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Hsp70s, a group of heat shock proteins, are ancient proteins that play a crucial part in maintaining the stability of cells when faced with various internal and external stresses. In this research, there are 72 CsHSP70 genes present and verified in Camelina sativa, all of which exhibit a wide range of physicochemical characteristics. Through evolutionary analysis, the Hsp70 family was categorized into five primary groups, and numerous segmental duplications were anticipated among the CsHSP70 genes. The GO enrichment analysis of co-expression network elements revealed a significant association between key signaling terms, such as phosphorelay signal transduction, and MAPK cascade with the function of CsHsp70. An analysis of transcriptome data exposed to cold, drought, salinity, and cadmium stress demonstrated the varied expression profiles of CsHsp70 genes. The expression levels of CsHSP70 genes varied across various organs and stages of development in camelina, although some of them illustrated tissue-specific expression. qRT-PCR analysis further disclosed that CsHsp70-60, -52, and -13 were up-regulated and CsHsp70-03, -58, and -09 showed down-regulation in response to salinity. Furthermore, CsHsp70 genes are categorized as late-responsive elements to salinity stress. Through docking analysis, the current research revealed that CsHsp70 proteins interacted with ABA, BR, and MeJA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) is a key enzyme regulating the biosynthesis of the compounds of the phenylpropanoid pathway. This study aimed to isolate and characterize PAL genes from Ferula pseudalliacea Rech.f. (Apiales: Apiaceae) to better understand the regulation of metabolite production. Three PAL gene isoforms (FpPAL1-3) were identified and cloned using the 3′-RACE technique and confirmed by sequencing. Bioinformatics analysis revealed important structural features, such as phosphorylation sites, physicochemical properties, and evolutionary relationships. Expression analysis by qPCR demonstrated the differential transcription profiles of each FpPAL isoform across roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and seeds. FpPAL1 showed the highest expression in stems, FpPAL2 in roots and flowers, and FpPAL3 in flowers. The presence of three isoforms of PAL in F. pseudalliacea, along with the diversity of PAL genes and their tissue-specific expression profiles, suggests that complex modes of regulation exist for phenylpropanoid biosynthesis in this important medicinal plant. The predicted interaction network revealed associations with key metabolic pathways, emphasizing the multifaceted roles of these PAL genes. In silico biochemical analyses revealed the hydrophilicity of the FpPAL isozyme; however, further analysis of substrate specificity and enzyme kinetics can clarify the specific role of each FpPAL isozyme. These comprehensive results increase the understanding of PAL genes in F. pseudalliacea, helping to characterize their contributions to secondary metabolite biosynthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Erectile dysfunction (ED) can be caused by different diseases and controlled by several genetic networks. In this study, to identify the genes related to ED, the expression profiles of normal and ED samples were investigated by the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Seventeen genes were identified as associated genes with ED. The protein and nucleic acid sequences of selected genes were retrieved from the UCSC database. Selected genes were diverse according to their physicochemical properties and functions. Category function revealed that selected genes are involved in pathways related to humans some diseases. Furthermore, based on protein interactions, genes associated with the insulin pathway had the greatest interaction with the studied genes. To identify the common cis -regulatory elements, the promoter site of the selected genes was retrieved from the UCSC database. The Gapped Local Alignment of Motifs tool was used for finding common conserved motifs into the promoter site of selected genes. Besides, INSR protein as an insulin receptor precursor showed a high potential site for posttranslation modifications, including phosphorylation and N-glycosylation. Also, in this study, two Guanine-Cytosine (GC)-rich regions were identified as conserved motifs in the upstream of studied genes which can be involved in regulating the expression of genes associated with ED. Also, the conserved binding site of miR-29-3p that is involved in various cancers was observed in the 3′ untranslated region of genes associated with ED. Our study introduced new genes associated with ED, which can be good candidates for further analyzing related to human ED. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genus Blumea (Asteroideae, Asteraceae) comprises about 100 species, including herbs, shrubs, and small trees. Previous studies have been unable to resolve taxonomic issues and the phylogeny of the genus Blumea due to the low polymorphism of molecular markers. Therefore, suitable polymorphic regions need to be identified. Here, we de novo assembled plastomes of the three Blumea species B. oxyodonta, B. tenella, and B. balsamifera and compared them with 26 other species of Asteroideae after correction of annotations. These species have quadripartite plastomes with similar gene content, genome organization, and inverted repeat contraction and expansion comprising 113 genes, including 80 protein‐coding, 29 transfer RNA, and 4 ribosomal RNA genes. The comparative analysis of codon usage, amino acid frequency, microsatellite repeats, oligonucleotide repeats, and transition and transversion substitutions has revealed high resemblance among the newly assembled species of Blumea. We identified 10 highly polymorphic regions with nucleotide diversity above 0.02, including rps16‐trnQ, ycf1, ndhF‐rpl32, petN‐psbM, and rpl32‐trnL, and they may be suitable for the development of robust, authentic, and cost‐effective markers for barcoding and inference of the phylogeny of the genus Blumea. Among these highly polymorphic regions, five regions also co‐occurred with oligonucleotide repeats and support use of repeats as a proxy for the identification of polymorphic loci. The phylogenetic analysis revealed a close relationship between Blumea and Pluchea within the tribe Inuleae. At tribe level, our phylogeny supports a sister relationship between Astereae and Anthemideae rooted as Gnaphalieae, Calenduleae, and Senecioneae. These results are contradictory to recent studies which reported a sister relationship between "Senecioneae and Anthemideae" and "Astereae and Gnaphalieae" or a sister relationship between Astereae and Gnaphalieae rooted as Calenduleae, Anthemideae, and then Senecioneae using nuclear genome sequences. The conflicting phylogenetic signals observed at the tribal level between plastidt and nuclear genome data require further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low temperatures periodically account for significant losses in plant productivity and are major factors limiting the locations suitable for growing crop. The molecular responses can be divided by many families of transcription factors are activated and act to induce the expression of target stress response genes to protect the plant. This study was to use prediction of available bioinformatics tools to reveal a comprehensive description of transcription factors that involved in cold stress in Arabidopsis. The result of phylogenetic tree was showed that WRKY families were closed MYB and zinger finger families. Motif analysis showed that between co- transcription factors genes do not have a common motif. PIF5, ABI, SRL2, ZAT12 and worky3 genes had the highest expression, respectively, between transcription factors of this study. CUC gene had the most minimum expression value. NAC, DREB2A, DREB1B, HEC1, HSFB2A and ZAT12 have been over expression in seedling and DAG2, TIFY9, WRKY32 and ABI have been over expression in Arabidopsis flower. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plasma membrane forms the barrier between the cell and the environment but also forms the passageway for information from the outside to the inside of the cell. Molecular and ionic movement from one location to another is known as transport. Local transport of solutes into or within cells is regulated mainly by membranes. Identification of anion channel in plants represents a goal for a better understanding of their central role in cell signaling, osmoregulation, nutrition, and metabolism. By separating the proteins in the plasma membrane fraction with ion exchange and reverse phase chromatography and analyzing the resulting fractions on a MALDI-TOF mass spectrometer, over 900 proteins could be detected. Of these proteins, 304 were annotated as membrane proteins, 70 transporter proteins and 35 important proteins in biotic and abiotic stresses were, distributed among the different protein families in proportions reflecting the distribution in the genome. Strong cation exchange and reverse phase chromatography and analysis of the resulting fractions on a MALDITOF mass spectrometer, are a powerful tool for retrieving plasma membrane proteins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.) a perennial medicinal plant, of Labiateae family is grown in the most parts of Iran and it have shown the sedative, hypnotic, analgesic, antiviral and antimicrobial effects. In this study, 14 landraces of balm with two out group (Basil and Moldavian balm) were investigated by Cytogenetic and PCR-RFLP of rDNA ITS region (ITS1, ITS2, 5.8S). Cytogenetic results showed that all of the Balm landraces, Moldavian balm and Basil had chromosome number 2n=2x=32, 2n=2x=10 and 2n=6x=72 respectively. In order to study variation within and between landraces of balm ITS (internal transcribed spacer) region was used to design markers. Also four enzymes Taq1, EcoR v, BssM1 and AspLE1 were used for investigating polymorphism in ITS region. Enzyme BssM1 showed the polymorphism in number and length of digested fragments better than other enzymes. Diversity was observed just for five of landraces (3, 7, 8, 9 and 11). Results of cluster analysis separated landraces on eight groups and Basil genetic distances were less than Moldavian balm to the Balm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a necrotrophic ascomycete fungus with an extremely broad host range. Disease severity is directly correlated with oxalic acid levels in infected tissues. It seems that the most important factor for the resistance of plant cell wall and plasma membrane degradation is resistance against oxalic acid. This research carried out based on completely randomized design with three replications, factors examined in this study included four genotypes of sunflower, six concentrations of oxalate acid and in six different time periods were treated. Positive regression coefficients showed that destruction in all four genotypes increased with increasing concentrations of oxalic acid. This study indicated that cell wall degradation according to the electrolyte leakage, which is fast and accurate method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Iranian borage (Echium amoenum L.) is medicinal plant that has anti-bacterial properties of its metabolite. This study aimed to investigate the effect of colchicine to induce polyploidy in borage, different levels of colchicine (0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1% w/v) was used in a different time period (24, 36 and 48h) in a completely randomized design with 3 repeats. Cytogenetic results showed that chromosome number changed on 0.75 and 1% Colchicines concentration levels and 24, 36 and 48h time period. These results were also confirmed by amplification patterns of ISSR markers. Some examples of this plant cells was observed different aneuploidy. Results indicate that treating ex vitro-seed and Shoot Apical Meristem of borage with colchicine treatment can produce stable tetraploid plants. Variation in the morphological characteristic of stomatal guard cell length was found among the diploid and tetraploid plants under the same growing condition. The polyploids generated in these and other studies can be used in breeding to produce superior varieties of plants in diverse genera. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

FLAVIN-BINDING, KELCH REPEAT, F-BOX 1 (FKF1) is a blue-light receptor whose function is related to flowering promotion under long-day conditions in Arabidopsis thaliana. However, information about the physiological role of FKF1 in day-neutral plants and even the physiological role other than photoperiodic flowering is lacking. Thus, the FKF1 homolog SlFKF1 was investigated in tomato, a day-neutral plant and a useful model for plants with fleshy fruit. It was confirmed that SlFKF1 belongs to the FKF1 group by phylogenetic tree analysis. The high sequence identity with A. thaliana FKF1, the conserved amino acids essential for function, and the similarity in the diurnal change in expression suggested that SlFKF1 may have similar functions to A. thaliana FKF1. CONSTANS (CO) is a transcription factor regulated by FKF1 and is responsible for the transcription of genes downstream of CO. cis-Regulatory elements targeted by CO were found in the promoter region of SINGLE FLOWER TRUSS (SFT) and RIN, which are involved in the regulation of flowering and fruit ripening, respectively. The blue-light effects on SlFKF1 expression, flowering, and fruit lycopene concentration have been observed in this study and previous studies. It was confirmed in RNA interference lines that the low expression of SlFKF1 is associated with late flowering with increased leaflets and low lycopene concentrations. This study sheds light on the various physiological roles of FKF1 in plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Free magnesium (Mg2+) is a signal of the adenylate (ATP+ADP+AMP) status in the cells. It results from the equilibrium of adenylate kinase (AK), which uses Mg-chelated and Mg-free adenylates as substrates in both directions of its reaction. The AK-mediated primary control of intracellular [Mg2+] is finely interwoven with the operation of membrane-bound adenylate- and Mg2+-translocators, which in a given compartment control the supply of free adenylates and Mg2+ for the AK-mediated equilibration. As a result, [Mg2+] itself varies both between and within the compartments, depending on their energetic status and environmental clues. Other key nucleotide-utilizing/producing enzymes (e.g., nucleoside diphosphate kinase) may also be involved in fine-tuning of the intracellular [Mg2+]. Changes in [Mg2+] regulate activities of myriads of Mg-utilizing/requiring enzymes, affecting metabolism under both normal and stress conditions, and impacting photosynthetic performance, respiration, phloem loading and other processes. In compartments controlled by AK equilibrium (cytosol, chloroplasts, mitochondria, nucleus), the intracellular [Mg2+] can be calculated from total adenylate contents, based on the dependence of the apparent equilibrium constant of AK on [Mg2+]. Magnesium signaling, reflecting cellular adenylate status, is likely widespread in all eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms, due simply to the omnipresent nature of AK and to its involvement in adenylate equilibration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil salinization is one of the major environmental stressors hampering the growth and yield of crops all over the world. A wide spectrum of physiological and biochemical alterations of plants are induced by salinity, which causes lowered water potential in the soil solution, ionic disequilibrium, specific ion effects, and a higher accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). For many years, numerous investigations have been made into salinity stresses and attempts to minimize the losses of plant productivity, including the effects of phytohormones, osmoprotectants, antioxidants, polyamines, and trace elements. One of the protectants, selenium (Se), has been found to be effective in improving growth and inducing tolerance against excessive soil salinity. However, the in-depth mechanisms of Se-induced salinity tolerance are still unclear. This review refines the knowledge involved in Se-mediated improvements of plant growth when subjected to salinity and suggests future perspectives as well as several research limitations in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various kinds of primary metabolisms in plants are modulated through sulfate metabolism, and sulfotransferases (SOTs), which are engaged in sulfur metabolism, catalyze sulfonation reactions. In this study, a genome-wide approach was utilized for the recognition and characterization of SOT family genes in the significant nutritional crop potato ( Solanum tuberosum L.). Twenty-nine putative StSOT genes were identified in the potato genome and were mapped onto the nine S. tuberosum chromosomes. The protein motifs structure revealed two highly conserved 5'-phosphosulfate-binding (5' PSB) regions and a 3'-phosphate-binding (3' PB) motif that are essential for sulfotransferase activities. The protein-protein interaction networks also revealed an interesting interaction between SOTs and other proteins, such as PRTase, APS-kinase, protein phosphatase, and APRs, involved in sulfur compound biosynthesis and the regulation of flavonoid and brassinosteroid metabolic processes. This suggests the importance of sulfotransferases for proper potato growth and development and stress responses. Notably, homology modeling of StSOT proteins and docking analysis of their ligand-binding sites revealed the presence of proline, glycine, serine, and lysine in their active sites. An expression essay of StSOT genes via potato RNA-Seq data suggested engagement of these gene family members in plants' growth and extension and responses to various hormones and biotic or abiotic stimuli. Our predictions may be informative for the functional characterization of the SOT genes in potato and other nutritional crops.