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1. Soil fungal taxonomic and functional community composition as affected by biochar properties

Author

Dai, Zhongmin, Enders, Akio, Rodrigues, Jorge LM, Hanley, Kelly L, Brookes, Philip C, Xu, Jianming, and Lehmann, Johannes

Subjects
Fungal diversity, Community structure, Saprotroph, Lifestyle, Easily mineralizable C, Pathogen, Environmental Sciences, Biological Sciences, Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, Agronomy & Agriculture
Abstract

Biochar greatly influences the soil bacterial community and nutrient transformations, while our knowledge of the responses of fungal lifestyles to biochar is still in its infancy. Here, we used experimental pre-treatments (acetone extraction) of nutrient-rich biochars to identify which major biochar properties influence fungi the most: the easily mineralizable C, fused aromatic backbone, or the inorganic nutrients of biochars. Our objective was to investigate how different biochar fractions (easily mineralizable C, fused aromatic C, nutrients) structure the fungal taxonomic and functional communities. The easily mineralizable C of biochars induced greater short-term changes in fungal community composition compared to the fused aromatic C. The easily mineralizable C significantly decreased the relative abundance of Basidiomycota by avg. 10.6%, while it had no effects on Ascomycota and Zygomycota. Co-occurrence network indicated that saprophytic fungi were self-assembled in the easily mineralizable C-sufficient environment, whereas they were the connectors to interact with other groups when lower amounts of energy in form of mineralizable C were present. Thus, the easily mineralizable C in biochar as a microbial C source probably promoted saprotroph growth, caused them to self-assemble and to enhance their competitive capacity, leading to overall diversity decrease and relative decline of fungal pathogens. The inorganic nutrients had no effects on fungal diversity and saprotroph abundance, while they decreased the relative abundance of Zygomycota. Our study highlighted the important roles of both mineralizable C and inorganic nutrients in modification of the fungal community, and demonstrated that biochar probably favors the growth of saprotrophs over soil-borne fungal pathogens.

Published
2018

2. Reverse engineering of biochar

Author

Morales, Verónica L, Pérez-Reche, Francisco J, Hapca, Simona M, Hanley, Kelly L, Lehmann, Johannes, and Zhang, Wei

Subjects
Agricultural, Veterinary and Food Sciences, Biological Sciences, Industrial Biotechnology, Microbiology, Agricultural Biotechnology, Bioengineering, Biomass, Charcoal, Confidence Intervals, Engineering, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Internet, Linear Models, Physico-chemical properties, Slow-pyrolysis, Correlation networks, Generalized Linear Models, Web-tool, Biotechnology, Agricultural biotechnology, Industrial biotechnology
Abstract

This study underpins quantitative relationships that account for the combined effects that starting biomass and peak pyrolysis temperature have on physico-chemical properties of biochar. Meta-data was assembled from published data of diverse biochar samples (n=102) to (i) obtain networks of intercorrelated properties and (ii) derive models that predict biochar properties. Assembled correlation networks provide a qualitative overview of the combinations of biochar properties likely to occur in a sample. Generalized Linear Models are constructed to account for situations of varying complexity, including: dependence of biochar properties on single or multiple predictor variables, where dependence on multiple variables can have additive and/or interactive effects; non-linear relation between the response and predictors; and non-Gaussian data distributions. The web-tool Biochar Engineering implements the derived models to maximize their utility and distribution. Provided examples illustrate the practical use of the networks, models and web-tool to engineer biochars with prescribed properties desirable for hypothetical scenarios.

Published
2015

21. Towards the standardization of biochar analysis: the COST Action 1 TD1107 inter2 laboratory comparison

Author

Jörg Bachmann, Hans, Bucheli, Thomas D., Dieguez-Alonso, Alba Dieguez-Alonso, Fabbri, Daniele, Knicker, Heike, Schmidt, Hans-Peter, Ulbricht, Axel, Becker, Roland, Buscaroli, Alessandro, Buerge, Diane, Cross, Andrew, Dickinson, D, Enders, Akio, Esteves, Valdemar I., Evangelou, Michael W. H., Fellet, Guido, Friedrich, K., Gasco Guerrero, Gabriel, Glaser, Bruno, Hanke, Ulrich M., Hanley, Kelly, Hilber, Isabel, Kalderis, Dimitrios, Leifeld, Jens, Masek, Ondrej, Mumme, Jan, Paneque Carmona, Marina, Calvelo Pereira, Roberto, Rees, Frederic, Rombola, Alessandro G., Maria de la Rosa, Jose, Sakrabani, Ruben, Sohi, Saran, Soja, Gerhard, Valagussa, Massimo, Verheijen, Frank, and Zehetner, Franz

Subjects
round robin test, biochar analysis, biochar certification, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, heavy metals, inter-laboratory test, charcoal
Abstract

Biochar produced by pyrolysis of organic residues is increasingly used for soil amendment and many other applications. However, analytical methods for its physical and chemical characterization are yet far from being specifically adapted, optimized and standardized. Therefore, the COST Action TD1107 conducted an inter-laboratory comparison, in which 22 laboratories from twelve countries analyzed three different types of biochar for 38 physical-chemical parameters (macro- and micro-elements, heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, pH, electrical conductivity, and specific surface area) with their preferential methods. The data was evaluated in detail using professional inter-laboratory testing software. Whereas intra-laboratory repeatability was generally good or at least acceptable, inter-laboratory reproducibility was mostly not (20% < mean reproducibility standard deviation < 460%). This paper contributes to better comparability of biochar data published already, and provides recommendations to improve and harmonize specific methods for biochar analysis in the future.

Published
2016
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23. Biochar and denitrification in soils: when, how much and why does biochar reduce N2O emissions?

Author

Cornell University, European Commission, European Research Council, National Science Foundation (US), Cayuela, María Luz, Sánchez-Monedero, Miguel Ángel, Roig, Asunción, Hanley, Kelly, Enders, Akio, Lehmann, Johannes, Cornell University, European Commission, European Research Council, National Science Foundation (US), Cayuela, María Luz, Sánchez-Monedero, Miguel Ángel, Roig, Asunción, Hanley, Kelly, Enders, Akio, and Lehmann, Johannes

Abstract

Agricultural soils represent the main source of anthropogenic N2O emissions. Recently, interactions of black carbon with the nitrogen cycle have been recognized and the use of biochar is being investigated as a means to reduce N2O emissions. However, the mechanisms of reduction remain unclear. Here we demonstrate the significant impact of biochar on denitrification, with a consistent decrease in N2O emissions by 10–90% in 14 different agricultural soils. Using the 15N gas-flux method we observed a consistent reduction of the N2O/(N2 + N2O) ratio, which demonstrates that biochar facilitates the last step of denitrification. Biochar acid buffer capacity was identified as an important aspect for mitigation that was not primarily caused by a pH shift in soil. We propose the function of biochar as an “electron shuttle” that facilitates the transfer of electrons to soil denitrifying microorganisms, which together with its liming effect would promote the reduction of N2O to N2.

Published
2013

24. Effects of Chemical, Biological, and Physical Aging As Well As Soil Addition on the Sorption of Pyrene to Activated Carbon and Biochar

Author

Hale, Sarah E., Hanley, Kelly, Lehmann, Johannes, Zimmerman, Andrew R., Cornelissen, Gerard, Hale, Sarah E., Hanley, Kelly, Lehmann, Johannes, Zimmerman, Andrew R., and Cornelissen, Gerard

Abstract

In this study, the suitability of biochar and activated carbon (AC) for contaminated soil remediation is investigated by determining the sorption of pyrene to both materials in the presence and absence of soil and before as well as after aging. Biochar and AC were aged either alone or mixed with soil via exposure to (a) nutrients and microorganisms (biological), (b) 60 and 110 degrees C (chemical), and (c) freeze-thaw cycles (physical). Before and after aging, the pH, elemental composition, cation exchange capacity (CEC), microporous SA, and sorption isotherms of pyrene were quantified. Aging at 110 degrees C altered the physicochemical properties of all materials to the greatest extent (for example, pH increased by up to three units and CEC by up to 50% for biochar). Logarithmic K(Fr) values ranged from 7.80 to 8.21 (ng kg(-1)) (ng L(-1))(-nF) for AC and 5.22 to 6.21 (ng kg(-1))(ng L(-1))(-nF) for biochar after the various aging regimes. Grinding biochar to a smaller particle size did not significantly affect the sorption of d(10) pyrene, implying that sorption processes operate on the subparticle scale. Chemical aging decreased the sorption of pyrene to the greatest extent (up to 1.8 log unit for the biochar+soil). The sorption to AC was affected more by the presence of soil than the sorption to biochar was. Our results suggest that AC and biochar have a high sorption capacity for pyrene that is maintained both in the presence of soil and during harsh aging. Both materials could therefore be considered in contaminated land remediation.

Published
2011
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28. Toward the Standardization of Biochar Analysis: The COST Action TD1107 Interlaboratory Comparison

Author

Alessandro G. Rombolà, Heike Knicker, Ondřej Mašek, Franz Zehetner, Guido Fellet, Alba Dieguez-Alonso, Thomas D. Bucheli, Ulrich M. Hanke, Hans Jörg Bachmann, Diane Buerge, Michael W.H. Evangelou, Daniele Fabbri, José María De la Rosa, Hans-Peter Schmidt, Ruben Sakrabani, Marina Paneque Carmona, Frédéric Rees, Andrew Cross, Valdemar I. Esteves, Gerhard Soja, Akio Enders, Frank G. A. Verheijen, Roberto Calvelo Pereira, Roland Becker, Massimo Valagussa, Jan Mumme, Axel Ulbricht, Gabriel Gasco Guerrero, Dimitrios Kalderis, Isabel Hilber, D Dickinson, Bruno Glaser, Jens Leifeld, Kelly Hanley, Alessandro Buscaroli, Saran Sohi, K. Friedrich, Bachmann, Hans Jörg, Bucheli, Thomas D, Dieguez-Alonso, Alba, Fabbri, Daniele, Knicker, Heike, Schmidt, Hans-Peter, Ulbricht, Axel, Becker, Roland, Buscaroli, Alessandro, Buerge, Diane, Cross, Andrew, Dickinson, Dane, Enders, Akio, Esteves, Valdemar I., Evangelou, Michael W. H., Fellet, Guido, Friedrich, Kevin, Gasco Guerrero, Gabriel, Glaser, Bruno, Hanke, Ulrich M., Hanley, Kelly, Hilber, Isabel, Kalderis, Dimitrio, Leifeld, Jen, Masek, Ondrej, Mumme, Jan, Carmona, Marina Paneque, Calvelo Pereira, Roberto, Rees, Frederic, Rombolà, Alessandro G., De La Rosa, José Maria, Sakrabani, Ruben, Sohi, Saran, Soja, Gerhard, Valagussa, Massimo, Verheijen, Frank, Zehetner, Franz, Institute for Sustainability Sciences ISS, Agroscope, Technische Universität Berlin (TUB), CIRI EA c/o CIRSA, University of Bologna, IRNAS-CISIC, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología, Institute for Carbon Intelligence, Ithaka, Eurofins Umwelt Ost GmbH, BAM Fed Inst Mat Res & Testing (BAM), Intitute for Sustainability Sciences ISS, UK Biochar Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Cornell University, CESAM & Department of Chemistry, Universidade de Aveiro, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Department of Agricultural and Environnemental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Udine - University of Udine [Italie], Fachhochschule Bingen, Departamento de Produccion Agraria - ETSI Agronomos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), institut für agrar- und Ernährungswissenschaften - Bodenbiogeochemie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle Wittenberg (MLU), Department of Geography, University of Zurich, Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Department of Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Technological and Educational Institute of Crete, Institute for Sustainability Sicences ISS, IRNAS-CSIC, Institute of Agriculture and Environment, Laboratoire Sols et Environnement (LSE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL), School of Energy - Environment and Agrifood, Cranfield University, Health and Environment Department - Environmental Resources and Technologies, Austrian Institute of Technology [Vienna] (AIT), Minoprio Analisi e Certificaziono S.r.L, Environment and Planning Department, CESAM (Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies), Institute of Soil Research, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien [Vienne, Autriche] (BOKU), Technische Universität Berlin (TU), Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Cornell University [New York], Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems (ITES), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), and European Cooperation in Science and Technology

Subjects
Biochar analysis, Biochar certification, Round-robin test, Interlaboratory test, Charcoal, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, Heavy metals, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Amendment, Reproducibility of Result, 02 engineering and technology, 010501 environmental sciences, biochar analysi, 01 natural sciences, Chemistry Techniques, Analytical, round-robin test, Biochar, interlaboratory test, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, 2. Zero hunger, Reproducibility, Intralaboratory, biochar certification, Chemistry (all), Reproducibility of Results, General Chemistry, Repeatability, Reference Standards, heavy metal, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Pulp and paper industry, Soil conditioner, Agricultural and Biological Sciences (all), Environmental chemistry, Environmental science, Reference Standard, Round robin test, Laboratories, 0210 nano-technology, General Agricultural and Biological Sciences, Pyrolysis, Laboratorie
Abstract

15 páginas.-- 2 figuras.-- 1 tablas.-- 42 referencias.-- Supporting Information The Supporting Information is available free of charge on the ACS Publications website at DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b05055.-- Bachmann, Hans Jörg et al. (2016) Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 64(2): 513–527, Biochar produced by pyrolysis of organic residues is increasingly used for soil amendment and many other applications. However, analytical methods for its physical and chemical characterization are yet far from being specifically adapted, optimized, and standardized. Therefore, COST Action TD1107 conducted an interlaboratory comparison in which 22 laboratories from 12 countries analyzed three different types of biochar for 38 physical–chemical parameters (macro- and microelements, heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, pH, electrical conductivity, and specific surface area) with their preferential methods. The data were evaluated in detail using professional interlaboratory testing software. Whereas intralaboratory repeatability was generally good or at least acceptable, interlaboratory reproducibility was mostly not (20% < mean reproducibility standard deviation < 460%). This paper contributes to better comparability of biochar data published already and provides recommendations to improve and harmonize specific methods for biochar analysis in the future., The biochar-producing companies Pyreg GmbH, Sonnenerde GmbH, and Swiss Biochar GmbH are acknowledged for sample donation. We are grateful to the IBI and the EBC for fruitful discussions about analytical method standardization. D.F., A.B., and A.G.R. thank the Universitàdi Bologna and Regione Emilia Romagna (Italy) APQ Ricerca Intervento a “Sostegno dello sviluppo dei Laboratori di ricerca nei campi della nautica e dell’energia per il Tecnopolo di Ravenna” and Denis Zannoni for laboratory assistance. F.Z. thanks the laboratory staff at the Institute of Soil Research, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria., We thank the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) for financial support

Published
2016
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