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Background: Numerous studies have evaluated the effect that mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) have on multiple health outcomes. For its part, stress is a natural response to environmental disturbances and within the associated metabolic responses, alterations in cortisol levels and their measurement in different tissues are a way to determine the stress state of an individual. Therefore, it has been proposed that MBIs can modify cortisol levels. Methods and results: The objective of this systematic review was to analyze and summarize the different studies that have evaluated the effect of MBIs on cortisol levels. The following databases were consulted: MEDLINE, AMED, CINAHL, Web of Science, Science Direct, PsycINFO, SocINDEX, PubMed, the Cochrane Library and Scopus. The search terms “mindfulness”, “mindfulness-based interventions” and “cortisol” were used (and the search was limited to studies from January 1990 to May 2024). In order to reduce selection bias, each article was scrutinized using the JBI Critical Appraisal Checklist independently by two authors. We included those studies with specified intervention groups with at least one control group and excluded duplicate studies or those in which the intervention or control group was not adequately specified. Significant changes in cortisol following MBIs were found in 25 studies, while 10 found no changes. The small sample size, lack of randomization, blinding, and probable confounding and interaction variables stand out in these studies. Conclusion: MBIs have biological plausibility as a means of explaining a positive effect on cortisol levels; however, the weakness of the studies and the absence of robust designs makes it difficult to establish a causal association between both variables. Registration number: INPLASY2024110017.

Background: Numerous studies have evaluated the effect that mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) have on multiple health outcomes. For its part, stress is a natural response to environmental disturbances and within the associated metabolic responses, alterations in cortisol levels and their measurement in different tissues are a way to determine the stress state of an individual. Therefore, it has been proposed that MBIs can modify cortisol levels. Methods and results: The objective of this systematic review was to analyze and summarize the different studies that have evaluated the effect of MBIs on cortisol levels. The following databases were consulted: MEDLINE, AMED, CINAHL, Web of Science, Science Direct, PsycINFO, SocINDEX, PubMed, the Cochrane Library and Scopus. The search terms "mindfulness", "mindfulness-based interventions" and "cortisol" were used (and the search was limited to studies from January 1990 to May 2024). In order to reduce selection bias, each article was scrutinized using the JBI Critical Appraisal Checklist independently by two authors. We included those studies with specified intervention groups with at least one control group and excluded duplicate studies or those in which the intervention or control group was not adequately specified. Significant changes in cortisol following MBIs were found in 25 studies, while 10 found no changes. The small sample size, lack of randomization, blinding, and probable confounding and interaction variables stand out in these studies. Conclusion: MBIs have biological plausibility as a means of explaining a positive effect on cortisol levels; however, the weakness of the studies and the absence of robust designs makes it difficult to establish a causal association between both variables. Registration number: INPLASY2024110017. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liver iron overload is the histological hallmark of hereditary hemochromatosis and transfusional hemosiderosis, and can also occur in chronic hepatopathies. Iron overload can result in liver damage, with the eventual development of cirrhosis, liver failure, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Assessment of liver iron levels is necessary for detection and quantitative staging of iron overload and monitoring of iron-reducing treatments. This article discusses the need for noninvasive assessment of liver iron and reviews qualitative and quantitative methods with a particular emphasis on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Specific MRI methods for liver iron quantification include signal intensity ratio as well as R2 and R2∗ relaxometry techniques. Methods that are in clinical use, as well as their limitations, are described. Remaining challenges, unsolved problems, and emerging techniques to provide improved characterization of liver iron deposition are discussed.

In this exposition we go over the Talavera Pottery from the XVI to the XX centuries, analyzing the main facts which marked its developement, and providing some of the keys neccesary to understand the importance and the influence its production had in other centers. We emphasize on items related to the XVI and XVII centuries, origin and decadence, giving some data about its chronology and series, based on the latest discoveries. In relation to the XVIII, XIX and XX centuries, we only expose the changes wich took place and the consequences they brought to the potteries of Talavera.En esta ponencia se hace un recorrido por la historia de la “Cerámica de Talavera” de los siglos XVI al XX, analizando los principales hechos que marcan su desarrollo y aportando algunas de las claves necesarias para comprender su importancia y la influencia que van a ejercer sus producciones en otros centros. Se hace especial hincapié en las cuestiones relativas a los siglos XVI y XVII, origen y decadencia, aportando algunos datos nuevos sobre su cronología y sus series, en base a los últimos descubrimientos. En relación a los siglos XVIII, XIX y XX, solamente se exponen los cambios que se producen y las consecuencias que para las lozas talaveranas acarrearon.

A historic approach of the origins of the Ceramic Museum “Ruiz de Luna” in Talavera de la Reina, the harmony of its space and its expositive design. The importance of its stored property when studying the productions of Talavera and Puente in particular, and all the Spanish pottery in general. Other items are also taken into consideration, especially those related to the Pemanent Collection, to the stored property opened to visitors, to the stored property of investigation and the growth of its dimension with its extension in the “disperse Museum”.Recorrido histórico de los orígenes del Museo de Cerámica de Talavera “Ruiz de Luna”, la articulación de sus espacios y su diseño expositivo. La importancia de sus fondos a la hora de estudiar las producciones de Talavera - Puente en particular y para las lozas españolas en general. También se abordan otras cuestiones relativas a la Colección Permanente, los fondos visitables, los fondos de investigación y el crecimiento de su dimensión con su prolongación en el “Museo disperso”.

Aims: Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) imposes significant stress on the cardiovascular system and the heart. While long-term cardiac effects are understood, the immediate impact of hypoxaemia on the heart's electrophysiology lacks understanding. Our study aims to explore desaturation severity on cardiovascular repolarisation., Methods: We retrospectively analysed ECGs from full diagnostic polysomnographies from 492 patients with suspected OSA. The analyses were conducted before, during and after 9137 nocturnal apnoea- or hypopnoea-related desaturations. The mean and sd of T-wave amplitude change from the baseline level to the level during and after desaturations (ΔT amp&#95;mean and ΔT amp&#95;SD ) were calculated. To investigate the modulatory effects of desaturation severity, the data were divided into subgroups based on the desaturation duration (T des ; 10 s≤T des <20 s, 20 s≤T des <30 s, 30 s≤T des <45 s and T des ≥45 s) and magnitude of blood oxygen saturation drop (change in peripheral oxygen saturation (Δ S pO 2 ); 3%≤Δ S pO 2 <4.5%, 4.5%≤Δ S pO 2 <6%, 6%≤Δ S pO 2 <7.5% and Δ S pO 2 ≥7.5%) for men and women., Results: Desaturations caused significant (p<0.01) changes in ΔT amp&#95;mean during and after desaturations. In men, the median ΔT amp&#95;mean during and after deep (Δ S pO 2 ≥7.5%) desaturations were 21 µV and 24 µV, respectively. In women, the median ΔT amp&#95;mean in deep desaturations was 15 µV during and 21 µV after desaturations. Similarly, the ΔT amp&#95;SD increased during and after deep desaturations. In regression analysis, the desaturation depth was an independent predictor for ventricular repolarisation instability., Conclusion: We found an association between the severity of nocturnal desaturations and cardiac repolarisation instability. These findings hold particular importance, as repolarisation instability has been linked with cardiovascular morbidity and could potentially serve as a trigger for arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest: S. Sillanmäki has received research funds from Precordior Oy and AstraZeneca (not related to this study). The remaining authors declare that they have no conflict of interest., (Copyright ©The authors 2024.)

Rotator cuff related shoulder pain (RCRSP) is a prevalent clinical presentation characterized by substantial diagnostic uncertainty. Some of this uncertainty relates to the involvement of the cervical and thoracic spine as a source of or contributing factor to RCRSP. Thirty-two RCRSP cases and thirty-two asymptomatic controls (AC), recruited from Hospital La Paz-Carlos III between March 2023 and September 2023, were matched for age, gender and hand dominance. Assessed variables included cervical, thoracic range of motion (ROM) and neck disability index (NDI). Independent t -tests were used to compare each of these measurements and multiple linear regression was used to examine the capacity of neck or psychosocial variables to predict the variability of the NDI. The RCRSP group had significantly reduced cervical rotation [RCRSP (111.14 ± 22.98); AC (130.23 ± 21.20), d = 0.86, p < 0.01] and flexo-extension ROM [RCRSP (112.47 ± 2.07); AC (128.5 ± 17.85), d = 0.80, p < 0.01] as well as thoracic spine flexion [RCRSP (33.02 ± 1.14); AC (34.14 ± 1.01), d = 1.04, p < 0.01], extension [RCRSP (28.63 ± 0.89); AC (27.37 ± 0.89), d = -1.40, p < 0.01], right rotation [RCRSP (40.53 ± 10.39); AC (54.45 ± 9.75), d = 1.38, p < 0.01], left rotation [RCRSP (39.00 ± 11.26); AC (54.10 ± 10.51), d = 1.39, p < 0.01] and a significantly increased NDI score [RCRSP (17.56 ± 7.25); AC (2.47 ± 3.25), d = -2.69, p < 0.01]. The variables best explaining neck disability were central sensitization index and SF-12 total score (adjusted R 2 = 0.75; p < 0.01). These results suggest that clinicians should assess cervical and thoracic spine mobility in patients with RCRSP.

Background: The methods previously proposed in the literature to assess patients with rotator cuff related shoulder pain, based on special orthopedic tests to precisely identify the structure causing the shoulder symptoms have been recently challenged. This opens the possibility of a different way of physical examination., Objective: To analyze the differences in shoulder range of motion, strength and thoracic kyphosis between rotator cuff related shoulder pain patients and an asymptomatic group., Method: The protocol of the present research was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Review (PROSPERO) (registration number CRD42021258924). Database search of observational studies was conducted in MEDLINE, EMBASE, WOS and CINHAL until July 2023, which assessed shoulder or neck neuro-musculoskeletal non-invasive physical examination compared to an asymptomatic group. Two investigators assessed eligibility and study quality. The Newcastle Ottawa Scale was used to evaluate the methodology quality., Results: Eight studies ( N  = 604) were selected for the quantitative analysis. Meta-analysis showed statistical differences with large effect for shoulder flexion (I2 = 91.7%, p  < 0.01, HG = -1.30), external rotation (I2 = 83.2%, p  < 0.01, HG = -1.16) and internal rotation range of motion (I2 = 0%, p  < 0.01, HG = -1.32). Regarding to shoulder strength; only internal rotation strength showed statistical differences with small effect (I2 = 42.8%, p  < 0.05, HG = -0.3)., Conclusions: There is moderate to strong evidence that patients with rotator cuff related shoulder pain present less shoulder flexion, internal and external rotation range of motion and less internal rotation strength than asymptomatic individuals., Competing Interests: Alfonso Gil-Martínez is an Academic Editor for PeerJ., (©2024 Manoso-Hernando et al.)

Background: Cluster headache (CH) is a type of headache that has a global prevalence of 0.5-3/1000 people, provokes severe, strictly unilateral pain through the first branch of the trigeminal nerve, and is associated with observable autonomous responses. CH provokes intense pain and decreases quality of life., Objective: In this study, we aimed to carry out a systematic review of the effectiveness of non-invasive neuromodulation of the vagus nerve in patients with cluster headaches, which was registered on PROSPERO No. CRD42021265126., Methods: Six databases were used from their date of inception to February 2023 to obtain studies with the group intervention of non-invasive neuromodulation of the vagus nerve for cluster headache, with outcomes based on pain attacks, duration, and disabilities. Data on the subjects, group intervention, main outcomes, and results were collected by two authors., Results: The search provided 1003 articles, with three clinical trials being eligible for inclusion in the review. The methodological quality scores ranged from 6 to 8 points (mean: 7.3, SD: 0.8) out of a maximum of 10 points. The post-treatment results showed some positive effects using n-VNS as a treatment for cluster headache, more specifically regarding cervical neuromodulation of the vagus nerve., Conclusions: The systematic review found moderate-to-high-quality evidence supporting that n-VNS and cervical n-VNS may have some positive effects at the end of the treatment being effective to relieve the frequency and intensity of cluster headaches. The poor quantity of studies available and the lack of homogeneity in the study protocols did not allow the pooling of data for a meta-analysis.

Background: Migraine is a type of primary headache that is accompanied by symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, or sensitivity to light and sound., Objective: The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review on the effectiveness of non-invasive neuromodulation, auricular transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (at-VNS), and electro-ear acupuncture of the vagus nerve in patients with migraine headaches., Methods: Six databases were searched from inception to 15 June 2022 for clinical trials, in which at least one group received any form of non-invasive neuromodulation of the vagus nerve for managing migraine with outcomes collected on pain intensity and related disability. Data, including participants, interventions, blinding strategy, outcomes, and results, were extracted by two reviewers. The methodological quality was assessed with the PEDro scale, ROB, and Oxford scale., Results: The search identified 1,117 publications with nine trials eligible for inclusion in the review. The methodological quality scores ranged from 6 to 8 (mean: 7.3, SD: 0.8) points. Low-quality evidence suggests some positive clinical effects for the treatment of chronic migraine with 1 Hz with at-VNS and ear-electro-acupuncture compared with the control group at post-treatment. Some of the studies provided evidence of the relationship between chronic migraine and a possible positive effect as a treatment with at-VNS and the neurophysiological effects using fMRI. Six of the studies provided evidence using fMRI of the relationship between chronic migraine and a possible positive effect as a treatment with at-VNS and the neurophysiological effects. Regarding all included studies, the level of evidence with the Oxford scale was level 1 (11.17%), six studies were graded as level 2 (66.66%), and two studies were graded as level 3 (22.2%). With the PEDro score, five studies got a low methodological score < 5 and only four got a score superior to 5, being highly methodological quality studies. For ROB, most of the studies were high risk and only a few of them received a low risk of bias. The pain intensity, migraine attacks, frequency, and duration were measured by three studies with positive results at post-treatment. And only 7% reported adverse events using at-VNS. All studies reported results at a post-treatment period in their respective main outcomes. And all studies with fMRI provided strong evidence of the relationship between the Locus Coeruleus, Frontal Cortex, and other superior brain areas with the auricular branch of the Vagus nerve with at-VNS., Conclusion: Some positive effects regarding the effect of non-invasive neuromodulation, auricular transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (at-VNS), and electro-ear acupuncture of the vagus nerve on migraine is reported in the current literature, but there are not enough data to obtain strong conclusions., Systematic Review Registration: This systematic review was registered in the PROSPERO database (registration number: CRD42021265126)., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Fernández-Hernando, Fernández-de-las-Peñas, Pareja-Grande, García-Esteo and Mesa-Jiménez.)