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One of the Indonesian medicinal plants, Cassia spectabilis is traditionally used to treat several diseases, including malaria. The quality of raw materials influences the quality of drug derived from a plant. Standardizing the raw materials followed by the antimalarial activity test are needed to azure the quality of product prepared from plants. The aim of this study was to standardize the quality of C. spectabilis leaves and to evaluate the antimalarial activities of ethyl acetate extract. The fresh material of C. spectabilis leaves was observed in its specific and non-specific parameters. In vitro test was done by using Plasmodium falciparum 3D7. In vivo test was done using a 4-day suppressive test method against mice infected with P. berghei for four consecutive days. Heme detoxification inhibitory activity test was carried out using the modified Basilico method. The leaves of C. spectabilis meet the quality requirement for raw materials of traditional medicine. The ethyl acetate extract showed in vitro antiplasmodial activity against P. falciparum 3D7 and in vivo antimalarial activity against P. berghei infection with an IC50 value of 27.28 μg/mL and ED50 value of 1.74 mg/kg, respectively. The extract also showed heme detoxification inhibitory activity with an IC50 value of 0.33±0.01 mg/mL. The leaves of C. spectabilis meet the quality requirement, and the ethyl acetate extract from standardized C. spectabilis leaves possessed a potential antimalarial activity that deserves to be further developed.

Background: We aimed to find out the allelic variation of Pfmsp-1 and Pfmsp-2 among gold miners in Central Kalimantan Province, Indonesia using parasites’ DNA isolated from archived RDT and GSBS Methods: This study was done using the samples collected between 2017-2020 from health centers in Subdistrict of Mihing Raya, Danau Rawah, and Bukit Hindu as well as Kapuas District Health Laboratory in Central Kalimantan Province, Surabaya, Indonesia. Parasites DNA were isolated from RDT cartridges and GSBS of local and migrant gold miners. Species of Plasmodium were confirmed by single step PCR. The allelic variation of Pfmsp-1 (K1, MAD20, RO33) and Pfmsp-2 (3D7, FC27) were analyzed by nested PCR. Results: Pfmsp-1 gene was found in only two (22.22%) out of 9 local samples, and 3 (27.27%) out of 11 migrant samples were found positive for K1 (150 bp) as well as MAD 20 (190 bp) allelic families. Pfmsp-2 gene were found in each one sample of 550 bp fragment in local (11.11%) and migrant samples (9.09%) for 3D7, and 2 samples of 300 bp fragments in local (22.22%) and 3 samples of 300 bp in migrant samples (27.27%). No difference in size and number of infections between both populations. The RO33 allelic family Alhamdulillah was not found in any sample. Conclusion: Low allelic variation of Pfmsp-1 and Pfmsp-2 genes with monogenotype indicated the low intensity of malaria transmission among gold miners in the studied areas. Further, the transmission may occur locally in the mining sites.

Introduction: Malaria is one of global health problems. Splenomegaly is one of malaria symptoms. Antimalarial drug resistance had been reported. Alternative treatment is by using traditional medicinal plants such as kelakai (Stenochlaena palustris). Kelakai contains alkaloid and flavonoid which had been reported to have antimalarial activity. The aim of this study was to discover antimalarial activity of ethanol extract of kelakai leaves to parasitemia and splenomegaly of Plasmodium berghei ANKA in infected BALB/c mice. Methods: This study was based on a modified Peter test using BALB/c mice infected with P. berghei ANKA treated with ethanol extract of kelakai leaves, with chloroquine diphosphate as a positive control. The negative control was P. berghei ANKA infected mice without any additional treatment. Administration of ethanol extract of kelakai leaves was performed for 4 days with a serial doses of 100, 10, and 1 mg/kg body weight. The positive control was given chloroquine diphosphate 20 mg/kg body weight. Parasitemia was observed daily prior to the calculation of the percentage of parasite growth and parasite growth inhibition. At the end of the test, the mice were sacrificed and spleens were isolated to measure their sizes. Probit analysis was performed to obtain ED50 to find the effect of extract in parasite killing by 50%. Spearman test was performed to analyze the correlation of doses of extract and splenomegaly. Results: Parasitemia growth inhibition was directly proportional to the dose. Higher parasitemia inhibition was obtained at higher doses and vice versa. Result of probit analysis showed an ED50 was 77.05 mg/kg body weight. Statistical analysis resulted in insignificant correlation between doses and splenomegaly p = 1.0 (significancy < 0.05). Conclusion: Ethanol extract of kelakai leaves possessed good antimalarial activity and there was no correlation between extract doses and splenomegaly in Plasmodium berghei ANKA-infected mice.

Malaria is a disease transmitted through the bite of a female Anopheles mosquito caused by the Plasmodium parasite. Plasmodium has been reported to become resistant to artemisinin. Thus, the study on the ethanol extract of mango parasite leaves/Dendrophthoe pentandra (MP) on P. berghei-infected BALB/c mice with and without artemisinin combination (MP+A) was conducted. This study is experimental laboratory research with a post-test only design. The percent parasitemia in mice treated with ethanol extract of MP and MP+A leaves decreased. There was no difference in the spleen index in mice given ethanol extract of MP, and MP+A leaves with p = 0.203 and the spleen weight of mice with p = 0.134 (significance: p

Malaria is a parasitic infectious disease that remains one of the focuses of world health problems. The ethanol extract of Hedyotis corymbosa has biochemical compounds potentially become a new antimalarial drug. This study aimed to analyze the effect of this extract on parasitemia and hepatomegaly in mice infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA. Twentyfive BALB/c mice were infected with P. berghei ANKA and grouped into 5 groups. Group 1-3 were treated with 250 mg/Kg BW (HC250), 300 mg/Kg BW (HC300), and 350 mg/Kg BW (HC350) of ethanol extract of H. corymbosa (EEHC), respectively. Group 4 was a positive control (POS) which was given dihydroartemisisnin-piperaquin (DHP) and Group 5 was a negative control (NEG) which was only given CMC Na 1%. Treatments were given orally once a day for four consecutive days. Parasitemia was observed daily on Giemsa-stained tail blood smear. On day 5 the mice were sacrificed, blood were collected by cardiac punctured, the livers were removed and the length, width, and weight were measured. There was no significant difference on parasitemia between Group 1, 2, 3 and NEG. However, the highest inhibition of parasite s growth was found in Group 3 (61.4%. Observation on hepatomegaly, showed that a significant difference on the length of the liver was found between Group 3 and NEG.

Background and Aim: Some individuals in Indonesia consume intact goat gallbladder to prevent and treat malaria. The acute and subacute toxicity tests of goat bile (GB) have shown mild diarrhea in mice. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the suppressive effect of GB on parasitemia, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, and blood biochemistry to assess liver and kidney function in BALB/c mice infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA. Materials and Methods: Fifty healthy mice were infected with P. berghei ANKA and divided into five groups. Mice in three groups were administered 0.5 mL of 25%, 50%, or 100% of GB by gavage. Animals in Group 4 were administered 187.2 mg/kg BW of dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine phosphate as a positive control (POS Group). Mice in fifth group were administered sterile water as negative (NEG) controls. Further, 30 uninfected mice were divided into groups 6-8 and administered GB as were mice in the first three groups. Group 9 included 10 uninfected and untreated animals as healthy controls. Treatments were administered in a 4-day suppressive test followed by daily observation of Giemsa-stained blood smears. On day 7, mice were sacrificed to measure the length and weight of spleens and livers, plasma levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and creatinine. Results: GB suppressed parasitemia but did not affect the size and weight of spleens or livers or plasma levels of AST and ALT compared to uninfected GB-treated and healthy control animals. Conversely, plasma levels of BUN and creatinine were suppressed and remained in the normal range in all groups of mice. Conclusion: GB suppresses parasitemia with no significant impact on hepatic enzymes in GB-treated infected mice. Liver dysfunction in GB-treated infected mice was due to P. berghei rather than GB treatment.

Abstract Background In previous studies, Cassia spectabilis DC leaf has shown a good antiplasmodial activity. Therefore, this study is a follow-up study of the extract of leaf of C. spectabilis DC on its in vitro and in vivo antiplasmodial activity and mechanism as an antimalarial. Methods The extract was fractionated, sub-fractionated and isolated to obtain the purified compound. In vitro antiplasmodial activity test against Plasmodium falciparum to find out the active compound. In vivo test against P. berghei ANKA-infected mice was conducted to determine prophylactic activity and antiplasmodial activity either alone or in combination with artesunate. The inhibition of heme detoxification test as one of the antimalarial mechanisms was carried out using the Basilico method. Results The results showed that active antimalarial compound isolated from C. spectabilis DC leaf had a structural pattern that was identical to (−)-7-hydroxycassine. Prophylactic test of 90% ethanolic extract of C. spectabilis DC leaf alone against P. berghei ANKA-infected mice obtained the highest percentage inhibition was 68.61%, while positive control (doxycycline 13 mg/kg) was 73.54%. In combination with artesunate, 150 mg/kg three times a day of C. spectabilis DC (D0-D2) + artesunate (D2) was better than the standard combination of amodiaquine + artesunate where the inhibition percentages were 99.18 and 92.88%, respectively. The IC50 of the extract for the inhibitory activity of heme detoxification was 0.375 mg/ml which was better than chloroquine diphosphate (0.682 mg/ml). Conclusion C. spectabilis DC leaf possessed potent antiplasmodial activity and may offer a potential agent for effective and affordable antimalarial phytomedicine.

The phenomena of increasing total IgE level in Soil Transmitted Helminthiasis and its protective role in resistance of infection remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to determine the correlation between total IgE and the intensity of Soil transmitted helminthiasis among farmers in these area. Total 162 farmer, age ranged 25-80 years participated in this cross sectional analytic study. Kato-Katz method was used to diagnose Soil Transmitted Helminthiasis and to determined infection intensity based on egg per gram (EPG). Total IgE levels were measured by enzyme linked flourescent assay (ELFA). The results of this study showed that 13,56% farmer positive for Soil Transmitted Helminthiasis, with single infection of Ascaris lumbricoides were 1,85%, 9,26% for Trichuris trichiura, 0,61% for Hookworm and mixed infection that were 1,23% for A.lumbricoides+T.trichiura 0,61% for A.lumbricoides+Hookworm. The intensity of infection were in mild category. Total IgE level in Soil transmitted Helminthiasis group was significantly different compared with noninfected group (p

Abstract Goat bile has been used by some Indonesian people to treat malaria and increase their stamina. This study aimed to prove whether goat bile toxic or not in BALB/c mice and to verify the antimalarial activity of goat bile at various concentrations in mice infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA. Acute toxicity test was performed using twenty male BALB/c mice with an average body weight of 25 grams, which were divided into four groups. Mice were given 25%, 50%, and 100% goat bile, respectively, while negative control was given distilled water. Any change in weight, odor, color, agitation, appearance, color of urine and feces, coma, and death, were recorded. A different set of mice were infected with P. berghei ANKA. This study conducted using the posttest only control group design with four treatments and five replications. A four day-treatment of goat bile was given by oral gavage to find out its effect on parasitemia level. Infected mice were divided randomly into 4 groups, where the GBNeg group as negative control was given only distilled water. The GB25, GB50, and GB100 groups were treated with 25%, 50%, and 100% goat bile, respectively. The parasitemia was observed daily on Giemsa-stained tail blood smears of each mice. No death or other sign of toxicity was found in goat bile-treated mice. Goat bile showed anti-malarial activity. The parasitemia in all goat bile treated groups was lower compared with the negative control group. The ED50 of goat bile against the growth of parasite was 48,55 %. Goat bile is a potential source of new antimalarial therapies. Further investigations are recommended to yield new anti-malarial drug candidates. Keywords : Goat bile, parasitemia, Plasmodium berghei ANKA, ED50 Correspondence : heny-a@fk.unair.ac.id

Abstract The trend of dengue virus infection in Indonesia has changed from children to older groups. Some studies suggested that different gender might affect the different progression of dengue infection, but its mechanism was unclear. This study analyzed the difference by evaluating the daily thrombocyte count pattern. An analytic observational study with a retrospective design was conducted using the secondary data collected from medical records in Dr. Soetomo General Hospital Surabaya during 2017-2018. The samples were adult patients in the age range of 18-55 years old with DHF but without comorbidity or coinfection. The total number of samples was 40 patients. The average of thrombocyte count in both male and female patients decreased since the 3rd day of illness and reached the lowest level on the 6th day of illness then increased on the 7th day but did not reach the normal range. Although the majority of thrombocyte count in females was lower than males, there was no significant difference in thrombocyte count pattern between them. Keyword: Adult, DHF, Thrombocyte, Gender Correspondence : heny-a@fk.unair.ac.id

Abstract Sequestration of Plasmodium berghei ANKA-infected erythrocytes occurs in BALB/c mice as characteristic of Plasmodium falciparum infection in humans. Animals’ bile has been widely used for centuries in Traditional Chinese Medicine. Goat bile has been used in healing infectious and non-infectious diseases; however, no report on the use of goat bile against malaria infection and sequestration. The purpose of this study was to analyze the correlation between parasitemia and sequestration in the liver of P.berghei ANKA-infected BALB/c mice treated with goat bile. This research was an in vivo experimental study using the post-test control group design. The male BALB/c mice aged ± 6 weeks, body weight 20-25 g were used. The mice were divided into five groups where Group 1-3 were mice treated with goat bile 25%, 50%, and 100%, respectively. Group 4-5 were negative (sterile water) and positive controls (DHP). Parasitemia was observed daily from each mouse and the number of sequestered infected erythrocytes on the endothelium of sinusoids. The data were analyzed using t independent test. Antimalarial activity of goat bile was shown by the lower parasitemia in goat bile-treated mice compared with the negative control. The average number of sequestration was goat bile concentration-dependent manner. The higher the concentration, the lower the number of sequestration. Sequestration was correlated with parasitemia (p=0,0001). Sequestration of P.berghei ANKA-infected erythrocytes correlated with parasitemia, and was goat bile concentration-dependent manner. Keywords: Malaria, parasitemia, sequestration, goat bile Correspondence: arwatiheny@gmail.com

Background: Nowadays, microbial infections remain as the leading cause of infectious diseases and human death worldwide. The use of plant-derived medicines is currently increasing in the treatment of various diseases. Papaya leaves have proteolytic enzymes and phytoconstituents with antimicrobial properties. Rwandan citizens use papaya leaves to treat hair dandruff, wounds and burns. Materials and Methods: Papaya leaves were collected and allowed to dry under the shed at room temperature for 14 days. The powdered plant materials were soaked separately in clean flask and extracted successively using maceration method with water and methanol. Qualitative phytochemical screening was conducted by using specific standard procedures. Antimicrobial activity assays of all the extracts were performed by agar well diffusion method and determined by measuring the zones of inhibition with transparent scale. Results: Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, tannins, flavonoids, steroids and phenolic compounds. In this observation, all the extracts exhibit significant inhibitory activity against all test pathogens ranging from 2 mm to 26 mm of diameter. Methanol extracts showed the maximum activity against Candida albicans (inhibition zone: 26±0.11 and activity index: 1.23). Minimum inhibition concentration values ranges between 3.175 mg/mL and 12.5 mg/mL. Conclusion: The results indicate that Carica papaya leaves could be very potent source of antimicrobial agents and secondary metabolites that can be used by pharmaceutical industries to produce medicines. Keywords: Carica papaya, antimicrobial, agar well diffusion, phytochemical screening, zone of inhibition, activity index

Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the toxicity of goat bile in BALB/c mice since some Indonesian people consume raw goat gallbladder to treat malaria and increase stamina. Materials and Methods: Acute toxicity test was done in six groups of BALB/c mice using 100%, 50%, 25%, 12.5%, and 6.75% of goat bile and negative control. The death of mice was observed within 14 days. In the subacute toxicity test, the body weight and hematology parameters on day 0 and day 4 post-treatment were evaluated. The mice were closely observed for 28 days before plasma collection for the blood biochemistry evaluation. Results: Mild diarrhea was observed in acute and subacute toxicity tests. No death of mice was observed in acute test. Goat bile did not inhibit the increase of the body weight of mice. A slight reduction in hemoglobin and hematocrit levels in mice treated with 25% and 50% goat bile, however, remained normal in mice treated with 100% goat bile. The red and white blood cell count were not affected. Liver and kidney functions were not affected by goat bile treatment as revealed by the plasma level of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase, blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine, which remained in the normal range. Conclusion: Goat bile treatment in BALB/c mice caused mild toxicity in mice. Hydrophobic bile acids may cause the toxicity of goat bile in mice; therefore, it is recommended that goat bile consumption not to be taken oftenly to avoid its harmful effect.

Malaria-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome (MA-ARDS) is characterized by extensive infiltration of leukocytes, microhemorrhages, vasogenic edema, changes in lung color, and a significant increase in the weight of the lung. This study was aimed to find out the differences in parasitemia and lung size in MA-ARDSand non-MA-ARDSin mice infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA. Sixteen male BALB/c mice were infected with P. berghei ANKA, and daily parasitemia was observed on Giemsa-stained tail blood smears. Mice were sacrificed when parasitemia reached ±20%. Simultaneously eight uninfected mice were used as negative control (NEG). The statistical analysis was done using Kruskal Wallis, Mann Whitney U tests, and Spearman correlation test. The results showed that there were significant differences in parasitemia (p=0.001), weight (p=0.001), and lung length (p=0.021) between the MA-ARDS and non-MA-ARDS groups. Comparison of NEG and MA-ARDS resulted in a significant difference in lung size (p=0.05). When non-MA-ARDScompared with NEG groups, it showed a significant difference in lung width (p=0.001). However, there was no significant difference in lung weight and length (p>0.05). Spearman correlation test showed that there was a strong correlation between parasitemia with weight (p=0.000), length (p=0.001), and lung width (p=0.017). The findings indicated that parasitemia played a role in the development of MA-ARDS in mice infected with P. berghei ANKA and influenced the size of the lung.

Currently, the presence of antimalarial drug resistance has become a major obstacle in the treatment of malaria. To overcome the problem, a series of studies are needed to find new antimalarial drugs from plants. Previously, 90% ethanolic extract of Cassia spectabilis DC (EECS) leaves have been reported to have antimalarial activity in vitro against Plasmodium falciparum and in vivo against Plasmodium berghei ANKA. The research is conducted to find out the toxicity and protective effects of EECS on the liver and kidneys of mice infected with P. berghei ANKA. The acute and subacute toxicity tests were carried out on healthy mice that were given EECS at a dose of 150 mg/kg BW. An antimalarial activity test was carried out at doses of 150 and 200 mg/kg BW in P. berghei-infected mice. Regarding hepatomegaly, further plasma levels of hepatic enzyme were analyzed, as well as histopathological observation of the liver to determine the effect of the extract on liver. The kidney was observed histopathologically as well. The acute toxicity test of EECS showed that there was no mouse died at the highest dose, indicating safe for the mice. The subacute toxicity based on the histology data showed no significant difference in the liver and kidney of mice between the tested group and the healthy group. The histological and enzymatic effect of EECS in mice infected with P. berghei showed the histological and enzymatic effect that improved liver function and the histopathological effect on kidneys with the highest activity at a dose of 200 mg/kg BW compared with the negative control. The results showed the EECS was not toxic in mice and repaired the liver and kidney functions of P. berghei ANKA-infected mice, indicating a good candidate for antimalarial drug development.

ABSTRACT Soil-transmitted helminths (STH) are the worms which transmitted through the soil. The people of Dusun Semen, Grogol, Kediri have a habit of defecating in the river. Farmers who work in direct contact with water and soil is possible to be infected with STH. The purpose of this study was to determine STH species in water, soils, and farmer's fecal samples. Water samples were collected from three spots of river A and B, soil samples from 43 rice fields, and fecal samples from 50 farmers. Water samples were examined by sedimentation, soil samples by floatation, and fecal samples by Kato-Katz method. The data were then analyzed by Chi square test. Out of 18 water samples, 12 samples (66.7%) were positive, consisted of 4 samples (22.2%) contained of Ascaris lumbricoides and 8 samples (44.4%) contained Trichuris trichiura. Total soil samples were 129, where 8 samples (6.2%) were positive for A. lumbricoides, and 10 samples (7.7%) for T. trichiura. Out of 50 villagers, only 39 gave the fecal samples, where 12 samples (31.0%) were positive consisted of 5 samples (12.8%) for A. lumbricoides, 8 samples (20.5%) for T.trichiura. In conclusion, the STH species found in the media of water, soil, and feces of farmers are the similar namely A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura. Positive farmer samples prove STH transmission from STH contaminated water and soil. Keyword: Water, soil, feces, soil transmitted helminths

Background: Malaria is still a universal health problem, especially in tropical countries because of high morbidity and mortality rates. Infection by Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax could result in asymptomatic disease of malaria and be found in Trenggalek, Jawa Timur. Differences in pathogenesis among affected individuals are affected by many factors, and the immune system is one of them. Among substances involved in the malarial immunity is Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)-α and Interleukin (IL)-10, produced by the body's defense system as the reaction to the parasite. Therefore a study was designed to detect the level of TNF-α and IL-10 in asymptomatic malaria patients. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted. Thirty male asymptomatic malaria subjects, age 21 to 60 years were selected. Blood from each subject was collected and the levels of TNF-α and IL-10 were analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. Significant values considered at p0.05), and positive correlation between TNF-α and the rate of hemoglobin (r=0.002; p>0.05). IL-10 was correlated negatively with the rate of hemoglobin (r=-0.363; p

Malaria in Indonesia remains a significant health problem. Trenggalek District is one of the receptive malaria areas in East Java Province, Indonesia, with mainly imported malaria from outside Java Island. The people of this district accustomed to traveling to outside Java where malaria is endemic for temporary working purposes. Usually, they have acquired malaria infection in the areas where they worked and brought to their homeland during their return to the district. The number of imported malaria cases depend on the returning season of the workers. When no workers return from outside Java malaria case is zero. During the year of 2012-2016 microscopic examination of Microscopic examination of Giemsa-stained thick blood films of the workers have been done in the working activity of Pandean Primary Health Center on their arrival from Kalimantan Island either by active or passive case detection. Microscopically positive data were reported herein to describe the trend of imported malaria in the studied areas. A total number of malaria-infected workers were 118 cases. The trend towards increasing case number yearly between 2012 and 2013 being 1.35%, then decreasing between 2013 and 2016 to only 4 cases in 2016. Different patterns of imported malaria by month were seen in each year but no specific pattern throughout the year. The Plasmodium vivax infection was predominant every year and followed by Plasmodium falciparum and mixed infection of those two species. Trends of imported malaria cases in Trenggalek district were decreased and increased irregularly in each month yearly. However, the number of cases declined annually during 2013 – 2016. Antimalarial prophylaxis and insecticides prevent the workers from malaria infection.

ABSTRACT Worm infection is one of the health problems in all tropical countries, including Indonesia. The most frequent helminthiasis is the infection caused by the Soil-Transmitted Helminth. Primary school-age children are an age group that is susceptible to helminthiasis. Worm infections can cause a serious impact if left untreated with no clean and healthy lifestyle. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence and risk factors of STH in children of Manusak Village, East Kupang Subdistrict, Kupang District, East Nusa Tenggara Province, followed by the characterization of subjects. The analytic observational design with the cross-sectional study was applied to this research. Research subjects were 130 children aged 6-12 years old. The infection was diagnosed microscopically by the Katokatz method. Ascaris lumbricoides were the only species found infecting a total of 50 children (38.4%.). The distribution of ascariasis was higher in girls (30 or 23.08%) than in boys (20 or 15.38%), in children whose parents have no formal education (41 or 31.54%), and who their professions are a farmer. Poor hygiene and sanitation such as no washing hands with soap (27 or 20.77%) as well as the habit of not wearing footwear (47 or 36.2%) and bowel habit on the open areas (35 or 26.92%) are the risks factors causing the high incidence of A. lumbricoides in the studied area. Enlightenment to the parents regarding good personal and environmental hygiene and sanitation along with chemotherapy from the government and related agencies is needed to achieve a durable reduction of the burden of ascariasis and other STH infection. Keywords : Soil Transmitted Helminth, Ascaris lumbricoides, children, Kupang District Correspondence : heny-a@fk.unair.ac.id

Abstract Malaria is a parasitic infectious disease caused by Plasmodium, which remains a world health problem with an estimated 219 million cases worldwide. In severe malaria infection, several organs of the body can be affected, including the kidneys. One of the pathophysiology associated with the worsening of this disease is oxidative stress. The use of antioxidants is expected to prevent this, and one product that has a high antioxidant content is virgin coconut oil (VCO). This study aimed to analyze the effect of VCO on the kidney in Plasmodium berghei ANKA-infected mice. This study was an in vivo laboratory experimental study with a randomized post-test only control group design using 35 BALB/c mice infected with P. berghei ANKA, weighing 20-30 grams. VCO with the Javara® brand is used with doses of 1, 5, and 10 ml/kg body weight (kgBW)/ day. The parameter assessed were levels of BUN, creatinine, and renal histopathological changes. The administration of VCO on the treated group shows minimal tubular necrosis and glomerulonephritis compared to the negative control group. The BUN and creatinine levels in the treated group were also lower than the negative control group. The results showed that VCO has a nephroprotective effect against P. berghei ANKA infection in mice. Keywords: malaria, kidney, virgin coconut oil

Malaria is a disease which is transmitted through the bite of Anopheles mosquito. This study aimed to analyse the difference of type of Anopheles larva breeding places between low malaria case area, namely Mandor Village, and high malaria case area, namely North Amboyo Village, both in Landak Regency, West Kalimantan Province. The samples of Anopheles mosquito breeding places was acquired through accidental sampling from all Anopheles larva breeding places and spatial mapping of breeding place points. The data were analyzed using Chi-square test and Mann-whitney test. This study found 70 breeding place points which consisted of 8 types of place, namely dig well, drilled well, Illegal Gold Mining (PETI) well, puddle, fish pond, sewer, swamp, and rice field. The lowest larva density in Mandor Village was at PETI well (0.48/dip) and the highest was at dig well (0.75/dip). In North Amboyo Village, the lowest density was at number 3 dig well (0.2/dip) and the highest was at rice field (2.3/dip). It can be concluded that there was a significant difference of Anopheles breeding places between low and high malaria case areas.

Bioinsecticide is an alternative to overcome larva resistence to insecticide and reduce environtment contamination. This research is to analyze the effect of areca seed extract to An. vagus larva. The research is taken time in 2017. The research design is laboratory experiment with post test only control group design. The areca seed and An. vagus larva are collected from Kabupaten Sumba Barat Daya, then the seeds were extracted with ultrasonic method. The effect of the extract is evaluated based on LC50 and LC90 value. The sample from 25 An. vagus larva instar III are released into areca seed extract on 500, 1250, 2000, 2750, 3500, 4250 and 5000 ppm and observed within 6, 12, 18 and 24 hours and 6 repetition. The data then analyzed with probit analysis and ANOVA. The areca seed extract eliminates An. vagus larva as much as 61.33% under 6 hours exposure with 5000 ppm, 52% larva mortality on 12 hours with 4250 ppm, 56% larva mortality on 18 hours with 3500 ppm, and 55% larva mortality on 24 hours with 2750 ppm. The value of LC50 and LC90 on 6, 12, 18 and 24 hours are 4654.374 and 6320,732; 3717.286 and 5127.489 ppm; 3201,473 and 4775,206 ppm; 2385,297 and 4496,708 ppm. There is variation of larva mortality percentage average on every concentration and exposure time, the higher the concentration and exposure time the higher An. vagus larva mortality.

Abstract Background Trenggalek district is a hypoendemic malaria area with mainly imported cases brought by migrant workers from islands outside Java. During malaria surveillance in 2015, no malaria cases were found microscopically, but some cases were positive by PCR. Therefore, a study was conducted to prove that local malaria transmission still occur. Methods The adult villagers were invited to the house of the head of this village to be screened for malaria using aseptic venipuncture of 1 mL blood upon informed consent. Thin and thick blood films as well as blood spots on filter paper were made for each subject. The blood films were stained with Giemsa and the blood spots were used to extract DNA for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification to determine the malaria infection. In addition, the history of malaria infection and travel to malaria endemic areas were recorded. Entomologic survey to detect the existence of anopheline vector was also conducted. Results Of the total 64 subjects that participated in the survey, no malaria parasites were found through microscopic examination of the blood films. The PCR analysis found six positive cases (two Plasmodium falciparum, one Plasmodium vivax and two mixed infection of both species), and two of them had no history of malaria and have never travelled to malaria endemic area. Entomologic survey using human bait trap detected the existence of Anopheles indefinitus that was found to be positive for P. vivax by PCR. Conclusions The results indicated that although we did not find any microscopically slide positive cases, six PCR positive subjects were found. The fact that 2 of the 6 malaria positive subjects have never travelled to malaria endemic area together with the existence of the vector confirm the occurence of local transmission of malaria in the area.

Abstract: Malaria remains a major public health problem in most tropical and subtropical countries, including Indonesia. Severe malaria has a high mortality rate despite treatment with effective antimalarial drug. Pro-inflammatory cytokines such as Tumor Necrosis Factor-alfa (TNF-α) is raised in severe malaria. In South Kalimantan, the kelakai (Stenochlaena palustris (Burm.f) Bedd) has few uses for treat fever and infectious diseases. It contains bioactive substances, such as flavonoids, steroids, and alkaloids which have been reported to exert multiple biological effects, including anti-inflammatory action. The aim of this study is to find out the potential of kelakai extract (KE) againts TNF-α level in BALB/c mice infected P. berghei ANKA. The research is true experimental study, Posttest-only with Control Group Design. Teatment groups were devided into 4 groups treated with 10 mg/kg BW, 100 mg/kg BW of KE, and 36,4 mg/kg BW artesunate orally (positive control), 3 hours post infection and when parasitemia reached 15-20%. Negative controls were without KE treatment and P. berghei infection. Treatment were given for four days. Blood was collected 24 hours after the last treatment. Plasma TNF-α level were measured by sandwich ELISA. Data was analyzed by using Kruskal-Wallis Test, confidence rate at 95%. There was a significant different between treatment groups, where p = 0,000 (p < 0,05). KE potential to inhibit TNF-α production in Pb3K100A- group (p = 0,047). Keywords : Malaria, TNF-α, Stenochlaena palustris Abstrak: Malaria masih menjadi masalah kesehatan utama pada sebagian besar negara tropis dan subtropis, termasuk Indonesia. Malaria berat menyebabkan angka kematian yang tinggi meskipun telah mendapat obat anti malaria yang efektif. Sitokin pro-inflamasi seperti TNF-α meningkat pada malaria berat. Di Kalimantan Selatan, tanaman kelakai digunakan untuk mengobati demam dan penyakit infeksi. Kelakai mengandung senyawa-senyawa bioaktif antara lain flavonoid, steroid, dan alkaloid yang dilaporkan banyak memiliki efek biologis, termasuk aktivitas anti-inflamasi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui potensi ekstrak kelakai terhadap kadar TNF-α pada mencit BALB/c yang diinfeksi P. berghei ANKA. Penelitian ini merupakan studi eksperimental murni dengan Posttest-only with Control Group Design. Kelompok perlakuan dibagi menjadi 4 yaitu kelompok yang mendapat ekstrak kelakai per oral 10 mg/kg BB, 100 mg/kg BB, artesunat 36,4 mg/kg BB (kontrol positif) 3 jam setelah infeksi dan pada saat parasitemia mencapai 15-20%. Kontrol negatif tidak mendapat ekstrak kelakai, artesunat, dan infeksi parasit. Perlakuan diberikan selama 4 hari. Sampel darah diambil 24 jam setelah perlakuan terakhir. Kadar TNF-α diukur dengan ELISA metode sandwich. Data dianalisa dengan Uji Kruskal-Wallis, dengan tingkat kepercayaan 95%. Terdapat perbedaan bermakna antar kelompok perlakuan, nilai p = 0,000 (p

This research was aimed to describe the density pattern and the fluctuation of Aedes aegypti larval based on the season in dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF) endemic area in Surabaya city. The population of the research was the house of people together with its breeding sites either inside and outside the house. The 55 houses were randomly chosen in 11 RWs in Nginden Subdistrict. The sample of this research was Aedes aegypti larva obtained from its breeding sites. The sample sizes were all of the larval in the containers existed in the chosen houses. The samples of the larval were taken and carried for identification and documentation of the species. This research was applied in the same houses in January, March, and May 2008 in rainy season. The results indicated that the highest larval index occurred in January with House Index (HI) 76.8%, Container Index (CI) 40.5%, and Breteau Index (BI) 137.5%. There was a decrease in March with HI 63.3%, CI 31.3%, and BI 92.7%. It continued to decrease in May with HI 42.6%, CI 21.1%, and BI 57.4%. All of those larval indices in the three observed months showed a high percentage of larval which was much higher than the safe limit or the critical threshold (5%) as defined by WHO. It implied that people in Nginden Subdistrict were threaten by the infection of DHF. The three indices achieved the peak in January, which was also the peak of the rainy season. It gradually decreased in March and May as the rainy season decreased its intensity of rain. Larval Density Index (LDI) also showed a high value. There were 173 larval/house in January, 187 larval/house in March, and 84.8 larval/house in May. The containers or breeding sites of Aedes were mostly found in January then their existences gradually decreased in March and May. Traditional bath tub was the most productive container inside the house, while drum and bucket were the most productive containers outside the house. Other containers which contributed abundance of larval were refrigerator, flower pot, well, and PDAM meter box.