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Mangrove plants are potential raw materials for a variety of food and beverage items. Mangrove leaves can be processed into is mangrove herbal teas. Eight leaf samples of Acanthus ilicifolius (AI), Avicennia marina (AM), Rhizophora apiculata (RA), Nypa fruticans (NF), Rhizophora mucronata (RM), Sonneratia caseolaris (SC), Sonneratia alba (SA), and Xylocarpus granatum (XG) from Berau Regency, Kalimantan, Indonesia were investigated for phytochemical content (TPC and TFC), antioxidant activities (ABTS, DPPH, and FRAP), and anticancer activities (HepG2 and CaCo2 cancer cell line) have been done. We compared mangrove herbal teas to commercial black tea (Camelia sinensis/CS) for all activities. The result showed that the TPC value of CS was the highest and for TFC was in XG. Moreover, the antioxidant activities on ABTS possessed similar values except for AM, which had the lowest activities; on DPPH, SC and AI showed the highest activities among others; while SC and XG had the highest activities on FRAP. SC showed the highest activities on both cancer cell lines from the anticancer activities. We conclude that mangrove herbal teas from SC leaves have the potential to be functional food with great activities as antioxidants and anticancer agents.

Sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV), sugarcane streak mosaic virus (SCSMV), and sorghum mosaic virus (SrMV) are the causative pathogens of mosaic disease. This study aimed to identify mosaic virus infection and its impact on photosynthetic and antioxidant gene expression in eight commercial sugarcane cultivars grown on sugarcane plantations in East Java, Indonesia. The disease incidence and severity were observed in symptomatic leave samples, and then the virus was identified. A high incidence and severity of mosaic symptoms were observed in the PS881 and NX04 cultivars compared with the other cultivars. RT-PCR analysis detected SCSMV infection in all cultivars; double infections with SCSMV and SCMV in the PS881, PS882, and Cening cultivars; and triple infections with SCSMV, SCMV, and SrMV in the PS881 cultivar. Ascorbate peroxidase (Apx) expression was upregulated in all virus-infected cultivars and significantly increased in the triple-infected PS881 cultivar. However, catalase (Cat) expression was only slightly increased in the PS881 cultivar. The chlorophyll content was reduced, and the PsaA gene was downregulated in all cultivars. The expression of PsaA, RbcS, and Sps was significantly suppressed in the triple-infected PS881 cultivar. Moreover, the downregulation of both the RbcS and Pepc genes was concomitant with that of their protein levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The most abundant N-glycan in plants is the paucimannosidic N-glycan with core β1,2-xylose and α1,3-fucose residues (Man3XylFuc(GlcNAc)2). Here, we report a mechanism in Arabidopsis thaliana that efficiently produces the largest N-glycan in plants. Genetic and biochemical evidence indicates that the addition of the 6-arm β1,2-GlcNAc residue by N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase II (GnTII) is less effective than additions of the core β1,2-xylose and α1,3-fucose residues by XylT, FucTA, and FucTB in Arabidopsis. Furthermore, analysis of gnt2 mutant and 35S:GnTII transgenic plants shows that the addition of the 6-arm non-reducing GlcNAc residue to the common N-glycan acceptor GlcNAcMan3(GlcNAc)2 inhibits additions of the core β1,2-xylose and α1,3-fucose residues. Our findings indicate that plants limit the rate of the addition of the 6-arm GlcNAc residue to the common N-glycan acceptor as a mechanism to facilitate formation of the prevalent N-glycans with Man3XylFuc(GlcNAc)2 and (GlcNAc)2Man3XylFuc(GlcNAc)2 structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]