46 results on '"Honkakoski, Paavo"'
Search Results
2. A novel differentiated HuH-7 cell model to examine bile acid metabolism, transport and cholestatic hepatotoxicity
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Saran, Chitra, Fu, Dong, Ho, Henry, Klein, Abigail, Fallon, John K., Honkakoski, Paavo, and Brouwer, Kim L. R.
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- 2022
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3. Alterations in zonal distribution and plasma membrane localization of hepatocyte bile acid transporters in patients with NAFLD
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Murphy, William A., primary, Diehl, Anna Mae, additional, Loop, Matthew Shane, additional, Fu, Dong, additional, Guy, Cynthia D., additional, Abdelmalek, Manal F., additional, Karachaliou, Georgia Sofia, additional, Sjöstedt, Noora, additional, Neuhoff, Sibylle, additional, Honkakoski, Paavo, additional, and Brouwer, Kim L. R., additional
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- 2024
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4. Functional impact of cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) missense variants in cattle
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Giantin, Mery, Rahnasto-Rilla, Minna, Tolosi, Roberta, Lucatello, Lorena, Pauletto, Marianna, Guerra, Giorgia, Pezzato, Francesca, Lopparelli, Rosa M., Merlanti, Roberta, Carnier, Paolo, Capolongo, Francesca, Honkakoski, Paavo, and Dacasto, Mauro
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- 2019
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5. Effect of mTOR inhibitors on sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP) function in vitro
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Saran, Chitra, primary, Ho, Henry, additional, Honkakoski, Paavo, additional, and Brouwer, Kim L. R., additional
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- 2023
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6. A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis of nine cytochrome P450 probe drugs and their corresponding metabolites in human serum and urine
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Puris, Elena, Pasanen, Markku, Gynther, Mikko, Häkkinen, Merja R., Pihlajamäki, Jussi, Keränen, Tapani, Honkakoski, Paavo, Raunio, Hannu, and Petsalo, Aleksanteri
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- 2017
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7. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in pigmentation‐related dopachrome tautomerase and melanocortin‐1 receptor genes are associated with wet age‐related macular degeneration in a Finnish cohort
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Koskela, Ali, primary, Reinisalo, Mika, additional, Helisalmi, Seppo, additional, Liukkonen, Mikko, additional, Kaarniranta, Kai, additional, Urtti, Arto, additional, and Honkakoski, Paavo, additional
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- 2022
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8. Activity and Expression of Carboxylesterases and Arylacetamide Deacetylase in Human Ocular Tissues
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Hammid, Anam, primary, Fallon, John K., additional, Lassila, Toni, additional, Vieiro, Paula, additional, Balla, Anusha, additional, Gonzalez, Francisco, additional, Urtti, Arto, additional, Smith, Philip C., additional, Tolonen, Ari, additional, and Honkakoski, Paavo, additional
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- 2022
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9. Novel Bile Acid-Dependent Mechanisms of Hepatotoxicity Associated with Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors
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Saran, Chitra, Sundqvist, Louise, Ho, Henry, Niskanen, Jonna, Honkakoski, Paavo, Brouwer, Kim L. R., Saran, Chitra, Sundqvist, Louise, Ho, Henry, Niskanen, Jonna, Honkakoski, Paavo, and Brouwer, Kim L. R.
- Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is the leading cause of acute liver failure and a major concern in drug development. Altered bile acid homeostasis via inhibition of the bile salt export pump (BSEP) is one mechanism of DILI. Dasatinib, pazopanib, and sorafenib are tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) that competitively inhibit BSEP and increase serum biomarkers for hepatotoxicity in similar to 25-50% of patients. However, the mechanism(s) of hepatotoxicity beyond competitive inhibition of BSEP are poorly understood. This study examined mechanisms of TKI-mediated hepatotoxicity associated with altered bile acid homeostasis. Dasatinib, pazopanib, and sorafenib showed bile acid-dependent toxicity at clinically relevant concentrations, based on the C-DILI assay using sandwich-cultured human hepatocytes (SCHH). Among several bile acid-relevant genes, cytochrome P450 (CYP) 7A1 mRNA was specifically upregulated by 6.2- to 7.8-fold (dasatinib) and 5.7-to 9.3-fold (pazopanib), compared with control, within 8 hours. This was consistent with increased total bile acid concentrations in culture medium up to 2.3-fold, and in SCHH up to 1.4-fold, compared with control, within 24 hours. Additionally, protein abundance of sodium tauro cholate co-transporting polypeptide (NTCP) was increased up to 2.0-fold by these three TKIs. The increase in NTCP protein abundance correlated with increased function; dasatinib and pazopanib increased hepatocyte uptake clearance (CLuptake) of taurocholic acid, a probe bile acid substrate, up to 1.4-fold. In conclusion, upregulation of CYP7A1 and NTCP in SCHH constitute novel mechanisms of TKI-associated hepatotoxicity. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Understanding the mechanisms of hepatotoxicity associated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) is fundamental to development of effective and safe intervention therapies for various cancers. Data generated in sandwich-cultured human hepatocytes, an in vitro model of drug-induced hepatotoxicity, revealed that TKIs u
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- 2022
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10. Towards personalized medicine with a three-dimensional micro-scale perfusion-based two-chamber tissue model system
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Ma, Liang, Barker, Jeremy, Zhou, Changchun, Li, Wei, Zhang, Jing, Lin, Biaoyang, Foltz, Gregory, Küblbeck, Jenni, and Honkakoski, Paavo
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- 2012
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11. Searching for Constitutive Androstane Receptor Modulators
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Honkakoski, Paavo, primary
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- 2022
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12. Novel Bile Acid-Dependent Mechanisms of Hepatotoxicity Associated with Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors
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Saran, Chitra, primary, Sundqvist, Louise, additional, Ho, Henry, additional, Niskanen, Jonna, additional, Honkakoski, Paavo, additional, and Brouwer, Kim L. R., additional
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- 2021
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13. Identification of Key Amino Acids that Impact Organic Solute Transporter Alpha/Beta (OSTα/β)
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Murphy, William Alan, primary, Beaudoin, James John, additional, Laitinen, Tuomo, additional, Sjöstedt, Noora, additional, Malinen, Melina M, additional, Ho, Henry, additional, Swaan, Peter W., additional, Honkakoski, Paavo, additional, and Brouwer, Kim LR, additional
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- 2021
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14. Alginate-based microencapsulation of retinal pigment epithelial cell line for cell therapy
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Wikström, Jonna, Elomaa, Matti, Syväjärvi, Heli, Kuokkanen, Johanna, Yliperttula, Marjo, Honkakoski, Paavo, and Urtti, Arto
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- 2008
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15. Comparison of homology models and X-ray structures of the nuclear receptor CAR: Assessing the structural basis of constitutive activity
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Windshügel, Björn, Jyrkkärinne, Johanna, Vanamo, Jenni, Poso, Antti, Honkakoski, Paavo, and Sippl, Wolfgang
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- 2007
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16. Molecular dynamics simulations of the human CAR ligand-binding domain: deciphering the molecular basis for constitutive activity
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Windshügel, Björn, Jyrkkärinne, Johanna, Poso, Antti, Honkakoski, Paavo, and Sippl, Wolfgang
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- 2005
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17. Metabolism-Disrupting Chemicals and the Constitutive Androstane Receptor CAR
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Küblbeck, Jenni, primary, Niskanen, Jonna, additional, and Honkakoski, Paavo, additional
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- 2020
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18. The EDCMET Project: Metabolic Effects of Endocrine Disruptors
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Küblbeck, Jenni, primary, Vuorio, Taina, additional, Niskanen, Jonna, additional, Fortino, Vittorio, additional, Braeuning, Albert, additional, Abass, Khaled, additional, Rautio, Arja, additional, Hakkola, Jukka, additional, Honkakoski, Paavo, additional, and Levonen, Anna-Liisa, additional
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- 2020
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19. Amino Acids Important for Ligand Specificity of the Human Constitutive Androstane Receptor
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Jyrkkärinne, Johanna, Windshügel, Björn, Mäkinen, Janne, Ylisirniö, Markku, Peräkylä, Mikael, Poso, Antti, Sippl, Wolfgang, and Honkakoski, Paavo
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- 2005
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20. The Basis for Strain-Dependent Rat Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 1A7 (ALDH1A7) Gene Expression
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Touloupi, Katerina, primary, Küblbeck, Jenni, additional, Magklara, Angeliki, additional, Molnár, Ferdinand, additional, Reinisalo, Mika, additional, Konstandi, Maria, additional, Honkakoski, Paavo, additional, and Pappas, Periklis, additional
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- 2019
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21. Optimization of Canalicular ABC Transporter Function in HuH-7 Cells by Modification of Culture Conditions
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Kang, Hee Eun, primary, Malinen, Melina M., additional, Saran, Chitra, additional, Honkakoski, Paavo, additional, and Brouwer, Kim L.R., additional
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- 2019
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22. DNA elements for constitutive androstane receptor- and pregnane X receptor-mediated regulation of bovine CYP3A28 gene
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Giantin, Mery, primary, Küblbeck, Jenni, additional, Zancanella, Vanessa, additional, Prantner, Viktoria, additional, Sansonetti, Fabiana, additional, Schoeniger, Axel, additional, Tolosi, Roberta, additional, Guerra, Giorgia, additional, Da Ros, Silvia, additional, Dacasto, Mauro, additional, and Honkakoski, Paavo, additional
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- 2019
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23. Extracellular Glycosaminoglycans Modify Cellular Trafficking of Lipoplexes and Polyplexes
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Ruponen, Marika, Rönkkö, Seppo, Honkakoski, Paavo, Pelkonen, Jukka, Tammi, Markku, and Urtti, Arto
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- 2001
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24. Additional file: Figure S1. of DHCR24 exerts neuroprotection upon inflammation-induced neuronal death
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Martiskainen, Henna, Paldanius, Kaisa, Natunen, Teemu, Takalo, Mari, Marttinen, Mikael, Leskelä, Stina, Huber, Nadine, Mäkinen, Petra, Bertling, Enni, Hiramani Dhungana, Huuskonen, Mikko, Honkakoski, Paavo, Pirta Hotulainen, Rilla, Kirsi, Koistinaho, Jari, Soininen, Hilkka, Malm, Tarja, Annakaisa Haapasalo, and Hiltunen, Mikko
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nervous system - Abstract
Overexpression of DHCR24 does not significantly alter the mRNA levels of TNFα, BDNF, HMOX1, and NQO1 in the whole mouse striatum after middle cerebral artery occlusion. GAPDH-normalized TNFα, BDNF, HMOX1, and NQO1 mRNA levels in the whole mouse striatum determined using qPCR do not indicate changes in the striatum between DHCR24 overexpressing and control lentivirus-transduced mice after tMCAO. Mean ± SEM, n = 6. (PDF 228 kb)
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- 2017
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25. The Repressed Nuclear Receptor CAR Responds to Phenobarbital in Activating the Human CYP2B6 Gene
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Sueyoshi, Tatsuya, Kawamoto, Takeshi, Zelko, Igor, Honkakoski, Paavo, and Negishi, Masahiko
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- 1999
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26. Identification of Key Amino Acids that Impact Organic Solute Transporter α/β(OSTα/β)
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Murphy, William A., Beaudoin, James J., Laitinen, Tuomo, Sjo¨stedt, Noora, Malinen, Melina M., Ho, Henry, Swaan, Peter W., Honkakoski, Paavo, and Brouwer, Kim L.R.
- Abstract
Organic solute transporter α/β (OSTα/β) is a bidirectional bile acid transporter localized on the basolateral membrane of hepatic, intestinal, and renal epithelial cells. OSTα/βplays a critical role in intestinal bile acid reabsorption and is upregulated in hepatic diseases characterized by elevated bile acids, whereas genetic variants in SLC51A/Bhave been associated with clinical cholestasis. OSTα/βalso transports and is inhibited by commonly used medications. However, there is currently no high-resolution structure of OSTα/β, and structure-function data for OSTα, the proposed substrate-binding subunit, are lacking. The present study addressed this knowledge gap and identified amino acids in OSTαthat are important for bile acid transport. This was accomplished using computational modeling and site-directed mutagenesis of the OSTαsubunit to generate OSTα/βmutant cell lines. Out of the 10 OSTα/βmutants investigated, four (S228K, T229S, Q269E, Q269K) exhibited decreased [3H]-taurocholate (TCA) uptake (ratio of geometric means relative to OSTα/βwild type (WT) of 0.76, 0.75, 0.79, and 0.13, respectively). Three OSTα/βmutants (S228K, Q269K, E305A) had reduced [3H]-TCA efflux % (ratio of geometric means relative to OSTα/βWT of 0.86, 0.65, and 0.79, respectively). Additionally, several OSTα/βmutants demonstrated altered expression and cellular localization when compared with OSTα/βWT. In summary, we identified OSTαresidues (Ser228, Thr229, Gln269, Glu305) in predicted transmembrane domains that affect expression of OSTα/βand may influence OSTα/β-mediated bile acid transport. These data advance our understanding of OSTα/βstructure/function and can inform future studies designed to gain further insight into OSTα/βstructure or to identify additional OSTα/βsubstrates and inhibitors.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTOSTα/βis a clinically important transporter involved in enterohepatic bile acid recycling with currently no high-resolution protein structure and limited structure-function data. This study identified four OSTαamino acids (Ser228, Thr229, Gln269, Glu305) that affect expression of OSTα/βand may influence OSTα/β-mediated bile acid transport. These data can be utilized to inform future investigation of OSTα/βstructure and refine molecular modeling approaches to facilitate the identification of substrates and/or inhibitors of OSTα/β.
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- 2021
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27. DHCR24 exerts neuroprotection upon inflammation-induced neuronal death
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Martiskainen, Henna, primary, Paldanius, Kaisa M. A., additional, Natunen, Teemu, additional, Takalo, Mari, additional, Marttinen, Mikael, additional, Leskelä, Stina, additional, Huber, Nadine, additional, Mäkinen, Petra, additional, Bertling, Enni, additional, Dhungana, Hiramani, additional, Huuskonen, Mikko, additional, Honkakoski, Paavo, additional, Hotulainen, Pirta, additional, Rilla, Kirsi, additional, Koistinaho, Jari, additional, Soininen, Hilkka, additional, Malm, Tarja, additional, Haapasalo, Annakaisa, additional, and Hiltunen, Mikko, additional
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- 2017
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28. A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis of nine cytochrome P450 probe drugs and their corresponding metabolites in human serum and urine
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Puris, Elena, primary, Pasanen, Markku, additional, Gynther, Mikko, additional, Häkkinen, Merja R., additional, Pihlajamäki, Jussi, additional, Keränen, Tapani, additional, Honkakoski, Paavo, additional, Raunio, Hannu, additional, and Petsalo, Aleksanteri, additional
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- 2016
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29. Fisetin and luteolin protect human retinal pigment epithelial cells from oxidative stress-induced cell death and regulate inflammation
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Hytti, Maria, primary, Piippo, Niina, additional, Korhonen, Eveliina, additional, Honkakoski, Paavo, additional, Kaarniranta, Kai, additional, and Kauppinen, Anu, additional
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- 2015
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30. Rifampin Regulation of Drug Transporters Gene Expression and the Association of MicroRNAs in Human Hepatocytes.
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Benson, Eric A., Eadon, Michael T., Desta, Zeruesenay, Yunlong Liu, Hai Lin, Burgess, Kimberly S., Segar, Matthew W., Gaedigk, Andrea, Skaar, Todd C., and Honkakoski, Paavo
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RIFAMPIN ,GENE expression ,MICRORNA genetics - Abstract
Membrane drug transporters contribute to the disposition of many drugs. In human liver, drug transport is controlled by two main superfamilies of transporters, the solute carrier transporters (SLC) and the ATP Binding Cassette transporters (ABC). Altered expression of these transporters due to drug-drug interactions can contribute to differences in drug exposure and possibly effect. In this study, we determined the effect of rifampin on gene expression of hundreds of membrane transporters along with all clinically relevant drug transporters. Methods: In this study, primary human hepatocytes (n = 7 donors) were cultured and treated for 24 h with rifampin and vehicle control. RNA was isolated from the hepatocytes, mRNA expression was measured by RNA-seq, and miRNA expression was analyzed by Taqman OpenArray. The effect of rifampin on the expression of selected transporters was also tested in kidney cell lines. The impact of rifampin on the expression of 410 transporter genes from 19 different transporter gene families was compared with vehicle control. Results: Expression patterns of 12 clinically relevant drug transporter genes were changed by rifampin (FDR < 0.05). For example, the expressions of ABCC2, ABCB1, and ABCC3 were increased 1.9-, 1.7-, and 1.2-fold, respectively. The effects of rifampin on four uptake drug transporters (SLCO1B3, SLC47A1, SLC29A1, SLC22A9) were negatively correlated with the rifampin effects on specific microRNA expression (SLCO1 B3/miR-92a, SLC47A1/miR-95, SLC29A1/miR-30d#, and SLC22A9/miR-20; r < -0.79; p < 0.05). Seven hepatic drug transporter genes (SLC22A1, SLC22A5, SLC15A1, SLC29A1, SLCO4C1, ABCC2, and ABCC4), whose expression was altered by rifampin in hepatocytes, were also present in a renal proximal tubular cell line, but in renal cells rifampin did not alter their gene expression. PXR expression was very low in the kidney cells; this may explain why rifampin induces gene expression in a tissue-specific manner. Conclusion: Rifampin alters the expression of many of the clinically relevant hepatic drug transporters, which may provide a rational basis for understanding rifampin-induced drug-drug interactions reported in vivo. The relevance of its effect on many other transporters remains to be studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2016
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31. In vivo and mechanistic evidence of nuclear receptor CAR induction by artemisinin
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Simonsson, Ulrika S.H., Lindell, Monica, Raffalli-Mathieu, Francoise, Lannerbro, Angela, Honkakoski, Paavo, Lang, Matti A., Simonsson, Ulrika S.H., Lindell, Monica, Raffalli-Mathieu, Francoise, Lannerbro, Angela, Honkakoski, Paavo, and Lang, Matti A.
- Abstract
Backround Artemisinin (a sesquiterpene lactone endoperoxide) has become important in multi-drug treatment of malaria. There is evidence that artemisinin induces drug metabolism which could result in drug-drug interactions. The objective of this study was to characterize the inductive properties of artemisinin on drug-metabolizing cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes. Materials and methods The possibility of artemisinin to induce CYP450 was studied in artemisinin-treated (orally for four days) and vehicle-treated rats using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The effect on enzymatic activities in mouse microsomes from multiple artemisinin administration (intraperitonally) to mice were also studied as well as the effect on the expression in mouse primary hepatocytes and HEK293 cells. Results Increased CYP2B1 mRNA levels in rats could be seen after artemisinin treatment as well as a weak but reproducible increase in the intensity of CYP1A2. Administration of artemisinin to mice up-regulated hepatic CYP2B10-dependent, and to a lesser extent, CYP2A5-dependent enzyme activities. In primary hepatocyte culture, artemisinin significantly increased the CYP2B10 mRNA levels whereas the CYP2A5 mRNA levels were increased to a lesser extent. No significant changes were seen in the levels of other CYP enzymes. Artemisinin was an activator of constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) but not pregnane X receptor (PXR) in HEK293 cells. Conclusions The results demonstrate that the drug exerts its effects on drug metabolism via the CAR receptor that results in up-regulation of genes such as the Cyp2b. The weaker up-regulation of CYP2A5 might also be CAR-dependent or alternatively, a consequence of artemisinin toxicity. The results of this study are of importance when predicting potential drug-drug interactions in multi-drug therapies with artemisinin.
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- 2006
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32. Molecular dynamics simulations of the human CAR ligand-binding domain: deciphering the molecular basis for constitutive activity
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Windshügel, Björn, primary, Jyrkkärinne, Johanna, additional, Poso, Antti, additional, Honkakoski, Paavo, additional, and Sippl, Wolfgang, additional
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- 2004
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33. Dual action of oestrogens on the mouse constitutive androstane receptor
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MÄKINEN, Janne, primary, REINISALO, Mika, additional, NIEMI, Kaisa, additional, VIITALA, Pirkko, additional, JYRKKÄRINNE, Johanna, additional, CHUNG, Hinfan, additional, PELKONEN, Olavi, additional, and HONKAKOSKI, Paavo, additional
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- 2003
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34. Regulation of cytochrome P450 (CYP) genes by nuclear receptors
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HONKAKOSKI, Paavo, primary and NEGISHI, Masahiko, additional
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- 2000
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35. Evaluation of drug interaction potential of Labisia pumila (Kacip Fatimah) and its constituents.
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Manda, Vamshi K., Dale, Olivia R., Awortwe, Charles, Ali, Zulfiqar, Khan, Ikhlas A., Walker, Larry A., Khan, Shabana I., and Honkakoski, Paavo
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DRUG interactions ,POSTMENOPAUSE ,PREGNANE X receptor ,CHILDBIRTH ,DRUG metabolism - Abstract
Labisia pumila (Kacip Fatimah) is a popular herb in Malaysia that has been traditionally used in a number of women's health applications such as to improve libido, relieve postmenopausal symptoms, and to facilitate or hasten delivery in childbirth. In addition, the constituents of this plant have been reported to possess anticancer, antioxidant, and antiinflammatory properties. Clinical studies have indicated that cytochrome P450s (CYPs), P-glycoprotein (P-gp), and Pregnane X receptor (PXR) are the three main modulators of drug-drug interactions which alter the absorption, distribution, and metabolism of drugs. Given the widespread use of Kacip Fatimah in dietary supplements, the current study focuses on determining the potential of its constituents to affect the activities of CYPs, Pgp, or PXR using in vitro assays which may provide useful information toward the risk of herb-drug interaction with concomitantly used drugs. Six compounds isolated from the roots of L. pumila (2 saponins and 4 alkyl phenols) were tested, in addition to the methanolic extract. The extract of L. pumila showed a significant time dependent inhibition (TDI) of CYP3A4, reversible inhibition of CYP2C9 and 2C19 and a weak inhibition of 1A2 and 2D6 as well as an inhibition of P-gp and rifampicin-induced PXR activation. The alkyl phenols inhibited CYP3A4 (TDI), CYP2C9, and 2C19 (reversible) while saponins inhibited P-gp and PXR. In conclusion, L. pumila and its constituents showed significant modulation of all three regulatory proteins (CYPs, P-gp, and PXR) suggesting a potential to alter the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of conventional drugs if used concomitantly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2014
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36. The Nuclear Orphan Receptor CAR-Retinoid X Receptor Heterodimer Activates the Phenobarbital-Responsive Enhancer Module of the CYP2B Gene
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Honkakoski, Paavo, primary, Zelko, Igor, additional, Sueyoshi, Tatsuya, additional, and Negishi, Masahiko, additional
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- 1998
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37. Protein serine/threonine phosphatase inhibitors suppress phenobarbital-induced Cyp2b10 gene transcription in mouse primary hepatocytes
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HONKAKOSKI, Paavo, primary and NEGISHI, Masahiko, additional
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- 1998
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38. Characterization of a Phenobarbital-responsive Enhancer Module in Mouse P450 Cyp2b10 Gene
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Honkakoski, Paavo, primary and Negishi, Masahiko, additional
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- 1997
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39. Characterization of Phenobarbital-inducible Mouse Cyp2b10 Gene Transcription in Primary Hepatocytes
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Honkakoski, Paavo, primary, Moore, Rick, additional, Gynther, Jukka, additional, and Negishi, Masahiko, additional
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- 1996
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40. Characterization of Phenobarbital-inducible Mouse Cyp2b10Gene Transcription in Primary Hepatocytes (∗)
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Honkakoski, Paavo, Moore, Rick, Gynther, Jukka, and Negishi, Masahiko
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The mouse phenobarbital (PB)-inducible Cyp2b10gene promoter has been isolated and sequenced, and control of its expression has been characterized. The 1405-base pair (bp) Cyp2b10promoter sequence is 83% identical to the corresponding region from the rat CYP2B2 gene. In addition to the lack of CA repeats, differences include insertion of 42 base pairs (−123/-82 bp) into the middle of a consensus sequence to the so-called “Barbie box.” In this report, we have developed a primary mouse hepatocyte culture system in which endogenous 2B10 mRNA as well as Cyp2b10-driven CAT activity were induced by PB and 1,4-bis[2-(3,5-dichloropyridyloxy)]benzene (TCPOBOP), but not by the 3-chloro derivative of TCPOBOP. Deletion analysis of the Cyp2b10promoter identified a basal transcription element at −64/-34 bp and a negative element at −971/-775 bp. Sequences contained within the −1404/-971 bp region are responsible for the induced CAT activity. DNase I protection and gel shift assays detected five major protein binding sites within the −1404/-971 bp fragment, one of which shared high sequence identity with a portion of a regulatory element in CYP2B2 gene (Trottier, E., Belzil, A., Stoltz, C., and Anderson, A.(1995) Gene158, 263-268). Our results indicate that sequences important for PB-induced transcription of Cyp2b10gene are located in the distal promoter.
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- 1996
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41. Characterization and tissue localization of ocular carboxylesterases in multiple species.
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Hammid, Anam, Vellonen, Kati‐Sisko, Ruponen, Marika, Urtti, Arto, and Honkakoski, Paavo
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CARBOXYLESTERASES ,DRUG metabolism ,AQUEOUS humor ,RHODOPSIN ,METHYL formate ,TISSUES - Abstract
Introduction: Ocular ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism & elimination) is gaining interest due to rapidly growing incidence of eye diseases and the need of new therapeutic applications. The information regarding drug‐metabolising enzymes (DME) in different ocular tissues is scattered. In addition, animal models may not be predictive of the human situation due to species differences. Aim: of the study We sought to obtain quantitative and functional data of ocular carboxylesterases in multiple species to help comparisons between preclinical animal models and humans. Methods: Esterase activity assays were optimized using established human‐specific substrates.Quantitative proteomics was done using specific marker peptides to quantify the selected esterases in ocular tissues of different species (porcine, rabbit and human).Finally, the functional and quantification data was compared between tissues and species. Main findings The rabbit ocular tissues had about 3‐fold higher hydrolysis rates for the generic esterase substrate, p‐nitrophenyl acetate, than the pig tissues. Carboxylesterase 1‐mediated activity (D‐luciferin methyl ester as substrate) in pig ocular tissues were low as compared to rabbit. Moreover, carboxylesterase 2‐mediated activities (fluorescein diacetate as substrate) varied over a 5‐ to 20‐fold range among seven ocular tissues (conjunctiva, cornea, aqueous humor, vitreous, retina, RPE and choroid) in the pig and rabbit, respectively. On average, corneal and choroidal tissues showed high expression and functional activity of carboxylesterase isoforms while retinal pigment epithelium and aqueous humor showed the least activity. More detailed enzymatic and proteomic data will be presented at the poster. Conclusion: This study provides new insight in ocular esterase expression and esterase‐mediated drug metabolism in multiple species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2019
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42. A study on genetic mutations involving mitochondrial disorders : diagnostic approach and application of human iPSCs to understand disease pathogenesis
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Polinati, Padmini, University of Helsinki, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, RESEARCH PROGRAM OF MOLECULAR NEUROLOGY, HELSINKI UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL, Helsingin yliopisto, lääketieteellinen tiedekunta, kliininen laitos, Helsingfors universitet, medicinska fakulteten, institutionen för klinisk medicin, Honkakoski, Paavo, Tyni, Tiina, and Skottman, Heli
- Subjects
clinical Molecular Medicine - Abstract
Mitochondrial diseases are generally caused by genetic variants that may affect cell function during the process of energy generation: right from the start of protein translocation to the fatty acid degradation by beta-oxidation (β-oxidation). The main objective of this PhD thesis is to study genetic variants that cause mitochondrial diseases and also to understand the disease pathogenesis of a known disease using the induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) method, a revolutionary approach in regenerative medicine. In the first study, we carried out a long-term follow up of six metabolic diseased patients and subsequently we performed a carrier frequency study of the identified carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1A (CPT1A) gene variant in the Finnish population. We identified a novel homozygous variant c.1364A>C (p.Lys455Thr) in exon 12 of the CPT1A gene. No carriers of the variant c.1364A>C were detected upon minisequencing of 150 control samples but the allele frequency of CPT1A variant in global population is 0.0002142 (ExAC Browser) whereas in the Finnish population (6614 allele number) the frequency is 0.001966. The identified variant was predicted to cause improper folding of the CPT1A protein, which leads to its degradation. All patients were treated with a high-carbohydrate and a low fat diet. In the second study, we focused on the human DnaJ (Hsp40 homolog) subfamily C, member 19 (DNAJC19) deficiency. Our studies showed that it causes early onset dilated cardiomyopathy syndrome (DCMA). This is the first report of a genetic defect in the mitochondrial protein, DNAJC19, outside of the Canadian Dariusleut Hutterite population. This defect is characterized by an unusual aetiology for an early onset recessively inherited dilated cardiomyopathy that is associated with ataxia and male genital anomalies. Sequencing of the human DNAJC19 gene revealed a homozygous single nucleotide (A) deletion in exon 6 that cause a frameshift and lead to the premature termination of the protein. In the third study, the pathogenesis of retinopathy in long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (LCHADD) was studied using iPSC technology. Retinopathy is an unusual manifestation of LCHADD, as mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation (FAβO) has not been considered to play a major role in the metabolism of the retina. Among all defects of mitochondrial FAβO, only long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (LCHAD) and mitochondrial trifunctional protein (TFP) deficiencies have developed pigmentary retinopathy and peripheral neuropathy. We elucidated how a genetic variant in the FAβO cycle can disrupt the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) that can eventually lead to blindness. In addition, we developed a new in vitro cell model; iPSC clones were generated from LCHADD patient fibroblasts and further differentiated into RPE cells. Several changes were observed in patient RPE cells such as decreased cell size, lower pigmentation and irregular pattern of morphology. Electron microscopy analysis showed an accumulation of a few melanosomes, more melanolysosomes, and large sized lipid droplets in patient RPE cells. Furthermore, increased levels of triglycerides in patient RPE cells were observed upon mass spectrometric analysis. We concluded that all these changes had contributed to the disruption of the RPE layer that leads to blindness in LCHAD deficiency patients. Finally, the research done for this thesis succeeded in identifying novel variants in CPT1A and DNAJC19 genes in Finnish patients. Our long-term follow up studies on CPT1A deficiency can help patients in better diagnosis, which further helps clinicians to identify the genetic cause. We also found a novel phenotype with DNAJC19 deficiency. Further we established the groundwork to understand the pathogenesis of retinopathy in LCHADD patients using an advanced method that helps to study in depth pathogenesis mechanism. Monien ihmisten päivittäiseen ruokavalioon kuuluu rasvaa sisältäviä elintarvikkeita, kuten juustoa, maitoa, voita ja öljyä. Rasva imeytyy verenkiertoon ja kulkeutuu eri ruumiinosiin ja kudoksiin tuottamaan energiaa. Kun kaloreiden tarve on täytetty, ylimääräinen rasva varastoituu triglyserideiksi rasvakudokseen. Glukoosi on tärkein energianlähde, mutta kun glukoositasot ovat alhaiset (esimerkiksi paaston tai sairauden aikana), varastoidut rasvat muuntuvat energiaksi rasvahappojen beetaoksidaatioksi kutsutussa prosessissa, joka tapahtuu mitokondrioina tunnetuissa soluelimissä. Mitokondriot ovat solujen voimaloita, jotka muuntavat energian adenosiinitrifosfaatiksi (ATP) kutsutuksi polttoaineeksi. Geenit puolestaan ovat sukupolvelta toiselle periytyvää DNA-ainesta, joka välittyy lapsille vanhempien kautta. Jos geenin muodostuessa tapahtuu mutaatio, mekanismi häiriintyy ja aiheuttaa sairauden. Tämä opinnäyte tutkii kolmea suomalaisväestössä esiintyvää geenivirhettä, jotka liittyvät rasvahappojen beetaoksidaatioon. Ne vaikuttavat pitkäketjuisten rasvahappojen hajottamiseen ja proteiinien kuljettamiseen mitokondrioihin. Kaksi ensimmäistä geenivirhettä ovat karnitiinipalmityylitransferaasi 1 A (CPT1A) ja DNAJC19. Nämä geenivirheet todetaan yleensä vastasyntyneillä ja taaperoikäisillä lapsilla (toiseen ikävuoteen mennessä), ja niihin liittyviä oireita ovat esimerkiksi alhainen verenpaine, oksentelu ja kohtaukset. Biokemiallisten veri- ja virtsakokeiden jälkeen potilailta otettiin veri- ja ihonäytteitä (lupa saatu) DNA:n eristämistä ja geenivirheiden toteamista varten. Suomalaisväestössä havaittu mutaatio on c. 1364A>C (p.Lys455Thr) CPT1A-geenin eksonissa 12. Diagnoosin jälkeen geeniä kantavat potilaat noudattivat vähärasvaista ruokavaliota, joka paransi heidän metabolisia arvojaan. DNAJC19 on ensimmäinen raportoitu mitokondrion proteiinien geenivirhe kanadalaisen Dariusleut-hutteriittiväestön ulkopuolella. Se aiheuttaa varhain puhkeavan dilatoivan kardiomyopatian ja ataksian. Yhden nukleotidin puute (A) johtaa proteiinin terminaatioon. Kolmas tutkittu geeni liittyy pitkäketjuisten rasvahappojen asyyli-CoA-dehydrogenaasi (LCHAD) -entsyymiin, joka osallistuu rasvahappojen beetaoksidaatioon auttamalla pitkäketjuisten rasvahappojen hajottamista. LCHAD:n puutos aiheuttaa sokeuteen johtavaa retinopatiaa. LCHAD-potilaiden retinopatian tutkimiseen käytettiin kantasolutekniikkaa, jolla tuotettiin ihmisen indusoituja pluripotentteja kantasoluja (hiPSC) potilaiden ihosoluista käyttämällä neljää merkittävää transkriptiotekijää. Kyseiset hiPSC:t erilaistetaan edelleen verkkokalvon pigmenttiepiteeleiksi (RPE), jotka ovat tärkeitä näkökyvylle. Morfologiset aineistot, elektronimikroskopia ja massaspektrometria paljastivat lipidikertymiä potilaiden RPE-soluissa. Tämä viittaa siihen, että lipidikertymät saattavat vaikuttaa LCHAD-puutosta sairastavien potilaiden retinopatiaan.
- Published
- 2015
43. Cellular and computational methods in corneal drug permeability, active transport and cytotoxicity studies
- Author
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Vellonen, Kati-Sisko, University of Helsinki, Faculty of Pharmacy, Division of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, Centre for Drug Research, Helsingin yliopisto, farmasian tiedekunta, Helsingfors universitet, farmaceutiska fakulteten, Uusitalo, Hannu, Urtti, Arto, Honkakoski, Paavo, and Häkli, Marika
- Subjects
biofarmasia - Abstract
Drug discovery and development from its very onset up to market approval is a long process lasting 10-15 years. New research tools are needed to accelerate and rationalize this process. Ocular drug research still relies heavily on animal testing with rabbits and other rodents. Computational methods and cell culture models are promising tools for early pharmacokinetic studies and may partly replace the animals in pharmacokinetic and toxicological studies. Computational methods are initially based on experimental data, but thereafter their application is straightforward and they can be used to reduce, partly replace and refine further experimental studies. Similarly, cell culture models may enable absorption and toxicity testing of drug candidates with continuously growing cells of human origin, and thereby reduce the need for animal experiments. The cornea is the main route of ocular drug absorption after topical administration, and the corneal epithelium is the most important barrier to drug permeation. Membrane transporter proteins play an important role in the general pharmacokinetics and toxicology. However, their role in ocular pharmacokinetics is still poorly understood. Based on literature analysis many ocular drugs seem to be substrates of transporters, but the expression of these proteins in the eye is largely unknown. The goal of this work was to develop and evaluate cellular and computational tools for ocular pharmacokinetics and toxicology, and to characterise the active drug transporters in the corneal epithelium. The expression of monocarboxylate transporters and ATP-binding cassette (ABC) class efflux proteins was studied in the corneal epithelium and human corneal epithelial (HCE) cell model. Human corneal epithelium expressed monocarboxylate transporters 1 and 4 (MCT1 and MCT4), efflux transporters multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 and 5 (MRP1 and MRP5), and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP). Cultured human corneal epithelial cells over-expressed several ABC class efflux proteins and MCT1 and MCT4. The functionality of efflux and monocarboxylate transport was demonstrated in HCE cells and in the rabbit cornea ex vivo. The MTT test is a widely used cytotoxicity test in cell research. It was demonstrated that substrates and inhibitors of ABC class efflux proteins may interfere with the MTT test, presumably by inhibiting dye efflux from the cells. This may lead to an underestimation of toxicity in the MTT test. Quantitative structure property relationship (QSPR) models are commonly used in early drug discovery to predict ADME properties of novel compounds. Multivariate analysis was used to develop QSPR models for in silico prediction of the corneal permeability. Two factors, the distribution coefficient (logD7.4 /logD8.0) and hydrogen binding potential, were shown to be the parameters that determine the transcorneal permeability of a compound. These models were able to predict intracameral steady state drug concentrations in rabbit eyes. In conclusion, the new in silico QSPR model can make reliable predictions for passive drug permeability in the cornea, while the HCE model seems to over-express some membrane transporters as compared to the normal human corneal epithelium. Even if these investigated methods have some restrictions they are still very useful tools for drug discovery purposes. Solu- ja ATK-menetelmät silmälääketutkimuksen työkaluina. Uusia tutkimusmenetelmiä tarvitaan tehostamaan lääkekehitystä, joka kestää noin 10 15 vuotta ennen kuin uusi lääkeaine pääsee potilaskäyttöön. Lääkekehitystyössä käytetään edelleen runsaasti eläinkokeita, joten tarve vaihtoehtoisten eettisesti parempien tutkimusmenetelmien kehittämiseen on suuri. Solut ja ATK-menetelmät ovat käyttökelpoisia lääkekehityksen alkuvaiheessa, kun tarvitaan nopeita menetelmiä uusien lääkeainemolekyylien arvioinnissa. Näiden menetelmien avulla voidaan valita lupaavimmat uudet lääkekandidaatit jatkotutkimuksiin eläimissä ja ihmisissä. Silmätippoja käytetään yleisesti silmätautien hoidossa, mutta vain alle 5 % annoksesta imeytyy silmään. Lääkeaineen imeytymistä rajoittaa erityisesti sarveiskalvon pinnassa oleva tiivis epiteelisolukko. Tässä väitöskirjatyössä kehitettiin laskennallisia malleja ennustamaan lääkeaineiden imeytymistä sarveiskalvon läpi silmään. Kehitetyt laskentamallit kertovat, miten lääkeaineen rakenne vaikuttaa sen imeytymiseen. Kemiallisesta rakenteesta laskemalla voitiin ennustaa lääkeaineen imeytyminen silmään tietokoneen avulla lähes yhtä tarkasti kuin kokeellisten koe-eläintutkimusten avulla. Uutta laskentamenetelmää voidaan käyttää silmälääkkeiden kehityksen apuvälineenä ja osin koe-eläinkokeita korvaavana menetelmänä. Väitöskirjatyössä tutkittiin myös lääkeaineiden imeytymisen mekanismeja sarveiskalvon epiteelissä. Ihmisen silmän pinnan epiteelistä löydettiin lääkekuljetukseen vaikuttavia proteiineja. Silmälääkkeiden imeytymistutkimuksiin aiemmin kehitetyn solukasvatusmallin havaittiin myös ilmentävän näitä proteiineja, mutta enemmän kuin normaali silmä. Lääkeaineen turvallisuuden osoittaminen on edellytys lääkeaineen hyväksymiselle potilaskäyttöön. Lääkeaineiden turvallisuustestauksessa käytetään laajasti MTT-menetelmää ja soluja. Tässä työssä havaittiin, että kemikaaleja soluista ulos pumppaavat proteiinit voivat vääristää MTT-menetelmän tuloksia aliarvioiden testiaineiden soluille aiheuttamaa haittaa. Tämä on tärkeä tieto ja syytä ottaa huomioon tätä testiä käytettäessä.
- Published
- 2010
44. Androgen receptor in transcriptional regulation and carcinogenesis
- Author
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Kang, Zhigang, University of Helsinki, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Helsingin yliopisto, lääketieteellinen tiedekunta, biolääketieteen laitos, Helsingfors universitet, medicinska fakulteten, biomedicinska institutionen, Honkakoski, Paavo, Jänne, Olli, and Palvimo, Jorma
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fysiologia - Abstract
Androgens control a variety of developmental processes that create the male phenotype and are important for maintaining male fertility and normal functions of tissues and organs that are not directly involved in procreation. Androgen receptor (AR) that mediates the biological actions of androgens is a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily of ligand-inducible transcription factors. Although AR was cloned over 15 years ago, the mechanisms by which it regulates gene expression are not well understood. A growing body of in vitro experimental evidence suggests that a complex network of proteins is involved in the androgen-dependent transcriptional regulation. However, the process of AR-dependent transcriptional regulation under physiological conditions is largely elusive. In the present study, a series of experiments were performed, including quantitative chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays, to investigate AR-mediated transcription process using living prostate cancer cells. Our results show that the loading of AR and recruitment of coactivators and RNA polymerase II (Pol II) to both the promoter and enhancer of AR target genes are a transient and cyclic event that in addition to hyperacetylation, also involves dynamic changes in methylation, phosphorylation of core histone H3 in androgen-treated LNCaP cells. The dynamics of testosterone (T)-induced loading of AR onto the proximal promoters of the genes clearly differed from that loaded onto the distal enhancers. Significantly, more holo-AR was loaded onto the enhancers than the promoters, but the principal Pol II transcription complex was assembled on the promoters. By contrast, the pure antiandrogen bicalutamide (CDX) complexed to AR elicited occupancy of the PSA promoter, but was unable to load onto the PSA enhancer and was incapable of recruiting Pol II, coactivators and following changes of covalent histone modifications. The partial antagonist cyproterone acetate (CPA) and mifepristone (RU486) were capable of promoting AR loading onto both the PSA promoter and enhancer at a comparable efficiency with androgen in LNCaP cells expressing mutant AR. However, CPA- and RU486-bound AR not only recruited Pol II and coactivator p300 and GRIP1 onto the promoter and enhancer, but also recruited the corepressor NCoR onto the promoter as efficiently as CDX. In addition, we demonstrate that both proteasome and protein kinases are implicated in AR-mediated transcription. Even though proteasome inhibitor MG132 and protein kinase inhibitor DRB (5, 6-Dichlorobenzimidazole riboside) can block ligand-dependent accumulation of PSA mRNA with same efficiency, their use results in different molecular profiles in terms of the formation of AR-mediated transcriptional complex. Collectively, these results indicate that transcriptional activation by AR is a complicated process, which includes transient loading of holo-AR and recruitment of Pol II and coregulators accompanied by a cascade of distinct covalent histone modifications; This process involves both the promoter and enhancer elements, as well as other general components of the cell machineries e.g. proteasome and protein kinase; The pure antiandrogen CDX and the partial antagonist CPA and RU486 exhibit clearly different profiles in terms of their ability to induce the formation of AR-dependent transcriptional complexes and the histone modifications associated with the target genes in human prostate cancer cells. Finally, by using quantitative RT-PCR to compare the expression of sixteen AR co-regulators in prostate cancer cell lines, xenografts, and clinical prostate cancer specimens we suggest that AR co-regulators protein inhibitor of activated STAT1 (PIAS1) and steroid receptor coactivator 1(SRC1) could be involved in the progression of prostate cancer. Miessukuhormonireseptorin toiminta geenien luennan säätelyssä Miessukuhormonit eli androgeenit, testosteroni ja 5±-dihydotestosteroni, saavat aikaan miehisten sukupuoliominaisuuksien kehittymisen ja ne liittyvät vahvasti sekä normaaliin että pahanlaatuiseen eturauhasen kasvuun. Kaikkien eturauhassyöpien kasvu on aluksi androgeeniriippuvaista ja niiden kasvua voidaan hillitä androgeenivaikutusta salpaamalla käyttämällä androgeenien synteettisiä vastavaikuttajia, antiandrogeeneja. Valitettavasti antiandrogeenien vaikutus yleensä heikkenee ja häviää ajan myötä eikä syytä tähän ilmiöön tunneta. Androgeenireseptori (AR) on solunsisäinen valkuaisaine (proteiini), joka sitoo miessukuhormoneja ja välittää niiden biologiset vaikutukset. AR on geenien luentaa säätelevä transkriptiotekijä, joka tunnistaa ja sitoutuu kohdegeeniensä säätelyalueille perimässä, kun miessukuhormonia on tarjolla. Vaikka AR:n aminohappojärjestys selvitettiin jo yli 15 vuotta sitten, sen vaikutusmekanismien yksityiskohtia, erityisesti antiandrogeenien toimintamekanismeja, ei vielä tunneta kunnolla. Viimeaikaiset tutkimustulokset osoittavat, että jotta androgeenit voivat säädellä kohdekudostensa, kuten eturauhasen, geenien luentaa, tarvitaan AR:n ja miessukuhormonin lisäksi useita muita valkuaisaineita, ns. apureseptoreja, koregulaattoreita. Väitöskirjatutkimuksen tavoitteena oli selvittää tarkemmin AR:n toimintaa eturauhasen gee-nien säätelyssä. Työssä kehitettiin ns. kromatiini-immunosaostus (ChIP) -tekniikka, jonka avulla tutkittiin AR:n ja sen koregulaattoreiden sitoutumista mallikohdegeenin PSA (prostataspesifinen antigeeni) -geenin säätelyalueille. Seerumin PSA:n mittauksilla on tärkeä merkitys eturauhassyövän ennustetekijänä. Mallisysteeminä käytettiin viljeltyjä ihmisen eturauhassyöpäsoluja, joita oli kasvatettu luonnollisten androgeenien tai erilaisten synteettisten antiandrogeenien kanssa. Kun soluja käsiteltiin testosteronilla, AR sitoutui hyvin nopeasti PSA-geenin säätelyalueille ja se toi perässään RNA-polymeraasi II lisäksi joukon aktivoivia koregulaattoreitä, mm. GRIP1- ja p300-proteiineja, muodostaen ns. transkriptiokompleksin. Koregulaattorit muuttivat hyvin nopeasti perimän rakennetta paremmin luettavaan muotoon, mikä näkyi DNA:ta pakkaavien histonien kovalenttien modifikaatioiden, asetylaation, metylaation ja fosforylaation, selvinä muutoksina. Tutkimuksessa havaittiin yllättäen myös, että solutuman proteiinien aktiivinen hajottaminen ns. proteasomikompleksin kautta on välttämätöntä myös androgeenivaikituksen välittymiseksi: AR rekrytoi proteasomin yksiköitä ja proteasomi-inhibiitori MG132 salpasi AR:n transkriptiokompleksin muodostumisen. Kun soluja käsiteltiin eturauhassyövän hoitodossa käytettävällä ei-steroidaalisella antiandrogeenilla, bikalutamidilla, AR sitoutui huonosti PSA-geeniin eikä se pystynyt muodostamaan transkriptiokompleksiaan, joten geeniä ei luettu. Sen sijaan havaittiin geeninluentaa vaimentavien ns. korepressoriproteiinien NCoR:n ja SMRT:n sitoutuminen. Mielenkiintoista oli myös, että toisentyyppinen antiandrogeeni, syproteroniasetaatti, ei estänyt AR-transkriptiokompleksin muodostumista, vaikka NCoR:n ja SMRT:n samanaikainen sitoutuminen oli mitattavissa. Tulokset osoittavat, että AR säätelee geenien luentaa monimutkaisen prosessien kautta, joissa AR:n ja RNA-polymeraasi II:n lisäksi erilaiset koregulaattorit sitoutuvat dynaamisesti, jonka seurauksena on perimän histonien epigeneettisen koodiin ohjelmoimituminen uudelleen. Geenien luennan säätelyn perustutkimuksellisen näkökulman lisäksi työn avaamat uudet tulokset ovat tärkeitä myös uusien eturauhassyövän hoitoon soveltuvien antiandrogeenien lääkekehityksen kannalta.
- Published
- 2006
45. Novel Bile Acid-Dependent Mechanisms of Hepatotoxicity Associated with Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors.
- Author
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Saran C, Sundqvist L, Ho H, Niskanen J, Honkakoski P, and Brouwer KLR
- Subjects
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 11 metabolism, Cells, Cultured, Cholesterol 7-alpha-Hydroxylase genetics, Cholesterol 7-alpha-Hydroxylase metabolism, Dasatinib toxicity, Hepatocytes metabolism, Humans, Indazoles toxicity, Organic Anion Transporters, Sodium-Dependent metabolism, Pyrimidines toxicity, Sorafenib toxicity, Sulfonamides toxicity, Symporters metabolism, Antineoplastic Agents toxicity, Bile Acids and Salts metabolism, Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury metabolism, Hepatocytes drug effects, Protein Kinase Inhibitors toxicity
- Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is the leading cause of acute liver failure and a major concern in drug development. Altered bile acid homeostasis via inhibition of the bile salt export pump (BSEP) is one mechanism of DILI. Dasatinib, pazopanib, and sorafenib are tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) that competitively inhibit BSEP and increase serum biomarkers for hepatotoxicity in ∼25-50% of patients. However, the mechanism(s) of hepatotoxicity beyond competitive inhibition of BSEP are poorly understood. This study examined mechanisms of TKI-mediated hepatotoxicity associated with altered bile acid homeostasis. Dasatinib, pazopanib, and sorafenib showed bile acid-dependent toxicity at clinically relevant concentrations, based on the C-DILI assay using sandwich-cultured human hepatocytes (SCHH). Among several bile acid-relevant genes, cytochrome P450 (CYP) 7A1 mRNA was specifically upregulated by 6.2- to 7.8-fold (dasatinib) and 5.7- to 9.3-fold (pazopanib), compared with control, within 8 hours. This was consistent with increased total bile acid concentrations in culture medium up to 2.3-fold, and in SCHH up to 1.4-fold, compared with control, within 24 hours. Additionally, protein abundance of sodium taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide (NTCP) was increased up to 2.0-fold by these three TKIs. The increase in NTCP protein abundance correlated with increased function; dasatinib and pazopanib increased hepatocyte uptake clearance (CL
uptake ) of taurocholic acid, a probe bile acid substrate, up to 1.4-fold. In conclusion, upregulation of CYP7A1 and NTCP in SCHH constitute novel mechanisms of TKI-associated hepatotoxicity. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Understanding the mechanisms of hepatotoxicity associated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) is fundamental to development of effective and safe intervention therapies for various cancers. Data generated in sandwich-cultured human hepatocytes, an in vitro model of drug-induced hepatotoxicity, revealed that TKIs upregulate bile acid synthesis and alter bile acid uptake and excretion. These findings provide novel insights into additional mechanisms of bile acid-mediated drug-induced liver injury, an adverse effect that limits the use and effectiveness of TKI treatment in some cancer patients., (Copyright © 2022 by The American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics.)- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. Regulation of the human tyrosinase gene in retinal pigment epithelium cells: the significance of transcription factor orthodenticle homeobox 2 and its polymorphic binding site.
- Author
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Reinisalo M, Putula J, Mannermaa E, Urtti A, and Honkakoski P
- Subjects
- Cells, Cultured, Eye Proteins metabolism, Gene Expression, Genes, Reporter, Humans, Luciferases genetics, Melanins genetics, Melanins metabolism, Microphthalmia-Associated Transcription Factor genetics, Microphthalmia-Associated Transcription Factor metabolism, Monophenol Monooxygenase metabolism, Mutagenesis, Otx Transcription Factors chemistry, Otx Transcription Factors metabolism, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Promoter Regions, Genetic, Protein Binding, RNA, Messenger biosynthesis, Retinal Pigment Epithelium cytology, Signal Transduction, Transcriptional Activation, Eye Proteins genetics, Monophenol Monooxygenase genetics, Otx Transcription Factors genetics, Retinal Pigment Epithelium metabolism
- Abstract
Purpose: Tyrosinase is the rate-limiting enzyme responsible for melanin biosynthesis in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) of the eye. Melanin has an important role in retinal development, function, and protection against light-induced oxidative stress, and melanin levels are associated with age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Because the levels of and protection afforded by melanin seem to decline with increasing age, proper regulation of the human tyrosinase gene (TYR) in the RPE is an important but insufficiently understood process. Our purpose was to obtain detailed information on regulation of the TYR gene promoter in the human RPE and to specify the role of orthodenticle homeobox 2 (OTX2) and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF)., Methods: We used luciferase reporter constructs to study regulation of the human TYR gene promoter in cultured human RPE cells. We further studied the role of OTX2 and MITF, their binding sites, and endogenous expression by using mutagenesis, electrophoretic mobility shift assay, yeast two-hybrid assay, RNA interference, and gene expression analyses., Results: In the RPE, OTX2 activated the human TYR gene promoter via direct trans-activation of novel OTX2 binding elements. In addition, we found that indirect activation by OTX2 via more proximal MITF binding sites, even in the absence of OTX2 sites, took place. These results are consistent with the physical interaction observed between OTX2 and MITF. Overexpression or knockdown of OTX2 in RPE cells resulted in corresponding changes in tyrosinase mRNA expression. Finally, we found that a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP rs4547091) at the most proximal OTX2 binding site is associated with altered nuclear protein binding and a remarkable decrease in TYR promoter activity in RPE cells. This single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) is more common in the European population in which AMD is also more prevalent., Conclusions: In the RPE, OTX2 activates the human TYR gene promoter by direct DNA binding and by interaction with MITF. Such synergistic interaction highlights the role of OTX2 as a potential coregulator of numerous MITF target genes in the eye. Genetic differences in OTX2 binding sites affect tyrosinase regulation. Collectively, these findings emphasize the role of OTX2 in regulating the human TYR gene, with implications for inter-individual differences in melanin synthesis, retinal development, and function as well as susceptibility to retinal degeneration associated with aging.
- Published
- 2012
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