transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), viral hepatitis and sexually transmissible infections (STIs) in Australia. It also examines behavioural data relevant to the social aspects of treatment and care of those who have been infected, including those who are living with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS).

Published
2010

30. Recovery from hepatitis C treatments

Author

Hopwood, Max, National Centre in HIV Social Research, Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences, UNSW and Hopwood, Max, National Centre in HIV Social Research, Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences, UNSW

Abstract

The findings presented throughout this report raise concerns about current government strategies which are committed to increasing the number of people who undertake hepatitis C treatment by 2012. Evidently, many people do not clear their infection after having treatment and some people experience ongoing ill health caused by persistent side effects. Therefore, either the development of a more efficacious and tolerable treatment is required, or significantly more resources need to be allocated toward increasing the range of supports and health care services that are available to people during and after treatment for hepatitis C infection before more people with hepatitis C can be expected to consider treatment.

Published
2009

31. Pharmacy needle and syringe survey 2006: Hepatitis C risk and access to sterile injecting equipment in pharmacies in south-east Sydney

Author

Bryant, Joanne, National Centre in HIV Social Research, Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences, UNSW, Hopwood, Max, National Centre in HIV Social Research, Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences, UNSW, Bryant, Joanne, National Centre in HIV Social Research, Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences, UNSW, and Hopwood, Max, National Centre in HIV Social Research, Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences, UNSW

Abstract

Summary of findings

Published
2008

32. Experiences of hepatitis C treatment and its management: What some patients and health professionals say

Author

Hopwood, Max, National Centre in HIV Social Research, Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences, UNSW, Treloar, Carla, National Centre in HIV Social Research, Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences, UNSW, Redsull, Louise, National Centre in HIV Social Research, Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences, UNSW, Hopwood, Max, National Centre in HIV Social Research, Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences, UNSW, Treloar, Carla, National Centre in HIV Social Research, Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences, UNSW, and Redsull, Louise, National Centre in HIV Social Research, Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences, UNSW

Abstract

A qualitative study of both hepatitis C treatment experiences and the management of hepatitis C treatment, using in-depth semi-structured interviews, was conducted in Sydney, Australia, during 2004 and 2005. The study aimed to uncover some of the strategies that people in treatment deployed to cope with the side effects associated with treatment. A purposive sampling frame was used to recruit participants to the study. A total of 20 people who either were receiving treatment or had completed treatment within the six months prior to interview were recruited. Six health professionals who managed treatment regimens were also interviewed. Treatment and its side effects were explored from the perspectives of both patients and clinic staff. The impact of treatment on personal relationships, work, socialising, physical and emotional health and wellbeing, sense of self and future outlook were investigated. Thematic content analysis highlighted key issues reported by patients and health professionals regarding treatment experiences and approaches to treatment management.

Published
2006

33. Discrimination to the consumer

Author

Australian Society for HIV Medicine, Loveday, Stuart, Treloar, Carla, National Centre in HIV Social Research, Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences, UNSW, Elek, Catriona, Hopwood, Max, National Centre in HIV Social Research, Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences, UNSW, Australian Society for HIV Medicine, Loveday, Stuart, Treloar, Carla, National Centre in HIV Social Research, Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences, UNSW, Elek, Catriona, and Hopwood, Max, National Centre in HIV Social Research, Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences, UNSW

Published
2005

34. The 3D project: Diagnosis, disclosure, discrimination and living with hepatitis C

Author

Hopwood, Max, National Centre in HIV Social Research, Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences, UNSW, Treloar, Carla, National Centre in HIV Social Research, Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences, UNSW, Hopwood, Max, National Centre in HIV Social Research, Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences, UNSW, and Treloar, Carla, National Centre in HIV Social Research, Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences, UNSW

Abstract

The report explores exigent conditions associated with living with hepatitis C infection. Intersecting these demands are the effects of stigma and social marginalisation. Many people with hepatitis C have to navigate and negotiate daily a field strewn with misinformation, conflicting identities and unequal power relations, often while labouring under significant ill-health and surviving on low incomes.

Published
2003

35. Methadone Injection in New South Wales

Author

Southgate, Erica, National Centre in HIV Social Research, Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences, UNSW, Kippax, Susan, National Centre in HIV Social Research, Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences, UNSW, Bammer, Gabriele, Isaaac-Toua, Geetha, Macdonald, Margaret, National Centre in HIV Epidemiology & Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW, Hopwood, Max, National Centre in HIV Social Research, Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences, UNSW, Aspin, Clive, National Centre in HIV Social Research, Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences, UNSW, Southgate, Erica, National Centre in HIV Social Research, Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences, UNSW, Kippax, Susan, National Centre in HIV Social Research, Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences, UNSW, Bammer, Gabriele, Isaaac-Toua, Geetha, Macdonald, Margaret, National Centre in HIV Epidemiology & Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW, Hopwood, Max, National Centre in HIV Social Research, Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences, UNSW, and Aspin, Clive, National Centre in HIV Social Research, Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences, UNSW

Abstract

The injection of methadone is relatively common within certain geographic areas of New South Wales, especially Sydney. Our sample comprised people who were in general poorly educated, unemployed and had been long term injecting drug users with fair to poor health. Many respondents had been injecting illicit drugs besides methadone for many years. High rates of frequent injecting were reported for both illicit drugs and methadone. Respondents described the fast acting relief of injected methadone as the reason for continuing the practice.

Published
2001

36. The Closure and Relocation of the St Marys Needle and Syringe Program Social and Health Impact Study

Author

Southgate, Erica, National Centre in HIV Social Research, Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences, UNSW, Blair, Deborah, National Centre in HIV Social Research, Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences, UNSW, Hopwood, Max, National Centre in HIV Social Research, Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences, UNSW, Southgate, Erica, National Centre in HIV Social Research, Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences, UNSW, Blair, Deborah, National Centre in HIV Social Research, Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences, UNSW, and Hopwood, Max, National Centre in HIV Social Research, Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences, UNSW

Abstract

In general, the key findings describe the impact of the closure and subsequent relocation of WAHS primary NSP to a mobile service on IDUs living in or near St Marys. Given the high population density of Penrith LGA compared to the other LGAs within WAHS, and the reported historical concentration of IDUs around St Marys, the emphasis on the needs of IDUs within this area is not unwarranted. Moreover, it is vital to call attention to the link between area of greatest need and IOU concentration, lack of access to primary NSP services and re-use and sharing of injecting equipment. The interconnection of these factors has implications for the transmission and spread of blood-borne viruses such as HIV and HCV and other harms related to the re-use of used injecting equipment, such as septicemia, thrombosis and vein damage. Significantly, participants reported sharing and re-using injecting equipment with greater frequency since the advent of the mobile service.

Published
2000

37. The Drug Use and Gay Men Project Issue Papers

Author

Southgate, Erica, National Centre in HIV Social Research, Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences, UNSW, Hopwood, Max, National Centre in HIV Social Research, Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences, UNSW, Southgate, Erica, National Centre in HIV Social Research, Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences, UNSW, and Hopwood, Max, National Centre in HIV Social Research, Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences, UNSW

Abstract

The DUGM project aimed to provide comparative qualitative data on drug use from two geographically and culturally distinct yet connected gay communities from mid 1997 to late 1998. DUGM grew out of a smaller study, the Gay Men and Drug Use (GMADU) project, and sought to explore patterns of use first identified in the Sydney Men and Sexual Health (SMASH) study.

Published
1999

39. Infection control in the context of hepatitis C disclosure: implications for education of healthcare professionals.

Author

Treloar C and Hopwood M

Subjects
Adult, Aged, Female, Guidelines as Topic, Hepatitis C prevention & control, Humans, Interviews as Topic, Male, Middle Aged, Prejudice, Disclosure, Health Personnel education, Hepatitis C transmission, Infection Control methods, Infectious Disease Transmission, Patient-to-Professional prevention & control
Abstract

Introduction: Previous investigation has shown that the health sector is a main source of discrimination against people with hepatitis C. This paper examines the perceptions and experiences of people with hepatitis C of their interactions with healthcare workers, particularly examining the implementation of infection control precautions. We contend that rather than applying infection control precautions universally, health care workers make judgements about individual patients and the likelihood that they are infected with hepatitis C. Thus, infection control practices can be used as a tool to discriminate against people with hepatitis C. Social identity theory is used to illustrate these insights and to propose recommendations for education of health care workers., Method: Semi-structured interviews with 19 people who had hepatitis C were conducted. The analysis examines issues of diagnosis, discrimination and disclosure in relation to healthcare workers' use of infection control procedures during clinical interactions., Results: Participants described non-compliance with infection control guidelines by healthcare workers in a range of settings. In some instances, participants expressed disapproval of non-compliance, at other times participants felt vulnerable and discriminated against. Participants felt obliged to disclose their infections, but some decided against future disclosure because of negative reactions from healthcare workers. Infection control procedures were used as a tool to discriminate against some participants., Discussion: Non-compliance with infection control guidelines persists among healthcare workers and can be identified by patients. A minority of workers use infection control as a discriminatory tool against those with hepatitis C. Further intervention is required to ensure infection control guidelines are enacted in the manner intended.

Published
2004
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