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We summarise the discussions at a virtual Community Workshop on Cold Atoms in Space concerning the status of cold atom technologies, the prospective scientific and societal opportunities offered by their deployment in space, and the developments needed before cold atoms could be operated in space. The cold atom technologies discussed include atomic clocks, quantum gravimeters and accelerometers, and atom interferometers. Prospective applications include metrology, geodesy and measurement of terrestrial mass change due to, e.g., climate change, and fundamental science experiments such as tests of the equivalence principle, searches for dark matter, measurements of gravitational waves and tests of quantum mechanics. We review the current status of cold atom technologies and outline the requirements for their space qualification, including the development paths and the corresponding technical milestones, and identifying possible pathfinder missions to pave the way for missions to exploit the full potential of cold atoms in space. Finally, we present a first draft of a possible road-map for achieving these goals, that we propose for discussion by the interested cold atom, Earth Observation, fundamental physics and other prospective scientific user communities, together with the European Space Agency (ESA) and national space and research funding agencies., We thank the CERN Quantum Technology Initiative for their support of the workshop that laid the basis for this paper.

This Coastal and Hydraulics Engineering Technical Note (CHETN) describes the results of a survey conducted among U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) Districts to document: (a) the presence of corrosion, (b) problems with existing corrosion protection systems, and (c) needs within USACE for additional guidance regarding corrosion and corrosion protection

Military piers in marine environments are typically supported atop steel-reinforced concrete piles that are subject to corrosion and concrete deterioration. The failure of even one pile presents a risk of catastrophic structural failure and interruption of operations. Patching deteriorated concrete does not stop corrosion of the reinforcement and may even accelerate it. An impact and corrosion protection wrap (ICPW) system, incorporating a composite structural wrap and cathodic protection system, was designed to rehabilitate deteriorated steel-reinforced concrete marine piles in service at Kawaihae Harbor, HI. The purpose of the technology is to reduce pier life-cycle costs and downtime by inhibiting corrosion-related damage to steel-reinforced concrete piles. The ICPW system consists of a composite reinforced polymeric wrap with an integrated galvanic anode to provide protection in the tidal splash zone. Corrosion activity in 20 rehabilitated piles on two piers was monitored using reference electrodes and data loggers. Results of the demonstration indicate that the system can protect and extend the life of in-service reinforced concrete structural piles in a corrosive marine environment. An economic analysis determined that full implementation of the system on all piles of the two demonstration piers would provide 3.16 return on investment., Prepared in cooperation with Electro Tech CP, LLC, Tequesta, FL.

Army installations contain a high density of mission-critical buildings that require constant protection from accidental or deliberate contamination of water distribution systems. Current simulations of contaminant fate and transport in pipe systems do not accurately portray reality. The simulations assume pure hydraulic transport of contaminants and do not account for sorption of the contaminant on pipe walls. Additionally, subsequent reactions such as hydrolysis are not considered. These omissions reduce predictability of a contaminant s progression and effect in the distribution system. In addition, inadequate understanding of contaminant fate and transport may result in an unacceptable risk to mission readiness. However, performing laboratory tests for every known and emerging chemical or biological contaminant to obtain uptake and reaction parameters is not feasible with regard to time or cost investments. This report documents advances in molecular modeling predictions for the transport of contaminants using: the Nanoscale Molecular Dynamics program, the influence of bacterial biofilms on spore viability within a chlorinated water distribution system, the computational chemistry predictions of the rate of hydrolysis of a specific contaminant, and the inclusion of results into the pre-dictive software, EPANet. This work opens the way for better vulnerability assessments, protection, real-time response, remediation, and planning., The original document contains color images.

Extent And Magnitude Of The Problem: Potable Water Distribution System: 880,000 miles of pipe comprise the nation s drinking water distribution network [AWWA WATER\STATS2002]. A Department of Defense report estimates that corrosion related problems cost the Department of Defense $15 billion dollars/year. Typical Water Distribution Systems: Potential corrosion problems, Threat to Water Potability, Threat to Fire Suppression, Lack of system redundancy, Large area subtended by the system, Treatment chemicals and Control systems (SCADA)., Presented at the NDIA Environment, Energy Security & Sustainability (E2S2) Symposium & Exhibition held 14-17 June 2010 in Denver, CO. Contains briefing charts only.

IMPACT OF CORROSION ON ARMY FACILITIES: Coating degradation on steel structures - roofing, storage tanks, bridges, etc. * Water and fuel distribution systems, storage tanks, and pumping systems * Water intrusion through concrete and masonry structures below grade * Corrosion of underground pipelines, pier structures, airfields and pavements * Corrosion of industrial heating and cooling systems., Presented at the U.S. Army Corrosion Summit, Huntsville, AL, 9-11 Feb 2010. Document consists entirely of briefing charts. The original document contains color images.

Presented at the 2010 U.S. Army Corrosion Summit held in Champaign, IL on February 9-11, 2010. Sponsored in part by the Assistant Chief of Staff for Installation Management, Installation Management Agency, Washington, D. C.

OBJECTIVES: Demonstrate and validate state-of-the-art and emerging innovative technology approaches for remote structural health and corrosion degradation monitoring of steel bridges * Integrate technologies into a novel Bridge Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) System in which all components work cooperatively to greatly reduce risk of catastrophic failure by providing advance warning of growing structural problems caused by corrosion/materials degradation * Employ system on two subject bridges. Subject Bridge 1 - Government Bridge, Rock Island, IL * Steel truss through deck * One of oldest in inventory - opened in 1896 - About 10,300 vehicles per day (lower deck) - About five trains per day (upper deck)., Presented at the U.S. Army Corrosion Summit, Huntsville, AL, 9-11 Feb 2010. Prepared in cooperation with Army Corp of Engineers, and with Chandler Monitoring Systems, Inc. Document consists entirely of briefing charts. The original document contains color images.

This Office of the Secretary of Defense Corrosion Prevention and Control Program project developed a statistical model of atmospheric corrosion of selected metals. This model relates measured corrosion rates at test sites (mainly military bases) worldwide to critical environmental variables. These variables are (1) a measure of atmospheric chlorides, (2) rainfall, and (3) relative humidity values at several levels. The measured corrosion rates obtained at test sites over the period of CY05 - CY07. Additionally this database includes much more data obtained from similar DoD monitoring activities over nearly the last decade. This serves to enhance the statistical relevance of the developed model. The model includes algorithms for several metals that have been routinely used in the monitoring work. These include copper, 6061 T6 aluminum, 7075 T6 aluminum, and a low carbon (1010) steel., DoD Corrosion Prevention and Control Program. Prepared in collaboration with Battelle, Columbus, OH. The original document contains color images.

Overview: * Corrosion of Reinforcing Steel in Concrete * Strategies to Prevent Corrosion * Alkali-resistant Vitreous Enamel Testing and Results * Ongoing Demonstration Work at CCAD * Summary, Presented at the U.S. Army Corrosion Summit held in Clearwater Beach, FL on 3-5 Feb 2009. The original document contains color images.

OBJECTIVES: Demonstrate and validate state-of-the-art and remote structural health and corrosion degradation monitoring of steel bridges * Employ system on two subject bridges to greatly reduce risk of catastrophic failure by providing advance warning of growing structural problems caused by corrosion/materials degradation * Subject Bridge 1 -1-20 Bridge, Vicksburg, MS - Steel truss through deck - About 23,000 vehicles per day - Westward movement of bridge piers E-1 and E02 on east side. Subject Bridge 2 - Government Bridge, Rock Island, IL - Steel truss through deck - Built in 1893 - About 10,300 vehicles per day - About five trains per day., Presented at the U.S. Army Corrosion Summit, held in Clearwater Beach Resort, FL, on 3-5 Feb 2009. Prepared in collaboration with Army Corps of Engineers. Prepared in cooperation with Chandler Monitoring Systems, Inc. Document consists entirely of briefing charts. The original document contains color images.

This is system that consists of: Corrosion Rate Sensors, Water Quality Sensors (HACH Pipe-Sonde), and Water Distribution Monitoring Process Sensors (HACH Guardian Blue). Tying it all together - each of these technologies contributes to improved corrosion control and water quality management for water distribution systems, Presented at the U.S. Army Corrosion Summit held in Clearwater Beach, FL on 3-5 Feb 2009. The original document contains color images.

A briefing on technologies used to mitigate corrosion on the mechanical room piping system and the cooling tower pumps at Fort Bragg, NC., Presented at the U.S. Army Corrosion Summit held in Clearwater Beach, FL on 3-5 Feb 2009. The original document contains color images.

BACKGROUND: Deck corrosion is problematic and costly for vehicular bridges * The Army alone has more than 1,500 bridges on its installations, with the majority having reinforced concrete decks * FHWA Report RD-01-156 states that approximately one quarter of the direct cost of corrosion of bridges is maintenance and capital costs for concrete decks * FHWA studies have also found that indirect costs to the user due to traffic delays, and lost productivity can be up to 10 times higher than the direct costs of repair and maintenance., Presented at the U.S. Army Corrosion Summit, held in Clearwater Beach Resort, FL, on 3-5 Feb 2009. Document consists entirely of briefing charts. The original document contains color images.

Electro-Osmotic Pulse Technology stops water intrusion through concrete. Water can enter a structure via seepage or through joints and cracks. Electrodes are installed in the concrete and the adjacent soil. A small voltage (up to 30 VDC) is applied between the electrodes producing an electric field across the concrete. The electric field promotes cation, anion, and water molecule movement within the concrete; creates counterflow and associated pressure that opposes seepage; pulse technology allows some moisture to be retained within the concrete preventing overdrying., Presented at U.S. Army Corrosion Summit held in Clearwater Beach, FL on 3-5 Feb 2009. The original document contains color images.

The anthrax attacks of September 18, 2001 refocused attention on methods of asymmetric warfare including introduction of contaminants into water distribution systems. To predict the outcome of such an event, previous chemical models of transport in water distribution systems assumed that any contaminant would move through the system via pure hydraulic transport, meaning that the contaminant would not interact with the pipe wall. Such models predict that flushing a system with uncontaminated water would clear away contaminants fairly rapidly. Previous field experience with actual contamination events (O'Brien, 2003) showed that flushing contaminants was quite slow and difficult in practice. For example, in 1980, a chlordane contamination event in Pittsburgh, PA required a flushing program of 8 months duration for 2000 affected customers. For military installations, such a long delay represents an intolerable risk to mission capability (Hock et al., 2005; Ginsberg and Hock, 2004). The research described uses computational chemistry to calculate, ab-initio, time constants associated with sorption, desorption, and hydrolysis using only selective verification by empirical methods. The computational methods used include: molecular dynamics using NAnoscale Molecular Dynamics (NAMD) to describe sorption and desorption, Turbomol and Cosmotherm to obtain correlations to molecular morphology that are less computationally expensive than NAMD, and density functional theory (DFT) combined with the polarizable continuum model (PCM) in Gaussian03 to predict reaction rates of hydrolysis., Prepared in collaboration with Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD; Department of Physics, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL; and Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS. Presented at the Army Science Conference (26th) in Orlando, FL on 1-4 Dec 2008 and published in proceedings of the same. See also ADM002187. The original document contains color images.

Construction materials have, historically, not been capable of protecting users from toxic contaminants. For example, pipe materials sorb waterborne toxic contaminants, including chemical and biological (CB), toxic industrial chemicals (TICs) and toxic industrial materials (TIMs). Some of these are sorbed quite aggressively. When contaminants are sorbed on pipe materials, the water distribution system becomes contaminated and unusable for long periods of time (Ginsberg and Hock, 2004). We describe self-cleaning coatings and how these can be used inside water-distribution pipes. The coatings can be restored periodically by exposure to energy from optical, chemical, or electrical sources. This periodic treatment also restores the coating to its initial physical characteristics., See also ADM002187. Presented at the Army Science Conference (26th) held in Orlando, FL on 1-4 December 2008. Published in the Proceedings of the Army Science Conference, December 2008. The original document contains color images.

Electrophoresis has been widely used to build up complex composites by infiltrating particulate phases into porous ceramics and to facilitate putting uniform mineral coatings on metal for enameling. This technique uses a potential field to move charged particles that are suspended in a fluid phase into a porous medium. Fabrication generally involves a second step that fixes the layer of particles together and bonds them to the surrounding surfaces. When electrophoresis is used to improve portland cement-based concretes or mortars, there is no easy approach to providing a densification or cementation step that will bond the resulting composite phases together. An advanced approach has been developed that uses electro-transport techniques to migrate nano-sized particles suspended in a gel or solution that can react with the matrix to produce a cementing reaction in the pore space of the mortar or concrete to form a new composite. Electrophoretic infiltration and cementation is investigated using two types of mortar and both silicate and carbonate-based cementation. Results indicate both systems can produce useful density changes in mortar., See also ADM002187. Presented at the Army Science Conference (26th) held in Orlando, FL on 1-4 December 2008. The original document contains color images.

Bridges are essential infrastructure. Many Army and DoD bridges in need of repair and replacement due to corrosion/material degradation. Over 11-year period, 503 U.S. bridges failed, 100 of these due to corrosion. Routine inspection may not detect hidden cracks and avoid catastrophic failure. The objectives of these briefing charts are to demonstrate capabilities and validate benefits of remote structural health monitoring and corrosion degradation modeling to greatly reduce the risk of catastrophic bridge failures., Presented at the 2008 U.S. Army Corrosion Summit, 12-14 Feb, Clearwater Beach, FL. The original document contains color images.

Many concrete structures contain internal pre- and post-tensioned steel structural members that are subject to fracturing and corrosion. Corrosion of steel components can lead to loss of tension and consequent severe problems, such as cracking of the concrete or fracturing of the steel. This work addresses the problem of determining tension in embedded pre- and post-tensioned rods. The major problem with existing test techniques is that they use indirect and non-quantitative methods to determine whether there has been a loss of tension. We have developed an acoustic technique and sensor to make quantitative tension measurements in an embedded tensioned steel member. Although initially developed for civil works applications, this new acoustic technique is directly applicable to any concrete structure with steel members in tension, including bridges and heavily reinforced bunkers. Acoustic technology provides a method to measure the tension quickly, accurately, and quantitatively. Researchers at ERDC-CERL developed a theory and measurement technique for determining tensile stress in steel directly from ultrasonic measurements, and a procedure to simulate the ultrasonic environment inside a steel rod. An invention disclosure has been submitted on this acoustic technology., See also ADM002187. Presented at the Army Science Conference (26th) held in Orlando, Florida on 1-4 December 2008. Published in the Proceedings of the Army Science Conference (26th), 2008. The original document contains color images.

The anodes for conventional cathodic protection (CP) systems used inside water storage tanks are often damaged by ice during cold weather. The CP system described in this report uses ceramic-coated wire anodes and a floating support system to keep the anodes submerged beneath surface ice in the tank. Demonstration systems were installed in two elevated water storage tanks at Fort Drum, NY. System performance is monitored using the existing supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system at Fort Drum. This report describes the ice-free CP system design, implementation, and performance during Fiscal Year 2005., Prepared in collaboration with Bushman & Associates, Inc., Medina, OH. The original document contains color images.

This Office of the Secretary of Defense Corrosion Prevention and Control Program project demonstrated the use of sensors that are permanently installed in the potable water distribution system to monitor water chemistry/corrosivity and corrosion rates. One water chemistry sensor and one corrosion-rate sensor were installed at each of four locations in the potable water distribution system at Fort Bragg, North Carolina, and were interfaced with the supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system in place for the installation's water and waste water distribution systems. This report describes project objectives, equipment acquisition, setup, and system initialization. Preliminary observations of operation and lessons learned are discussed., Prepared in cooperation with Bushman and Associates, Inc., Medina, OH. The original document contains color images.

Manufacturers of chemicals and treatment programs for new and existing heating and cooling systems continuously discontinue old products and introduce new ones onto the market. To be "smart buyers" of these products, Army installations require periodic technology reviews to stay informed about advances and new capabilities of water treatment products available in the marketplace. This work reviewed current state-of-the-art treatment schemes and technologies, and summarized general guidelines for developing chemical treatment programs in heating and cooling systems., Prepared in collaboration with Illinois State Water Survey, Champaign, IL. The original document contains color images.

The earth covered magazines (ECMs) at many Army installations have severe moisture intrusion problems. This water intrusion causes deterioration and corrosion of ammunition and equipment within the ECMs, making many types of ordinance unusable, including sensitive munitions with sophisticated electronic fusing and missiles. The Engineer Research and Development Center Construction Engineering Laboratory (ERDC-CERL) was contacted by the Ft. A.P. Hill DPW to assist in solving the severe water intrusion problem in steel arch ECMs at that location. To address the problem ERDC-CERL recommended installing Electro- Osmotic Pulse (EOP). Prior to installing the EOP system in an ECM, several safety concerns needed to be addressed, such as the interaction of the EOP system with the ECM lightning protection system, the potential for hydrogen gas generation by the EOP system, and the effects on munitions. To evaluate those concerns, ERDC-CERL performed laboratory testing of a model steel arch ECM with an EOP system installed in it. Scale model results were positive and testing in a full scale ECM at Fort A.P. Hill is proceeding., See also ADM002075., The original document contains color images. Presented at the Army Science Conference (25th) Held 27-30 Nov 2006 in Orlando, FL.

The development of current selection and application guidance is necessary to help Army installations be "smart buyers" of water treatment for new and existing heating and cooling systems. Manufacturers continue to introduce new chemicals and treatment programs onto the market, including environmentally friendly "green" chemical products, as old products are discontinued. These products require periodic review to inform Army installations of new technological advances, and of the capabilities of chemical products available in the marketplace. This work demonstrated and evaluated the performance of primary water treatment formulations at Fort Stewart, GA and Fort Hood, TX, using three "green" chemical technologies: (1) the cooling water inhibitor polyaspartate (PASP), (2) the cooling water biocide tetrakis (hydroxymethyl) phosphonium sulfate (THPS), and (3) a filming inhibitor made from exthoxalated soya amines (for steam line treatment). The study concluded that the three technologies were effective when used according to the recommended application guidelines., The original document contains color images.

Utilities privatization is considered the preferred method for modernizing and recapitalizing utility systems in the Army. From Fiscal Year (FY) 1998 to FY 2002, the Army implemented a Utilities Modernization Program that focused on upgrading thermal utilities (i.e., central heating and air-conditioning/ refrigeration plants and the respective distribution systems) to the most life-cycle cost-effective technology. The current Utilities Modernization Program from FY08-13 will focus not only on central heating and air-conditioning/ refrigeration systems, but also on electric, natural gas, potable water, and wastewater systems. This program is supported by initiatives/actions under the Army Energy and Water Campaign Plan for Installations. This report outlines a candidate program management strategy for the Utilities Modernization Program and outlines best practices for performing life-cycle cost analyses for central energy plants and each type of utility system either exempt from utilities privatization or pending exemption from privatization., The original document contains color images.

The Army has a requirement to develop methods of strengthening soil to support rapid runway and roadway construction. A study was undertaken on the use of DC current applied to soil to form cementing phases in the soil. Preliminary work was on the use of zinc. aluminum. and iron in a variety of granular materials. Metal ions primarily form soft metal hydroxide gels that produce no immediate soil strengthening. Passing current through soil mixed with an alkali-reactive silicate produces rapid hardening with strength to 2,000 psi., See also ADM001736, Proceedings for the Army Science Conference (24th) held in Orlando, FL on 29 Nov-2 Dec 2005. The original document contains color images.

Conventional waterproofing techniques for below grade structures are ineffective, expensive and short lived. Electro-Osmotic Pulse technology is an alternative technique to controlling moisture movement in porous medium. A research study was undertaken to model the complex osmotic behavior of a system consisting of portland cement with aggregate and different clays (kaolinite. montmorillonite, limestone and quartz sands) created to simulate below grade structures. A direct current 30- to 45-Volt source was applied across the 8- inch cell of concrete and backfill. The electrolytes used were sodium chloride and calcium chloride. The results showed the electromigration of a low pH front interacted with the high pH present in the concrete matrix to form complex calcium precipitates (CaCO3) that fill the pore space and microcracks along the path of osmotic flow. As the experiment continued, the osmotic flow reduced as the pore voids continued to fill with water insoluble precipitate., See also ADM001736. Proceedings of the Army Science Conference (24th) held in Orlando, FL on 29 Nov-2 Dec 2004. The original document contains color images.

The Code of Federal Regulations (40 CFR 280-281) required all underground storage tanks (USTs) containing petroleum products to be brought into compliance to prevent environmental contamination through leakage. Replacing all older USTs can, in some cases, be prohibitively expensive. One alternative to requiring that tanks pass a precision tightness test is to retrofit USTs with cathodic protection for continued use. This report introduced a remote, robotic UST condition inspection/assessment system named Fury, developed to meet the need for more cost-effective and reliable tank condition assessment methods. Fury is a robotic crawler that moves inside a UST by means of magnetic wheels. It includes 90-degree transition arms for robot positioning on tank end caps and has a central pivot to allow for full motion of the steering head. The robot is designed to fit through an existing small-diameter pipe, which mitigates invasive tank entry during assessment and allows for non-destructive evaluation. Control of the Fury is accomplished through a tether attached to the rear of the robot. Fury uses ultrasonic transducers on a sensor sled to obtain approximately 90,000 wall thickness measurements per hour at over 95% of cylindrical-wall or end-cap locations. (5 tables, 12 figures, 13 refs.), Prepared in collaboration with RedZone Robotics, Homestead, PA. The original document contains color images.

Accurate location of leaks in buried bulk and hydrant fuel pipelines is a challenging, time-consuming, and expensive problem. This problem has both operational readiness and environmental implications to the Department of Defense (DoD). Under the Environmental Security Technology Certification Program (ESTCP), the Pipeline Acoustic Leak-location System (PALS) was demonstrated and validated under a wide range of operational conditions. All of the objectives of the project were met, and the PALS is ready for commercial use. This ESTCP project was a follow-on to research and development projects conducted on this technology by the Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program (SERDP) and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). PALS is a portable, computer-controlled, passive acoustic system where the innovation is the application of robust signal processing algorithms that allows small leaks to be located accurately over separation distances that are operationally practical. PALS can be retrofitted to existing lines or designed into new lines. The PALS consists of three cylindrical acoustic sensors, three small pre-amplifiers and, a field-worthy notebook computer having a data acquisition card. The sensors are attached with epoxy directly to the pipe wall or to a flange connection. Each sensor measures the acoustic signal generated by the turbulent flow through a hole in the pipe. A pair of sensors brackets the leak and determines the location of the leak relative to one of the two sensors, called the Reference sensor. A second pair of sensors that do not bracket the leak is used to measure the speed of propagation of the acoustic wave in the pipe. A leak-location measurement can take as little as 2 to 5 minutes to complete. The PALS is operated using a Graphical User Interface (GUI) software package. The PALS is easy to set up and can be operated by a field technician with a minimal amount of training., Prepared in collaboration with ERDC/CERL and Vista Research, Inc., Mountain View, CA.

During rehabilitation of the roller gates at the R.C. Byrd Locks and Dam, Gallipolis, OH, the U.S. Army Engineer District, Huntington found some of the bolts had failed. Analysis by the Construction Engineering Research Laboratory found the primary cause of failure to be temper embrittlement. The microstructure of the bolt revealed a brittle fracture, with the fracture mode being intergranular. The presence of chlorides also accelerated the galvanic corrosion that occurred between the bolt and nut. The temper embrittled bolts have approximately 10 times higher corrosion rate immersed in Ohio River water than the non-temper embrittled bolts. The non-temper embrittled bolts should have a 40 to 50 year service life expectancy, assuming the Ohio River water chemistry does not change significantly. The suggested material replacement is a martensitic age-hardenable stainless steel combining the very good corrosion resistance characteristics of Type 304 stainless steel and the moderate strength characteristics of Type 410 stainless steel. Either ARMCO 17-4 PH stainless steel or Carpenter Custom 450 stainless steel is recommended for us in aqueous environments where high strength and corrosion resistance is required., The original document contains color images.

The Naval Facilities Engineering Service Center (NFESC), Port Hueneme, California, and its industrial partners, Vista Research, Inc. and Vista Engineering Technologies, L.L.C., have demonstrated and validated (DEM/VAL) an innovative mass-based leak detection system for bulk fuel underground storage tanks (USTs). The Low-Range Differential Pressure (LRDP) system is a computer-controlled system that can reliably detect small leaks in bulk USTs ranging in size from 50,000 gal to 12,500,000 gal. As part of this project, it has been evaluated for performance by an independent third party in a 122.5-ft diameter, 2,100,000-gal tank following EPA s standard test procedures. The LRDP meets monthly monitoring and annual precision (tightness) test regulatory compliance requirements using either a 10-h (overnight) or 24-h test. All of the objectives of the project have been met, and the LRDP is ready for commercial use. Both (1) on-line, permanently installed monitoring systems and (2) tightness testing services using the LRDP can be obtained commercially through Vista Research, Inc. The LRDP system achieves a very high level of performance against small leaks because of its high precision (0.0002 in.) and its accurate methods of compensating for the thermal expansion and contraction of the fuel, the instrumentation, and the tank. Because of its innovative design, the LRDP achieves this high level of precision and accuracy with an off-the-shelf, industrial-grade differential pressure sensor. Thus, the LRDP not only delivers high performance, but it is also rugged and field-worthy. The LRDP system is fully automatic and comprises (1) an innovative in-tank level sensing unit, (2) an embedded remote test controller to collect and analyze the data from a test, and (3) a host computer to initiate, report, and archive the results of a test. A test can be initiated by an operator or can be automatically scheduled for a future date and time., Prepared in collaboration with the Army Corps of Engineers Construction Engineering Research Laboratory (CERL), Champaign, IL, and Vista Research, Inc., Sunnyvale, CA and Edison, NJ.

In older buildings, such as those common on U.S. Army installations, severe damp-basement problems can increase maintenance requirements and make affected areas uninhabitable or even unusable. In problem areas, the usual approach to solve groundwater intrusion problems is to excavate to expose the wall area and the base of the foundation ("trench") and then to replace damp proofing on the wall surface and to install a drain tile system around the building or affected area ("drain"). A commercial system that uses electro-osmotic pulse (EOP) technology within concrete structures offers an alternative to the trench-and-drain approach that can mitigate water-related problems from the interior (negative side) of affected areas without the cost of excavation. EOP technology is designed to extend the life of conventional repair methods. In basic terms, the EOP system uses pulses of electricity to reverse the flow of water seepage, actually causing moisture to flow out of the basement walls, away from the building. This study demonstrated and validated EOP technology by performing laboratory and field tests of a commercially available EOP system at selected Army installations, and by comparing the results of those test with the results of conventional dampness mitigation techniques., The original document contains color images.

Utility systems are enablers for the force projection process. They provide the electricity, water, transportation fuel, heating, cooling, compressed air, and communications required for the various steps of force projection. To sustain a successful campaign, deployed soldiers must arrive combat-ready with all necessary supplies, power, water, and fuel. The existing utility infrastructure may not be adequate to mobilize and deploy future AC and RC. This work will develop methods, simulation tools, and models to enable installation and military planners to plan, assess, optimize, and monitor the ability of utility systems to support Army force projection. Users will be able to conduct utility system simulations using real-time data, as well as historical, generic, or hypothetical scenarios. The utility module will interface as a component of the large-scale Fort Future Force Projection package., Copies are available from the National Technical Information Service, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, VA 22161. The original document contains color images.

Mineral scale formation in water distribution piping impedes flow, resulting in pressure and volume reduction and increasing operational costs. Chemical cleaning is both costly and time consuming, and there are health concerns when chemically cleaning potable water systems. Some alternatives to chemicals or ion exchange equipment such as water softeners claim to use electric or magnetic fields to change chemical or physical conditions in the water in such a way as to prevent mineral scale buildup. This study conducted a field test of the performance two magnetic and one electronic descalers to determine if the devices would reduce or prevent the formation of mineral scale under field condition. The devices tested did not prevent mineral scale formation under the conditions of this study. The heat exchange capacity of all three shell and tube heat exchangers was considerably reduced by the formation of mineral scale during the course of the study. This study found no significant difference between the devices and the controls in the amount of scale that formed., Original contains color plates: All DTIC reproductions will be in black and white.

Most domestic water storage heaters used in the Army consist of a removable U-tube bundle installed in the lower half of a horizontal or vertical cylindrical boiler tank. The copper U-tube bundle used in cement-lined carbon steel tanks requires periodic removal and acid cleaning to remove the excessive scale formation on the water-side surfaces of the tube bundle. Total softening of the water to remove scale is not feasible because it renders the water corrosive to the piping system. To ensure water potability and to protect human health, scale dispersants are prohibited in such systems. This study adapted a phenolic coating for use on tube bundles exposed to corrosive and scale conducive environments to protect the copper tubing in the heat exchanger.

Army facilities commonly use domestic hot water heat exchangers. Recurrent fouling of heat exchanger tube bundles reduces the thermal efficiency of these systems to the point of failure. Common maintenance practices to sustain acceptable exchanger function are costly, labor intensive, and can involve hazardous chemical and waste handling issues. The use of phenolic coatings on heat exchangers has been found effective in providing maintenance-free extension of service life for these systems. This study evaluated long-term field demonstrations at several locations on the application of phenolic coating technology. The study found that: (1) the phenolic based coating system maintained the hot water delivery temperatures at or above 140 def F in both scaling and corrosive fouling waters; (2) the coated heat exchangers eliminated the need for 90-day acid cleaning cycles to remove the scale buildup on uncoated tubes for 4.5 yr; (3) the simple payback for using phenolic based coating technology on heat exchangers at two test locations was less than 2 yr.

U.S. Army Directorate of Engineering and Housing engineers and maintenance personnel are frequently faced with recurrent fouling of heat exchanger tube bundles that reduces the thermal efficiency of these systems to the point where they fail to meet hot water demands of various Army facilities. Common maintenance practices that address this problem are costly, labor intensive, and involve hazardous chemical and waste handling. This long-term field study examined the effects of applying a phenolic coating to the heat exchanger bundles in domestic water storage heaters (DWSHs) to prevent scaling and creating a virtually maintenance-free system. It was found that: (1) the phenolic-based composite coating system applied to potable water heat exchangers at Fort Hood maintained the temperature of the hot water at or above 140 deg f for 4.5 years; (2) the coated heat exchangers eliminated the need for 90-day acid cleaning cycles; and (3) the simple payback for a phenolic-based composite coated heat exchanger at Fort Hood was approximately 2 months.

Corrosion of building plumbing can result in reduced service life and adverse health effects such as those associated with high lead blood levels, particularly in children. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) has established an "Action Level" (AL) of 15 micro/L for lead and 1.3 mg/L for copper in drinking water. Army installations must comply with the increasingly stringent drinking water quality standards enacted at the Federal level and enforced by State regulations. This study evaluated the effectiveness of in-situ coatings for inhibiting lead corrosion under a variety of water quality parameters in the laboratory. The study compared the in-situ coating system to zinc orthophosphate chemical inhibitor treatment for mitigation corrosion and plumbosolvency. Results indicate that the in-situ epoxy coating provides an effective alternative to conventional chemical treatment for the prevention of lead and copper metal release in a system modeled to simulate a home plumbing system. This study also initiated operation of a Water Treatment Test Facility (WTTF) to determine its viability as a test facility to simulate a variety of water qualities in a home plumbing system. The WTTF operated reliably over the course of the 12-week study, and produced valuable information on operating procedures.

The U.S. Army maintains a large inventory of buildings constructed before 1978, when the use of lead-based paint (LBP) was discontinued. The Army also owns more than 300 elevated water storage tanks and hundred of other steel structures that have been painted with red lead primers. Regardless of whether LBP has been applied to a substrate of steel or wood, LBP abatement and disposal is problematic. A recently developed proprietary product-Blastox(registered)consists of a material, which, its manufacturer's product literature calims, may be added at a 15 weight percent mixture to a typical abrasive medium to create an engineered abrasive suitable for sand-blasting lead-coating system from wood, steel, or concrete surfaces. The manufacturer also maintains that the additive chemically stabilizes the lead rendering the waste product nonhazardous. CERL's laboratory and field evaluations confirmed the feasibility of removing and stabilizing LBP in a one-step process. Abrasive blasting successfully removed the paint and the lead stabilizer immobilized the lead, allowing the waste to pass Environmental Protection Agency tests.

Army Regulation 200-1 requires that installations must exclude asbestos from all procurements and uses where asbestos-free substitute materials are available, and minimize asbestos releases to the utmost extent possible. Prior to this ban, asbestos-based gaskets were used extensively and effectively by the Army. The ban has prompted the need for an effective replacement for dielectrically isolating cathodic protection flange gasket materials. Substitute materials are commercially available, but many do not perform adequately. Gasket materials that have been shown to perform adequately while installed in a heat distribution system (HDS) are identified in this report. It is recommended that the gaskets identified in this report be specified for use in new construction and maintenance of existing dielectric unions in HDS piping. It is also recommended that HDS dielectric unions be maintained as indicated in this report. The associated advantages of using this technology are: compliance with AR 200-1, protection of workers from asbestos, and cost savings related to preventable heat loss and premature failure caused by corrosion of HDS piping.

An asphaltic sealed, concrete-lined, iron water distribution system was installed at Westover ARB in 1997. Although the city water provided to the system is of good quality, various measures of water quality in the local system indicate that one or more serious problems exist in the Base's water-pipe system. This study conducted a video inspection of the pipe system, analyzed the inspection videotapes, and estimated the percentage of coating losses and cleanliness inside the various sections of water main pipe. The study concluded that the water quality problems were likely due to poor materials and workmanship during system installation, and recommended specific changes in chemical water treatment.

Groundwater intrusion through a building's foundation (i.e., a "wet basement problem") can cause serious damage that is expensive to correct. In older buildings, such as those common on U.S. Army installations, severe damp-basement problems call for immediate action to mitigate water damage. Electro-osmotic pulse (EOP) technology offers an alternative to the "trench and drain" approach that can mitigate some water-related problems from the interior of affected areas without the cost of excavation. The EOP alternative can further mitigate corrosion damage to mechanical equipment along with humidity and mold problems. This study demonstrated and document the effectiveness of EOP technology to control groundwater intrusion in concrete structures at Fort Jackson, SC and McAlester Army Ammunition Plant (AAP), OK. The cost of installation was determined to be 40 percent lower than the cost of the conventional trench and drain approach. The operating or energy cost of the EOP system was shown to be negligible - equivalent to the expenditure of burning a 60W light bulb.

Lead-based paint is no longer used in the field, but repair crews, nearby communities, and the environment may be exposed to unacceptable levels of lead as older steel structures are abrasive-blasted before repainting. Onsite dust-containment enclosures used during surface preparation are either inadequate or expensive and cumbersome. Lead exposure problems may be mitigated by the application of long-lasting metal coatings, effectively reducing the frequency of the blast/recoat maintenance cycle. Automated technologies can address containment and metallizing needs while offering higher speed and lower labor costs. They also can protect workers from excessive physical strain, safety hazards, and exposure to toxic materials released during paint removal. This report documents the design, construction, and field testing of a prototype Automated Thermal Spray System (ATSS) for surface preparation and coating of large steel public works structures. Using self-contained vacuum blasting technology, a video inspection system, and a thermal spray system, the remotely operated device was able to remove lead-based paint from part of a steel bridge and recoat the metal with a zinc/aluminum coating. Initial indications are that ATSS base operating cost of $5.20 per square foot, for blasting and recoating combined, would be lower than the cost of blasting alone with environmental containment.

While the use of lead-based paint (LBP) has been broadly banned, old LBP remains on many structures, creating problems as these structures require maintenance and repainting. Tight environmental regulations control paint removal operations that involve LBP to ensure that the surrounding air, land, and water environments are not contaminated. In this study, USACERL modified existing chemical stabilizer/ abrasive blast admixtures to enable removal of LBP from immersed structural steel and concrete surfaces. The modified abrasive blasting admixture effectively stabilizes the heavy metal paint waste during the removal process. This project produced and demonstrated: (1) industry specifications and user guidance for the removal of hazardous paints from immersed surfaces, (2) formulations for chemical stabilizers added to abrasive blast media, (3) an engineering and environmental assessment of effects on subsequent coating life, (4) methods for dust control and facility containment during blasting, (5) tests to verify the long-term stability of the hazardous heavy metal paint waste in a landfill, and (6) possible recycling options for the abrasive blast residue.

The U.S. Army maintains a large inventory of buildings treated with lead-based paint (LBP). LBP abatement and disposal is problematic. The residual waste from LBP removal often contains enough lead to be considered a hazardous waste, thereby requiring special handling and disposal. Associated higher costs of worker protection and waste disposal prohibit the use of traditional paint removal methods for removing LBP. A recently developed proprietary product--Blastox(registered)--consists of a material, which, when added to a typical abrasive medium, creates an "engineered abrasive" that is suitable for removal of lead-based paint systems from most surfaces and that, when water is added, also chemically stabilizes the lead in the residual waste so that the waste does not exhibit the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) toxicity characteristic for lead. This investigation evaluated the performance and cost-effectiveness of using Blastox(registered) for removing LBP from wood and steel structures, and for stabilizing the residual waste material. Both laboratory and field evaluations confirmed the feasibility and cost-effectiveness of using Blastox to remove and stabilize LBP.