27 results on '"Hengl, Brigita"'
Search Results
2. Water for human consumption in Zagreb city as a possible source of some contaminants
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Hengl, Brigita, Petrić, Jasenka, Tolić, Sonja, Grubiša, Dragan, Babić, Jasenka, Gross Bošković, Andrea, Hengl, Brigita, Petrić, Jasenka, Tolić, Sonja, Grubiša, Dragan, Babić, Jasenka, and Gross Bošković, Andrea
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In the Zagreb city area extensive monitoring of water for human consumption has been carried out for years, which includes several dozen different chemical, biological and physical parameters. Given the daily water intake in our bodies, the possibility of ingesting certain contaminants via water has a significant role. This especially applies to nitrates, which are in the second place of importance, since it has been found that the water is their source. In this paper, we present results of the presence for the following contaminants: aluminum, cadmium, chlorate and chlorite, nitrate and mercury in water that can be consumed via water in the city of Zagreb for the period 2016-2020. The results indicate stable average annual values of monitored contaminants, except for aluminum and chlorates, for which it was found that the values of annual averages differ several times. However, even in cases of higher values, their contribution to water intake does not pose a risk to the health of consumers, nor it significantly contribute to their overall intake. Still, given the assumption that this is a specific exposure, to which the consumer is tied to the place of residence, it is important to constantly monitor trends, so that each exposure is kept to a minimum.
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- 2023
3. Identification of bacteria species among Enterobacteriaceae found in confectionery cakes
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Petrić, Jasenka, Hengl, Brigita, Kovaček, Ivančica, Markov, Ksenija, Ačkar, Đurđica, Knežević, Dražen, Petrić, Jasenka, Hengl, Brigita, Kovaček, Ivančica, Markov, Ksenija, Ačkar, Đurđica, and Knežević, Dražen
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The goal of this research was to identify which Enterobacteriaceae species are present in cakes from confectionery establishments and whether these are species that can be considered pathogenic for humans and what their harmful impact on human health could be. The sampling of confectionery cakes was carried out in the area of the City of Zagreb, and the samples were analysed for the presence of Enterobacteriaceae in accordance with the HRN ISO 21528-2:2017 standard. In cases where the samples contained the number of Enterobacteriaceae greater than 102 CFU/g, the MALDI-TOF method was used to identify individual species of enterobacteria. The results of the analyses determined the presence of 10 Enterobacteriaceae species: Enterobacter kobei, Enterobacter cloacae, Pantoea agglomerans, Serratia liquefaciens, Enterobacter asburiae, Klebsiella oxytoca, Buttiauxella gaviniae, Buttiauxella warmboldiae, Raoultella and Cedecea neteri. All species of Enterobacteriaceae determined in this research, according to the literature, were previously isolated from food or water, and all species except Buttiauxella warmboldiae were isolated from humans and the environment. However, for none of the species of Enterobacteriaceae determined in this research a literature reference to support food as a vehicle in case of human illness was found.
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- 2023
4. Official veterinarians in Europe: Questionnaire-based insights into demographics, work and training
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Gomes-Neves, Eduarda; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4978-207X, Cardoso, Margarida F, Lazou, Thomai; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6223-5655, Hengl, Brigita; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8082-2087, Bonardi, Silvia, Blagojevic, Bojan; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0005-2559, Guldiman, Claudia, Johler, Sophia; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4299-5651, Gomes-Neves, Eduarda; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4978-207X, Cardoso, Margarida F, Lazou, Thomai; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6223-5655, Hengl, Brigita; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8082-2087, Bonardi, Silvia, Blagojevic, Bojan; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0005-2559, Guldiman, Claudia, and Johler, Sophia; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4299-5651
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- 2023
5. Risk based meat safety assurance system – An introduction to key concepts for future training of official veterinarians
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Ferri, Maurizio, Blagojevic, Bojan, Maurer, Patric; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0853-3325, Hengl, Brigita, Guldimann, Claudia, Mojsova, Sandra, Sakaridis, Ioannis, Antunovic, Boris, Gomes-Neves, Eduarda, Zdolec, Nevijo, Vieira-Pinto, Madalena; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8588-7071, Johler, Sophia; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4299-5651, Ferri, Maurizio, Blagojevic, Bojan, Maurer, Patric; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0853-3325, Hengl, Brigita, Guldimann, Claudia, Mojsova, Sandra, Sakaridis, Ioannis, Antunovic, Boris, Gomes-Neves, Eduarda, Zdolec, Nevijo, Vieira-Pinto, Madalena; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8588-7071, and Johler, Sophia; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4299-5651
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- 2023
6. The emergence of porcine epidemic diarrhoea in Croatia: molecular characterization and serology
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Brnić, Dragan, Šimić, Ivana, Lojkić, Ivana, Krešić, Nina, Jungić, Andreja, Balić, Davor, Lolić, Marica, Knežević, Dražen, and Hengl, Brigita
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- 2019
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7. Korištenje microgAMBI indeksa za brzu procjenu ekološkog stanja u uvjetima akvakulture
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Kolda, Anamarija, Gavrilović, Ana, Jug-Dujaković, Jurica, Borja, Angel, Ljubešić, Zrinka, El- Matbouli, Mansour, Lillehaug, Atle, Lončarević, Semir, Perić, Lorena, Pikelj, Kristina, Hengl, Brigita, Knežević, Dražen, Vukić Lušić, Darija, and Kapetanović, Damir
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metabarcoding ,microgAMBI ,ecological status ,microbial ecology ,aquaculture - Abstract
Aquaculture industry is currently implementing Blue Transformation strategy to enhance sustainability of the growing production. Microbes have tremendous impact on sustainability and health in aquaculture industry. Consequently, there is a global effort for implementation of eDNA metabarcoding of microbes for routine monitoring of various environments. To assess the ecological status (ES), according to microbial assemblage composition, microgAMBI (microbial genomic-based AZTI’s Marine Biotic Index) was created. Sampling of seawater and sediment was conducted in 2018, at a small-scale seabass farm in Mali Ston Bay, Croatia near island Maslinovac and a respective control site (near island Pučenjak), in March, June, September and November. Total DNA was extracted and 16S rRNA gene (V1-V3 region) was sequenced using high-throughput sequencing technology (Illumina, UK). Based on the obtained taxonomic list, microgAMBI calculation was performed and ES of the sampling sites was assigned. Most of the samples achieved “moderate” ES, with summer farm seawater sample having “bad” ES and winter control sediment sample having “good” status. Sediment in the farm was of “poor” ecological status in warmer seasons, as did the control sediment in the summer. Overall, microgAMBI demonstrated potential in effective assessment of aquaculture and surrounding environment, providing useful information for aquaculture managers and policy makers.
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- 2023
8. Characterization of Vibrio Populations from Cultured European Seabass and the Surrounding Marine Environment with Emphasis on V. anguillarum
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Kapetanović, Damir, primary, Vardić Smrzlić, Irena, additional, Gavrilović, Ana, additional, Jug-Dujaković, Jurica, additional, Perić, Lorena, additional, Kazazić, Snježana, additional, Mišić Radić, Tea, additional, Kolda, Anamarija, additional, Čanković, Milan, additional, Žunić, Jakov, additional, Listeš, Eddy, additional, Vukić Lušić, Darija, additional, Lillehaug, Atle, additional, Lončarević, Semir, additional, Pikelj, Kristina, additional, Hengl, Brigita, additional, Knežević, Dražen, additional, and El-Matbouli, Mansour, additional
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- 2022
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9. The Occurrence of Five Unregulated Mycotoxins Most Important for Traditional Dry-Cured Meat Products
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Lešić, Tina, primary, Vulić, Ana, additional, Vahčić, Nada, additional, Šarkanj, Bojan, additional, Hengl, Brigita, additional, Kos, Ivica, additional, Polak, Tomaž, additional, Kudumija, Nina, additional, and Pleadin, Jelka, additional
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- 2022
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10. Burden of non-communicable disease studies in Europe: a systematic review of data sources and methodological choices
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Mereke, Alibek, Von Der Lippe, Elena, Pires, Sara M, Plass, Dietrich, Gorasso, Vanessa, Charalampous, Periklis, Majer, Marjeta, Liew, Aaron, Ladeira, Carina, Mechili, Enkeleint A, Padron-Monedero, Alicia, O'caoimh, Rónán, Konar, Naime Meriç, Knudsen, Ann Kristin, Kabir, Zubair, Jakobsen, Lea S, Isola, Gaetano, Hynds, Paul, Hengl, Brigita, Gissler, Mika, Gazzelloni, Federica, García-González, Juan Manuel, Freitas, Alberto, Fischer, Florian, Eikemo, Terje Andreas, Dahm, Christina C, Cuschieri, Sarah, Breitner, Susanne, Bølling, Anette Kocbach, Bikbov, Boris, Alkerwi, Ala’A, Ádám, Balázs, Haagsma, Juanita A, Devleesschauwer, Brecht, Sarmiento, Rodrigo, Santi-Cano, María José, Noguer, Isabel, Ngwa, Che Henry, Morgado, Joana Nazaré, Kissimova-Skarbek, Katarzyna, Idavain, Jane, O’Donovan, Mark Ryan, Ortiz, Alberto, Pallari, Elena, Petrou, Panagiotis, Ortiz, Miguel Reina, Riva, Silvia, Samouda, Hanène, Santos, João V, Adi Santoso, Cornelia Melinda, Schmitt, Tugce, Skempes, Dimitrios, Sousa, Ana Catarina, Stevanovic, Aleksandar, Terzic, Gerhard Sulo Natasa, Terzic-Supic, Zorica, Todorovic, Jovana, Tozija, Fimka, Unim, Brigid, Van Wilder, Lisa, Varga, Orsolya, Violante, Francesco S, Wyper, Grant M A, Mevsim, Vildan, Niranjan, Vikram, Ng, Edmond S W, Nena, Evangelia, Mondello, Stefania, Monasta, Lorenzo, Mitchell, Louise, Milicevic, Milena Santric, Repositório da Universidade de Lisboa, and COST Action CA18218
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Burden of non-communicable diseases ,Base de datos bibliográfica ,Information Storage and Retrieval ,Global Health ,Disability-adjusted life years ,Europe/epidemiology ,Global Burden of Disease ,Chronic diseases -- Risk factors -- Europe ,SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being ,Medicine and Health Sciences ,Humans ,Non-communicable diseases ,ddc:610 ,Noncommunicable Diseases ,Cost of illness -- Europe ,Disability-adjusted life years -- Europe ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Burden of disease ,Noncommunicable Diseases/epidemiology ,Burden of Disease methodology ,Europe ,European Burden of Disease Network ,Enfermedades no transmisibles ,Global burden of disease -- Europe ,Medical care, Cost of -- Europe -- Case studies ,Quality-Adjusted Life Years ,non-communicable disease studies ,610 Medizin und Gesundheit - Abstract
Background: Assessment of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) resulting from non-communicable diseases (NCDs) requires specific calculation methods and input data. The aims of this study were to (i) identify existing NCD burden of disease (BoD) activities in Europe; (ii) collate information on data sources for mortality and morbidity; and (iii) provide an overview of NCD-specific methods for calculating NCD DALYs. Methods: NCD BoD studies were systematically searched in international electronic literature databases and in grey literature. We included all BoD studies that used the DALY metric to quantify the health impact of one or more NCDs in countries belonging to the European Region. Results: A total of 163 BoD studies were retained: 96 (59%) were single-country or sub-national studies and 67 (41%) considered more than one country. Of the single-country studies, 29 (30%) consisted of secondary analyses using existing Global Burden of Disease (GBD) results. Mortality data were mainly derived (49%) from vital statistics. Morbidity data were frequently (40%) drawn from routine administrative and survey datasets, including disease registries and hospital discharge databases. The majority (60%) of national BoD studies reported mortality corrections. Multimorbidity adjustments were performed in 18% of national BoD studies. Conclusion: The number of national NCD BoD assessments across Europe increased over time, driven by an increase in BoD studies that consisted of secondary data analysis of GBD study findings. Ambiguity in reporting the use of NCD-specific BoD methods underlines the need for reporting guidelines of BoD studies to enhance the transparency of NCD BoD estimates across Europe., peer-reviewed
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- 2022
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11. A survey for the assessment of demographics and training needs of official veterinarians in Europe
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Gomes-Neves, Eduarda, Cardoso, Margarida F., Lazou, Thomai, Hengl, Brigita, Bonardi, Silvia, Guldiman, Claudia, Blagojevic, Bojan, Johler, Sophia, Antunovic, Boris, Carrasco Jiménez, Elena, Guldimann, Claudia, Johler, Sophia, Sperner, Brigitte, and Blagojevic, Bojan
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official veterinarians, demographics assessment , training needs - Abstract
Veterinarians are experts in animal health and welfare and public health, playing an essential role in controlling and defending the safety and quality of food of animal origin. Official veterinarians (OVs) are a vital part of food safety assurance as they perform the official controls for the national authorities. The way official controls will be carried out in Europe in the future is currently under revision. The ongoing implementation of modernised meat safety assurance systems, from traditional inspection to risk-based meat safety assurance, requires OVs to adapt their control processes. They need to act as risk managers who consider harmonised epidemiological indicators and food chain information. However, to date, the demography, training opportunities and training needs of OVs remain to be assessed and likely vary widely across Europe. An online anonymous questionnaire was developed, tested in a pilot study and approved by the Ethics Committee of the University of Porto, Portugal. The objective of this survey tool, encompassing eight groups of questions, was to characterise OVs in terms of demography and employment, and to identify continuous education and training needs. To reach as many OVs working in Europe as possible, the questionnaire was translated into 17 different languages and was available to recipients from 1st December 2021 to 31st March 2022. This survey tool was disseminated through RIBMINS national contact points, the Federation of Veterinarians of Europe, the European College of Veterinary Public Health as well as professional and personal networks in the countries participating in the RIBMINS project. Over 1, 700 OVs from 30 countries have completed the questionnaire. The data obtained will enable the characterisation of this professional group and help to identify training needs and develop effective future training tools.
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- 2022
12. Microbiological contamination of confectionary cakes in Croatia
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Hengl, Brigita, Petrić, Jasenka, Markov, Ksenija, Ačkar, Đurđica, Kovaček, Ivančica, and Knežević, Dražen
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confectionery cakes ,microbiological contamination ,food safety - Abstract
Confectionery cakes are products obtained by mixing, shaping, baking, or other suitable processing procedures of two or more ingredients, giving the characteristic sensory properties of the product. They can be filled or topped with fruit, chocolate and other creams or toppings. The chemical composition and high water and sugar content make confectionery cakes suitable for the growth and multiplication of various microorganisms. Since contamination can occur at all stages of the production process, conducting good hygiene practices is necessary to obtain a product safe for consumption. The aim of this study was to provide insight into the contamination of confectionery cakes at the market in the Republic of Croatia by potentially pathogenic microorganisms and microorganisms as indicators of hygienic production. The cakes were sampled during a one-year period in 12 cities in Croatia. Samples were analysed according to the microbiological criteria prescribed by Commission Regulation (EC) No 2073/2005 of 15 November 2005 on microbiological criteria for foodstuffs and as recommended by the Guideline of Microbiological Criteria (Ministry of Agriculture, 2011). Results of the study showed that no pathogenic bacteria whose presence could have adverse health effects, were identified in confectionery cakes.
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- 2022
13. Legislative framework for meat inspection system in Croatia
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Hengl, Brigita, Zdolec, Nevijo, Juras, Mirela, Mandek, Siniša, Kiš, Tomislav, Kozačinski, Lidija, Antunović, Boris, Carrasco Jiménez, Elena, Guldimann, Claudia, Johler, Sophia, Sperner, Brigitte, and Blagojević, Bojan
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meat inspection ,legislation ,Croatia - Abstract
This paper describes the changes in the Croatian regulations and harmonisation with European Union (EU) legislation in the field of meat inspection, before and after 2013, when Croatia joined EU. Namely, in the last 30 years, the legislative framework of the meat inspection system in Croatia has changed several times. In 1997, the Veterinary Act (OG 70/1997) stipulated that veterinary health inspection in slaughterhouses is carried out by authorised veterinarians (AVs) employed in veterinary organisations to which state authorities have been delegated, while officinal veterinarians are employed by government and have a broader spectrum of duties. The AV performed the veterinary examinations to determine the safety of products of animal origin, and only they, and not the food business operators (FBOs), were responsible in the case of any non-compliance. The conditions that AVs had to fulfil were a diploma from the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, a certificate of completion of the State Professional Examination (SPE) for Veterinary Inspector, and at least three years of professional experience after passing the SPE. The next Veterinary Act (OG 41/2007) brought changes in the meat inspection in the framework of official controls of food of animal origin by dividing regulations between this Act and the Food Act (OG 46/2007), and introduced the term “control bodies” for veterinary organisations with delegated state authorities. An AV then had at least two years of professional experience, a license (issued by the Croatian Veterinary Chamber after completing one year of professional practice) and the SPE certificate (issued by the Minister of Agriculture). The Food Act introduced a shift of responsibility in the case of non-compliances to FBOs, at all stages of production, processing and distribution. The Veterinary Act of 2013 (OG 82/2013) implemented Regulation (EC) No 882/2004 in the Croatian legislative framework, but did not bring any changes related to meat inspection. The State Inspectorate Act (OG 115/2018) introduced significant changes in the organisation, as all inspections involved in the food safety system were merged, with the exception of fisheries inspections. The Act on official controls and other official activities performed to ensure the application of food and feed law, rules on animal health and welfare, plant health and plant protection products (OG 52/2021) implemented the provisions of Regulation (EU) 2017/625. The State Inspectorate was introduced as the Competent Authority for different areas of official controls, and “delegated bodies” as the local competent authorities performing meat inspection. At the same time, amendments to the Veterinary Act (OG 52/2021) changed the requirements for AVs. The development of the legal framework over the years had less impact on the methodology of meat inspection, so riskbased meat inspection did not play a role in practice. However, since 2013, in cooperation with the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and the Croatian Veterinary Chamber, continuous training programs have been organised for AVs, based on the EFSA scientific opinions (2011- 2013) on public health hazards posed by meat and its control in meat chain.
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- 2022
14. Znanstveno mišljenje - pojavnost mikroorganizama u slastičarskim kolačima u Republici Hrvatskoj
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Hengl, Brigita, Petrić, Jasenka, Markov, Ksenija, Ačkar, Đurđica, Brlek Gorski, Diana, Kovaček, Ivančica, Benussi Skukan, Andrea, and Knežević, Dražen
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slastičarski kolači ,kontaminacija ,potencijalno patogeni mikroorganizmi ,higijena - Abstract
Slastičarski kolači su proizvodi dobiveni miješanjem, oblikovanjem, pečenjem ili drugim odgovarajućim postupcima obrade smjese dva ili više sastojaka, čime se postižu karakteristična senzorska svojstva proizvoda. Mogu biti punjeni ili preliveni voćnim, čokoladnim i drugim kremama ili preljevima. Kemijski sastav i visoki udio vode čine slastičarske kolače pogodnim medijem za rast i razmnožavanje različitih mikroorganizama. Budući da do kontaminacije može doći u svim fazama proizvodnog procesa, pridržavanje dobre higijenske prakse nužan je preduvjet kako bi proizvod bio siguran za konzumaciju. Da bi se dobio uvid u kontaminaciju slastičarskih kolača u RH potencijalno patogenim mikroorganizmima i mikroorganizmima pokazateljima higijene proizvodnje, u uzorcima kolača koji su uzorkovani 2017. godine provedene su analize u skladu s mikrobiološkim kriterijima prema Uredbi komisije (EZ) br. 2073/2005 od 15. studenoga 2005. o mikrobiološkim kriterijima za hranu i preporukama Vodiča o mikrobiološkim kriterijima (Ministarstvo poljoprivrede, 2011). Istraživanjem nisu utvrđene patogene bakterije čije bi prisustvo moglo imati štetan utjecaj na zdravlje te nije bilo potrebe za izradom karakterizacije rizika za dobivene rezultate. Nastavak istraživanja usmjeren je na detaljniju analizu vrsta enterobakterija. U 2018. godini ponovljeno je uzorkovanje kolača na području Grada Zagreba pri čemu je utvrđena prisutnost sljedećih vrsta enterobakterija: Enterobacter kobei, Enterobacter cloacae, Pantoea agglomerans, Serratia liquefaciens, Enterobacter asburiae, Klebsiella oxytoca, Buttiauxella gaviniae, Buttiauxella warmboldiae, Ratinella i Cedecea neteri. Budući da su za neke od njih utvrđeni slučajevi izazivanja bolesti, ali pod okolnostima koje su drugačije od prijenosa mogućeg slastičarskim kolačima, ili hranom općenito, te su bakterije opisane kao potencijalno patogene i rizik nije prikazan kroz štetni utjecaj na zdravlje, već kao rizik od moguće izloženosti tim bakterijama u slučaju konzumacije slastičarskih kolača. Niti u jednom uzorku slastičarskih kolača nisu bili prisutni patogeni mikroorganizmi za koje je propisano ispitivanje sukladno zahtjevima Uredbe 2073/2005.
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- 2021
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15. ZNANSTVENO IZVJEŠĆE - DOBROBIT MLIJEČNIH KRAVA, POJAVA SUPKLINIČKOG MASTITISA I BROJ SOMATSKIH STANICA U MLIJEKU
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Knežević, Dražen, Hengl, Brigita, Matković, Kristina, Benić, Miroslav, Šperanda, Marcela, Solić, Drago, and Stručić, Danijela
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dobrobit krava, supklinički mastitis, sigurnost i kvaliteta mlijeka, broj somatskih stanica (BSS) - Abstract
Sigurnost i kvaliteta mlijeka te dobrobit životinja koje se uzgajaju radi proizvodnje mlijeka pobuđuju sve veće zanimanje opće i stručne javnosti (EFSA 2009., 2009a., 2012., 2012a., 2015). Uzimajući u obzir takve okolnosti Hrvatska agencija za poljoprivredu i hranu provela je istraživanje koje je imalo za cilj utvrditi stanje dobrobiti krava na farmama u Republici Hrvatskoj, utvrditi sigurnost i kvalitetu mlijeka te njihovu međusobnu povezanost. Za procjenu dobrobiti korištena je metoda talijanskog nacionalnog referentnog centra za procjenu dobrobiti CReNBA (Bertocchi i Fusi, 2014.). Za provođenje istraživanja odabrano je šest farmi, a uzorci za laboratorijske pretrage uzeti su od životinja u drugoj i trećoj laktaciji. Procijenjena je dobrobit na farmama, analizirano je mlijeko na kemijske i mikrobiološke pokazatelje , utvrđen je broj somatskih stanica u mlijeku brzim testovima i laboratorijskom metodom te su određeni biokemijski pokazatelji u krvi krava. Prema ocjenama dobrobiti dvije farme pripadaju gornjem ocjenskom razredu, a ostale sred njem. S obzirom da protokol procjene dobrobiti uvažava ocjenu o životinji, infrastrukturi i menadžmentu, a broj somatskih stanica samo je jedan od pokazatelja dobrobiti, nije utvrđen utjecaj dobrobiti na broj somatskih stanica. Utvrđeno je da je porasla svijest o važnosti provođenja mjera dobrobiti , dok mnoštvo pokazatelja ukazuje da se implementiraju suvremena znanja o hranidbi, kvaliteti vode i zraka u objektima, kao i o postupanju sa životinjama. Međutim, utvrđeno je da još uvijek ima prostora za poboljšanje u kontekstu povećanja površina ležišta po grlu. Evidentno je da postojeća kontrola kvalitete mlijeka mjerenjem broja somatskih stanica mlijeka iz četiriju četvrti zajedno, može maskirati pravo stanje zdravlja vimena. Visoki broj somatskih stanica u jednoj četvrti može biti prikriven(smanjen)ukupnim brojem somatskih stanica (lažno negativni rezultat), a oboljenje neće biti detektirano na vrijeme. Mikroorganizmi uzročnici mastitisa, identificirani su neovisno o broju zahvaćenih četvrti, podjednako u slučajevima kliničkog i supkliničkog mastitisa. Ako se promatra raspodjela povišenog broja somatskih stanica prema četvrtima (>400 000), vidljivo je kako je 34 % krava imalo zahvaćenu jednu četvrt, 22 % dv ije četvrti, 11 % tri četvrti, a 5 % krava imalo je upalu u sve četiri četvrti vimena. Potvrđeno je da su postojeći brzi testovi prikladni za detekciju mastitisa, a u otkrivanju supkliničkog mastitisa valja razviti osjetljivije testove.
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- 2021
16. Mikrobna ekologija – pokazatelj zdravstvenog stanja morskog okoliša u Malostonskom zaljevu
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Vukić Lušić, Darija, Kolda, Anamarija, Gavrilović, Ana, Jug-Dujaković, Jurica, Kazazić, Snježana, Pikelj, Kristina, Vardić Smrzlić, Irena, Perić, Lorena, Žunić, Jakov, Hengl, Brigita, Knežević, Dražen, Kapetanović Damir, Biondić, Danko, Holjević, Danko, and Vizner, Marija
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marikultura, ekološki kapacitet morskog okoliša, mikrobiološka kvaliteta plodova mora - Abstract
Malostonski zaljev je poluzatvoreni dio istočnog dijela Jadranskog mora, koji je zbog važnosti za uzgoj kamenica proglašen posebnim rezervatom u moru. Međutim, uzgojne aktivnosti mogu dovesti do promjena u brojnosti mikrobnih vrsta te potencijalno do pojave bolesti kod uzgajanih morskih organizama i/ili njihove zdravstvene neispravnosti pri konzumaciji. U razdoblju od 2016.-2018. provedeno je sezonsko istraživanje mikrobioloških pokazatelja morske vode i sedimenta na dvije lokacije Malostonskog zaljeva: u središnjem nenaseljenom dijelu zaljeva u Malostonskom kanalu, kod otoka Pučenjak (OP) te na kaveznom uzgajalištu riba kod otočića Maslinovac (OM). Rezultati istraživanja su ukazali na sezonske promjene fizikalno-kemijskih i mikrobioloških pokazatelja u vodenom stupcu i sedimentu. U stupcu morske vode kod OP, vrijednosti mikrobioloških pokazatelja, posebno indikatora fekalne kontaminacije, bile su značajno veće nego kod OM. Istovremeno, uzgoj ribe utjecao je na razinu mikrobiološke aktivnosti u morskom sedimentu ispod uzgojnih kaveza. Veće vrijednosti mikrobioloških pokazatelja kod OP mogle bi biti posljedica povećane mikrobne abundancije do koje dolazi tijekom ili neposredno nakon turističke sezone, a najvjerojatnije su posljedica nepostojanja kanalizacijskog sustava na području ovog posebnog rezervata u moru i/ili donosa onečišćenja dotokom rijeke Neretve.
- Published
- 2019
17. Utjecaj dodatka eteričnih ulja limuna i komorača u hranu na tovna i klaonička svojstva te senzorska svojstva mesa tovnih pilića
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Hengl, Brigita, Kralik, Gordana, Lilić, Slobodan, Prukner-Radovčić, Estella, Đidara, Mislav, Šperanda, Marcela2, and Mirta Balenović
- Subjects
Eterična ulja ,limun (Citrus limon) ,komorač (Foeniculum vulgare) ,tovni pilići - Abstract
Eterična ulja i njihove komponente uvelike se koriste u tovu pilića. Zbog njihovih antimikrobnih i antioksidativnih svojstava, te djelovanja na poboljšanu probavljivost hrane može se očekivati njihov pozitivan utjecaj na zdravstveni status životinja, a time i bolje krajnje rezultate tova. Pokus je proveden na 96 pilića hibrida Ross u kojemu je pokusnoj skupini dodan u hranu pripravak AromaCorm® (Ireks Aroma, Hrvatska) u koncentraciji od 0, 4 %. U ovom istraživanju utvrđeno je da su pilići pokusne skupine imali značajno (P˂0, 05) veću tjelesnu masu 25. dana pokusa, dok kasnije te razlike nisu bile značajne. Konverzija hrane bila je podjednaka, što je rezultiralo većom masom trupa i podjednakim randmanom. Veća masa krila, batka sa zabatkom i leđa utvrđena je u skupini hranjenoj s dodatkom eteričnih ulja limuna i komorača, ali bez značajnih razlika. Sve praćene senzorske karakteristike mesa prsa i batka sa zabatkom bile su bolje u mesu pokusne skupine, a značajno (P˂0, 05) bolje bile su boja, tekstura, sočnost, mekoća i prihvatljivost mirisa u mesu prsa, a u mesu batka sa zabatkom tekstura, sočnost i mekoća.
- Published
- 2019
18. Detection and Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis Typing of Listeria monocytogenes Isolates from Milk Vending Machines in Croatia
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Zdolec, Nevijo, primary, Jankuloski, Dean, additional, Kiš, Marta, additional, Hengl, Brigita, additional, and Mikulec, Nataša, additional
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- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. Profil rizika od norovirusa u zelenom lisnatom povrću u HR
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Buzjak Služek, Vlatka, Plavšin, Ivana, Škoro, Ines, and Hengl, Brigita
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norovirus, hrana, salata, preventivne mjere, kontaminacija - Abstract
Norovirusi se danas smatraju najvažnijim uzročnikom nebakterijskog gastroenteritisa u svijetu. Rod Norovirus obuhvaća genetički vrlo raznoliku skupinu virusa koji pripadaju različitim genogrupama. Do danas je ustanovljeno postojanje 6 genogrupa norovirusa od kojih su 3 infektivne za čovjeka, a najčešći uzročnik bolesti u ljudi pripada soju GII.4 virusa. Simptomi bolesti obično se pojavljuju 48 sati nakon izlaganja virusu, a karakterizirani su vodenastim proljevom bez tragova krvi, i povraćanjem. Zahvaljujući visokoj otpornosti na okolišne uvjete kao i otpornosti na većinu često korištenih sredstava za dezinfekciju te niskoj infekcijskoj dozi, norovirusi se mogu prenositi na različite načine. Primarni način prenošenja norovirusa, nakon izbijanja gastroenteritisa, je fekalno-oralnim putem. Obično se prenose direktno, kontaktom sa zaraženom osobom, a mogu se prenositi i indirektnim putevima – konzumacijom kontaminirane hrane i vode ili kontaktom s kontaminiranim površinama. Do kontaminacije hrane norovirusom može doći u bilo kojem koraku proizvodnje, pa tako i pri samoj manipulaciji hranom od strane osoba koje su zaražene, a ukoliko se ta hrana nakon rukovanja neće podvrći dovoljnoj toplinskoj obradi. Najčešći, i možda najbolje istraženi, izvori zaraze norovirusom su školjkaši, jagode, lisnato zeleno povrće i voda. Kontaminirana voda predstavlja izravnu opasnost od norovirusa ukoliko se koristi za piće, ali značajnu opasnost predstavlja i ako se koristi za navodnjavanje usjeva ili prilikom prerade i pripremanja hrane. Također, radnici mogu direktnim kontaktom prenijeti virus na hranu, a najčešće je to slučaj ako su zaraženi ili asimptomatski kliconoše. Kako bi se smanjio rizik od kontaminacije norovirusom, uz izbjegavanje uporabe kontaminirane vode u svim fazama lanca opskrbe hranom, nužna je usklađenost sa zahtjevima higijene, posebno higijene ruku osoba koje rukuju hranom. Implementacija postojećih preventivnih programa kao što su dobra poljoprivredna praksa, dobra proizvođačka praksa i dobra higijenska praksa trebaju biti primarni cilj poljoprivrednika. Njihovom implementacijom duž cijelog prehrambenog lanca „od polja do stola“ moguće je kontrolirati čitav niz mikrobioloških opasnosti. Hrvatska agencija za hranu je provela istraživanje u kojem su uzorci svježe zelene salate (zapakirana i nezapakirana) analizirani na prisutnost norovirusa genogrupa GI i GII. Rezultati analiza pokazali su da niti u jednom od 50 uzoraka zelene salate koja se nalazila na tržištu Hrvatske nije utvrđena prisutnost norovirusa. S obzirom na rezultate kontaminiranosti zelenog lisnatog povrća i službeno prijavljenog broja ljudi oboljelih od bolesti uzrokovanih norovirusom, rizik od norovirusa iz zelenog lisnatog povrća u RH može se smatrati zanemarivim.
- Published
- 2017
20. La seguridad alimentaria dependiendo de las condiciones del transporte y almacenamiento
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Kozačinski, Lidija, Gross Bošković, Andrea, Hengl, Brigita, and Njari, Bela
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food safety ,transport ,microbiological contamination ,sigurnost hrane, transport, mikrobiološka kontaminacija ,sicurezza alimentare ,trasporto ,contaminazione microbiologica ,Nahrungssicherheit ,Transport ,mikrobiologische Kontamination ,seguridad de comida ,transporte ,contaminación microbiológica ,sigurnost hrane ,mikrobiološka kontaminacija - Abstract
Transport i pohrana postupci su koji utječu na sigurnost hrane. Tijekom uskladištenja i transporta moraju se zadržati temperaturni uvjeti koji onemogućavaju rast eventualno prisutnih patogenih i bakterija kvarenja. Ishod hlađenja mesa usko je povezan s početnim brojem mikroorganizama i uvjetima njegovog transporta i pohrane, koji pak ovise o odnosu vremena i temperature. Bakterije kvarenja rastu brže od patogenih i stoga je smanjena mogućnost primjene različitih kombinacija temperature i vremena transporta mesa. Kako bi se zadovoljili propisani uvjeti postupaka s hranom u prometu i deklarirana održivost mesa tijekom pohrane, naglasak je i dalje na primjeni preduvjetnih programa i sustava samokontrole u primarnoj proizvodnji, a potom i mesoprerađivačkoj industriji., Der Transport und die Lagerung beeinflussen die Sicherheit der Nahrung. Während der Lagerung und des Transports müssen bestimmte Temperaturbedingungen eingehalten werden, die das Wachstum der ggf. anwesenden pathogenen Bakterien und der durch die Blutung verursachten Bakterien verhindern. Die Wirkung der Fleischkühlung ist mit der Anfangsanzahl der Mikroorganismen und den Bedingungen des Transports und der Lagerung von Fleisch eng verbunden, die wiederum vom Verhältnis zwischen der Dauer und der Temperatur abhängen. Die durch Blutung verursachten Bakterien vermehren sich schneller als die pathogenen, daher ist die Möglichkeit der Anwendung verschiedener Kombinationen von Temperatur und Dauer des Fleischtransports reduziert. Um die vorgeschriebenen Bedingungen für die Behandlung von Nahrung bei der Inverkehrbringung und für die ausgewiesene Haltbarkeit während der Lagerung zu erfüllen, liegt die Betonung auch weiterhin auf der Erfüllung der Vorbedingungen und dem System der Selbstkontrolle, in erster Linie in der Primärindustrie, dann auch in der Fleischverarbeitungsindustrie., Il trasporto e lo stoccaggio sono procedimenti che incidono sulla sicurezza alimentare. Nel corso dell’immagazzinamento e del trasporto devono essere garantite determinate condizioni di temperatura che impediscano la crescita di eventuali agenti patogeni e batteri responsabili del deterioramento degli alimenti. L’esito del raffreddamento della carne è strettamente legato al numero iniziale di microorganismi ed alle condizioni del suo trasporto e del suo stoccaggio, che a loro volta dipendono dal rapporto tra tempo e temperatura. I batteri che alterano gli alimenti crescono più velocemente dei batteri patogeni il che, quindi, riduce la possibilità di applicare differenti combinazioni di temperature e di tempo nel trasporto della carne. Al fine di soddisfare le condizioni prescritte dei procedimenti alimentari nel trasporto e la dichiarata sostenibilità della carne durante lo stoccaggio, l’accento è posto ancora sull’applicazione di programmi preventivi e di sistemi di autocontrollo nella produzione primaria, e successivamente nell’industria di trasformazione delle carni., El transporte y el almacenamiento son los procedimientos que afectan la seguridad alimentaria. Es necesario mantener las condiciones de temperatura durante el almacenamiento y transporte que impiden el crecimiento de las bacterias patógenas y de bacterias que causan la descomposición posiblemente presentes. El resultado de la refrigeración de carne está estrechamente relacionado con el número inicial de los microorganismos y las condiciones del transporte y almacenamiento, que dependen del tiempo atmosférico y la temperatura. Las bacterias que causan decomposición crecen más rápido que las bacterias patógenas, por lo qual la posibilidad de una combinación de temperaturas diferentes y tiempo de transporte de carne es limitada. Para cumplir con la normativa sobre los procedimientos en el transporte de los alimentos y perdurabilidad declarada de carne durante el almacenamiento, está hecho el hincapié en la aplicación de los programas de prerrequisitos y en el sistema de autocontrol en la producción primaria y en la industria cárnica., Transportation and storage are practices that affect food safety. Temperature conditions that prevent the growth of potentially present pathogenic and spoilage bacteria must be maintained during storage and transport. The outcome of meat cooling is closely linked to the initial number of microorganisms and conditions during its transport and storage, which in turn depend on the relationship between time and temperature. Since spoilage bacteria grow faster than the pathogenic, the possibility to apply different combinations of temperature and time in meat transport is reduced. In order to meet the conditions prescribed by procedures for food trade and declared shelf life of meat during storage, the emphasis remains on the implementation of prerequisite programmes and the system of self control in primary production, as well as the meat processing industry.
- Published
- 2016
21. Salmonella Infantis u pilećem mesu na tržištu u Hrvatskoj
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Hengl, Brigita, Gross – Bošković, Andrea, Vuljanić, Kristina, Crnić, Ana Marija, Vazdar, Ružica, and Petrić, Jasenka
- Subjects
Salmonella Infantis, pileće meso, prevalencija - Abstract
Salmonella Infantis patogena je bakterija čija je prevalencija u porastu u primarnoj proizvodnji, u mesu peradi, ali i u humanim izolatima u više europskih zemalja. Veća pojavnost ove bakterije uočena je u centralnim i istočnim zemljama članicama Europske Unije (Rumunjska, Italija, Slovenija, Austrija), a prema izvještaju Europskog centra za sprječavanje i kontrolu bolesti (ECDC) za 2014. god., S. Infantis je bila četvrti najčešći serovar salmonele kod ljudi, dok je najčešći serovar izoliran u jatima brojlera u zemljama EU. Prevalencija S. Infanits u jatima pilića u porastu je od 2011. godine, dok izostaju podaci o prevalenciji u mesu pilića na tržištu Hrvatske. U ovom radu prikazana je pojavnost Salmonella Infantis u uzorcima svježeg i zamrznutog pilećeg mesa na tržištu Republike Hrvatske koji su prikupljeni tijekom 2015. godine. Uzorkovanje je provedeno u okviru monitoringa od strane sanitarne inspekcije Ministarstva zdravlja, a uzorci su slani u županijske zavode za javno zdravstvo na analizu. Od ukupno 474 uzoraka pilećeg mesa obuhvaćenih monitoringom, 51 uzorak je bio pozitivan na Salmonella spp, a Salmonella Infantis je bila najčešće izolirani serovar (88, 2%).
- Published
- 2016
22. ANTIOXIDATIVE STATUS AND MEAT SENSORY QUALITY OF BROILER CHICKEN FED WITH XTRACT® AND ZEOLITE DIETARY SUPPLEMENTATION
- Author
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Hengl, Brigita, primary
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. Količina aflatoksina u hrani za mliječne krave i pojavnost AFM1 u mlijeku
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Hengl, Brigita, Gross Bošković, Andrea, and Šperanda, Marcela
- Subjects
kukuruz ,kompletna krmna smjesa ,mliječne krave ,mlijeko ,aflatoksini - Abstract
Mikotoksini predstavljaju znacajan problem kao kontaminanti hrane za zivoti- nje i ljude. Stoga je nuzno njihovo pracenje u hrani na visegodisnjoj razini, jer na njihovu pojavu prvenstveno utjecu vremenske prilike i tehnologija primarne proi- zvodnje koju treba prilagoditi svakoj pojedinacnoj situaciji. U 2013. godini zabilje- zena je povecana kontaminacija kukuruza i kompletnih krmnih smjesa za mlijecna goveda aflatoksinima, sto je rezultiralo posljedicno povecanom kontaminacijom mlijeka aflatoksinom M . U Republici Hrvatskoj povecana kontaminacija kukuruza aflatoksina bila je posebno izrazena na podrucju 3 zupanije: Osjecko-baranjske, Vukovarsko-srijemske i Brodsko-posavske, gdje su uzeta ukupno 564 uzorka kuku- ruza i 261 uzorak smjese za mlijecna goveda. Kontaminacija pojedinacnih uzoraka kukuruza kretala se u rasponu od 0, 001 do 2, 07 mg/kg, a prosjecna kontaminacija kukuruza s AFB iznosila je 0, 036 mg/kg kukuruza (dozvoljena konc. 0, 02 mg/kg). Kontaminacija pojedinacnih uzoraka krmnih smjesa za mlijecne krave kretala se od 0, 001 do 0, 254, dok je prosjecna kontaminacija smjese iznosila 0, 013 mg/kg (dozvoljena konc. 0, 005 mg/kg). U isto vrijeme odredena je koncentracija AFM u mlijeku cime je u tim zupanijama bila obuhvacena dnevna proizvodnja mlijeka od 76806 L koje su isporucene trima velikim mljekarama u RH. Kontaminacija mlijeka kretala se od 0, 001 do 0, 897 µg/kg, dok je prosjecna kontaminacija mlijeka iznosila 0, 06 µg/kg (dozvoljena konc. 0, 05 µg/kg).
- Published
- 2015
24. INSECTS AS PROTEIN COMPONENT OF POULTRY FEEDING
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Petrić, Jasenka, Hengl, Brigita, and Gross-Bošković, Andrea
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proteini kukaca ,hranidba peradi ,insect’s protein ,poultry feeding ,proteini kukaca, hranidba peradi - Abstract
Potražnja za hranom, osobito mesom, svakodnevno raste te se javlja potreba za povećanom opskrbom proteina iz održivih izvora u što se ubraja i farmski uzgoj kukaca. Upotreba kukaca u hrani za ljude i životinje ima potencijalno značajne prednosti za okoliš, gospodarstvo i dostupnost hrane. Niz organizacija, uključujući Organizaciju za hranu i poljoprivredu Ujedinjenih naroda (FAO), proučavale su mogućnost korištenja kukaca kao izvora hrane i hrane za životinje. S obzirom da se prilikom ovakve proizvodnje hrane za životinje nameću i pitanja rizika za zdravlje, kako ljudi, tako i životinja, Europska agencija za sigurnost hrane (EFSA) u listopadu 2015. g. izradila je profil rizika o upotrebi kukaca i tako odgovorila na pitanja o mogućim opasnostima prilikom proizvodnje, prerade i konzumacije ovog alternativnog izvora proteina. Zbog nedostatka podataka, preporuka EFSA-e je poticanje daljnjih istraživanja vezanih za proizvodnju i korištenje kukaca kao izvora proteinske hrane za ljude i životinje. Istraživanja rađena na laboratorijskim životinjama pokazala su da je nutritivna vrijednost proteina kukaca slična proteinima sojinog i ribljeg brašna te da kukci mogu zamijeniti dio tradicionalne hranidbe životinja. Kukci su također prirodni izvori hrane u peradi te su često korišteni kao komplementarni izvori hrane za životinje u zemljama u razvoju. Uzimajući u obzir dosadašnja istraživanja, hranjenje peradi proteinima kukaca trebalo bi biti ekonomski isplativije, te prihvatljivije sa stajališta očuvanja okoliša, budući da se kao hrana za uzgoj kukaca koriste mesnokoštani nusproizvodi, čija upotreba nije dozvoljena u hranidbi domaćih životinja te postoji realan problem oko njihovog zbrinjavanja. Stoga je za očekivati da će rezultati analiza mesa peradi dati bolji uvid u prednosti i nedostatke korištenja proteina kukaca u hranidbi peradi, kako sa stajališta sigurnosti hrane za životinje, tako i sa stajališta proizvodnje i prerade., Demand for food, especially meat, is increasing every day so the need for increasing protein supply from renewable sources is also increasing, which includes factory-farming insects. The use of insects in food and feed has potentially significant benefits for the environment, economy and availability of food. A number of organizations, including the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), have studied the possibility of using insects as a source of food and feed. Due to possible health risk issues of such food production for both, people and animals, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) developed a risk profile of using insects in October 2015. This profile answers the questions concerning the possible risks during production, processing and consumption of such alternative source of protein. Because of the lack of data, the EFSA recommends further researches related to production and use of insects as a source of protein for human and animal consumption. Studies conducted on laboratory animals have shown that the nutritional value of insects’ protein is similar to soy and fishmeal protein so they can replace part of the traditional animal diet. Insects are also natural dietary sources for poultry and often used as complementary sources for animal feed in developing countries. Taking into account previous studies, feeding the poultry with insect’s protein should be more economical and preferable from the standpoint of environmental protection. Furthermore, using meat and bone waste as food for insect’s growth, which is not allowed as fodder, resolves a real problem of waste disposal. Therefore, it is expected that results of poultry meat analysis will give a better insight into the advantages and disadvantages of using insect protein in poultry feeding, from the standpoint of the safety of animal feed, production and processing.
- Published
- 2015
25. Procjena moguće izloženosti okratoksinu A putem konzumacije kontaminiranih mesnih proizvoda
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Vulić, Ana, Perši, Nina, Vahčić, Nada, Hengl, Brigita, Gross-Bošković, Andrea, Jurković, Martina, Kovačević, Dragan, and Pleadin, Jelka
- Subjects
okratoksin A ,mesni proizvodi ,izloženost ,Tolerable Weekly Intake ,ELISA - Abstract
Okratoksin A je sekundarni toksični metabolit kojeg proizvode plijesni rodova Aspergillus i Penicillium. Podaci ukazuju na učestalu kontaminaciju okratoksinom A žitarica i proizvoda od žita te posljedično moguću kontaminaciju mesa i mesnih proizvoda. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je utvrditi moguću razinu izloženosti potrošača okratoksinu A konzumiranjem tradicionalnih mesnih proizvoda kontaminiranim ovih toksinom. Uzimajući u obzir prehrambene navike i koncentracije okratoksina A u različitim mesnim proizvodima dobivenim iz sirovina tretiranih životinja, procijenjena je moguća izloženost okratoksinu A. Dobiveni rezultati pokazali su da je vjerojatnost izlaganja okratoksinu A u dozi koja je iznad TWI (120 ng/kg TM tjedno) vrlo niska. Podaci su pokazali da bi samo konzumiranjem pancete 0, 8% populacije bilo izloženo okratoksina A u dozi koja je iznad TWI vrijednosti od 120 ng/g TM tjedno, a koja je definirana od strane EFSA. Podaci za kulen, slavonsku kobasicu, šunku i dimljena rebra ukazuju da je mala vjerojatnost da će stanovništvo (prosječne tjelesne mase 70 kg) biti izloženo okratoksinu A u dozama većim od TWI ako konzumira kontaminirane proizvode.
- Published
- 2014
26. Population exposure of Zagreb city area to contaminants from drinking water.
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STRAŽANAC, DANIJELA, MATIJEVIĆ, LEONARD, PETRIĆ, JASENKA, ČAGALJ, DARIO, BABIĆ, JASENKA, and HENGL, BRIGITA
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CONTAMINATION of drinking water ,NEUROLOGICAL disorders ,KIDNEY diseases ,PUBLIC health - Abstract
Availability of drinking water is considered to be the essential prerequisite for health, and the presence of contaminants under the maximum levels guarantees that it will not cause adverse effect to consumer's health during their lifetime. The presence of contaminants in drinking water is the result of pollution from agriculture, industry, but also of human activity. Increased exposure to certain water contaminants can contribute to develop health disorders usually connected with particular contaminants, such as methaemoglobinemia, various neurological disorders, cardiovascular and kidney diseases and osteoporosis, and, in exceptional cases, death. Health-based guidance values (HBGVs) were established on the basis of chemical exposure assessment for certain contaminants, obtained from experimental studies on animals and corrected by a safety factor (10X10). In this way, it is possible to determine contaminant concentration to be entered into body during whole lifetime without any adverse health effects. This paper presents population exposure assessment of Zagreb city area to contaminants from drinking water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. Nove genomske metode - trenutni status i izazovi
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Hanzer, Renata, Knežević, Dražen, Hengl, Brigita, and Miloš, Sanja
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GMO, nove genomske metode, zakonodavstvo, izazovi - Abstract
At the EU level in 2001, a comprehensive legislative framework was adopted regulating the issue of genetically modified organisms. The adoption of the Directive 2001/18/EC established a transparent system for the authorization of genetically modified organisms based on risk assessments and a standardized approach to the control and monitoring of products obtained by recombinant DNA techniques. In 2018, the European Court of Justice ruled out that organisms obtained by new mutagenesis techniques, genome editing such as the CRISPR/Cas9 technique, are genetically modified organisms and therefore fall under Directive 2001/18 /EC. The court’s decision has raised many questions and concerns about the applicability of existing legislation regarding new methods. The existing legislative framework was adopted long before methods such as: mutagenesis, cisgenesis, intragenesis, transgenesis and epigenetic changes are in application. Products obtained by new techniques in comparison with random multiple mutations caused by conventional mutagenesis techniques or insertion of new genes created by recombinant DNA methods contain extremely precise changes in the sequence, often one to two base pairs, which is a great challenge for the current approach of monitoring of genetically modified organisms. In addition, many mutants created by new techniques will not be able to differ from those created by natural mutation processes and those created by conventional agriculture, and at the moment plant genome variability is not nearly documented, which poses additional challenges in identifying and monitoring these products. This calls into question the applicability of existing guidelines for the placing on the market of genetically modified organisms, risk assessment methodologies, and control and monitoring of products obtained by new genomic techniques, and points to the need for revising existing EU legislation.
- Published
- 2022
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