106 results on '"Hammerton, Gemma"'
Search Results
2. Mental health resilience in offspring of depressed parents: a systematic literature review protocol
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Padaigaitė, Eglė, Maruyama, Jessica Mayumi, Hammerton, Gemma, Rice, Frances, and Collishaw, Stephan
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- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Modifiable protective factors for mental health resilience in the offspring of depressed parents: A high‐risk longitudinal cohort spanning adolescence and adulthood.
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Padaigaitė‐Gulbinienė, Eglė, Hammerton, Gemma, Powell, Victoria, Rice, Frances, and Collishaw, Stephan
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YOUNG adults , *PSYCHOLOGICAL resilience , *SOCIAL factors , *RESPONSE inhibition , *MENTAL depression , *ADOLESCENT friendships - Abstract
Background: Several protective factors have been identified for mental health (MH) resilience in adolescent offspring of depressed parents. However, it is unclear if these effects persist into adulthood. Methods: Depressed parents and their offspring (N = 188) from the Early Prediction of Adolescent Depression study were assessed four times (mean offspring ages 12.39, 13.77, 14.82, and 23.41). Mental health resilience was examined using residual scores (better‐than‐expected mood‐, behaviour‐, or anxiety‐related MH at mean age 23 given risk exposure), and categorically as sustained good MH across adolescence and young adulthood. Results: Only 9.2% of young adults demonstrated sustained good MH. Parents of resilient individuals showed lower comorbidity (anxiety, antisocial behaviour and harmful drinking) and higher depression remission. Considering adolescent protective factors, weak evidence was observed of associations of mood‐resilience with adolescent peer‐relationship quality (β = −0.20, 95%CI:−0.36, −0.04); friendship quality (β = −0.14, 95%CI:−0.31, 0.02); risk adjustment (β = −0.16, 95%CI:‐0.34, 0.03) and dysfunctional attitudes (β = 0.18, 95%CI:0.01, 0.35). There was weak evidence of behavioural‐resilience association with parent positive expressed emotion (β = −0.15, 95%CI:−0.31, 0.02) and offspring exercise (β = −0.37, 95%CI:−0.77, 0.03). No adolescent protective factors showed an association with anxiety‐resilience. For sustained good MH, there was weak evidence of an association with inhibitory control (OR = 0.39, 95%CI:0.14, 1.07). Strong evidence was observed for associations between young adult‐reported peer relationship quality and mood‐resilience (β = −0.35, 95%CI:−0.53, −0.17), behavioural‐resilience (β = −0.33, 95%CI:−0.51, −0.14) and anxiety‐resilience (β = −0.34, 95%CI:−0.53, −0.14), while weak evidence was observed of an association of social activities with anxiety‐resilience (β = −0.51, 95%CI:−0.97, −0.06). Conclusions: We found limited evidence for the long‐lasting effects of adolescent protective factors on adult MH resilience. Social factors remained protective into young adulthood, while family factors did not. Early preventative intervention might not be sufficient to maintain good long‐term MH, and young people will likely require more prolonged support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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4. Childhood Adversity and Incident Psychotic Experiences in Early Adulthood:Cognitive and Psychopathological Mediators
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Cortes Hidalgo, Andrea P., Hammerton, Gemma, Heron, Jon, Bolhuis, Koen, Madley-Dowd, Paul, Tiemeier, Henning, van IJzendoorn, Marinus H., Zammit, Stanley, Jones, Hannah J., Cortes Hidalgo, Andrea P., Hammerton, Gemma, Heron, Jon, Bolhuis, Koen, Madley-Dowd, Paul, Tiemeier, Henning, van IJzendoorn, Marinus H., Zammit, Stanley, and Jones, Hannah J.
- Abstract
Background and Hypothesis Childhood adversity is often described as a potential cause of incident psychotic experiences, but the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. We aimed to examine the mediating role of cognitive and psychopathological factors in the relation between childhood adversity and incident psychotic experiences in early adulthood.Study Design We analyzed data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, a large population-based cohort study. Childhood adversity was measured prospectively from birth to age 11 years, mediators (anxiety, depression, external locus of control [LoC], negative symptoms) were assessed at approximately 16 years of age, and incident psychotic experiences were assessed at ages 18 and 24 years. Mediation was examined via the counterfactual g-computation formula.Study Results In total, 7% of participants had incident suspected or definite psychotic experiences in early adulthood. Childhood adversity was related to more incident psychotic experiences (ORadjusted = 1.34, 95% CI = 1.21; 1.49), and this association was partially mediated via all mediators examined (proportion mediated: 19.9%). In separate analyses for each mediator, anxiety, depression, external LoC, and negative symptoms were all found to mediate the link between adversity and incident psychotic experiences. Accounting for potential confounders did not modify our results.Conclusions Our study shows that cognitive biases as well as mood symptomatology may be on the causal pathway between early-life adversity and the development of psychotic experiences. Future studies should determine which mediating factors are most easily modifiable and most likely to reduce the risk of developing psychotic experiences.
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- 2024
5. Explaining risk for suicide-related behaviour in adolescent offspring of mothers with depression
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Hammerton, Gemma
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616.85 ,R Medicine (General) - Abstract
Background: There is evidence to suggest that maternal depression is associated with suicide-related behaviour in offspring; however pathways contributing to risk remain unclear. The aim of this thesis was to investigate mechanisms of the association between maternal depression and offspring suicidal ideation and attempt in a general population sample. Methods: Data were utilised from a population-based birth cohort, the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. Maternal depression symptoms were assessed on 10 occasions from pregnancy to child age 11 years. Offspring suicide-related behaviour was assessed at age 16 years. Latent class growth analysis was used to derive trajectories of maternal depression symptoms. Pathways mediating risk between maternal depression and offspring suicide-related behaviour were then examined using structural equation modelling. Results: Five distinct classes of maternal depression symptoms were identified (minimal, mild, increasing, sub-threshold, chronic-severe). Compared to offspring of mothers with minimal symptoms, the greatest risk of suicidal ideation was found for offspring of mothers with chronic-severe symptoms [OR 3.04 (95% CI 2.19, 4.21)], with evidence for smaller increases in risk for offspring of mothers with sub-threshold, increasing and mild symptoms. The pattern of findings was similar when examining risk for offspring suicide attempt. The majority of the association between maternal chronic-severe depression and offspring suicidal ideation was explained through maternal suicide attempt and offspring psychopathology. However, there was also evidence for indirect effects via both the parent-child relationship and peer victimisation. Conclusion: Findings from this thesis highlight that risk for suicide-related behaviour should be considered in offspring of mothers with sustained depression symptoms, even when symptoms are below clinical levels. Suicide prevention efforts in offspring of depressed mothers should be targeted at offspring with psychopathology and offspring whose mothers have made a suicide attempt. Interventions aimed at improving the parent-child relationship, or reducing peer victimisation may also be beneficial.
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- 2015
6. Associations between developmental timing of child abuse and conduct problem trajectories in a UK birth cohort
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Bauer, Andreas, Hammerton, Gemma, Fraser, Abigail, Fairchild, Graeme, and Halligan, Sarah L.
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- 2021
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7. Pathways from maternal depression to child resilience: Socioeconomic, family, and individual factors in the 2004 Pelotas (Brazil) birth cohort
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Maruyama, Jessica Mayumi, primary, Bauer, Andreas, additional, Hammerton, Gemma, additional, Halligan, Sarah L., additional, Santos, Ina S., additional, Munhoz, Tiago N., additional, Barros, Aluísio J. D., additional, Barros, Fernando C., additional, Fairchild, Graeme, additional, and Matijasevich, Alicia, additional
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- 2023
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8. Maternal Postnatal Depressive Symptoms and Offspring Emotional and Behavioral Development at Age 7 Years in a UK Birth Cohort:The Role of Paternal Involvement
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Culpin, Iryna, Hammerton, Gemma, Stein, Alan, Bornstein, Marc H., Tiemeier, Henning, Cadman, Tim, Fredriksen, Eivor, Evans, Jonathan, Miller, Tina, Dermott, Esther, Heron, Jon, Sallis, Hannah M., Pearson, Rebecca M., Culpin, Iryna, Hammerton, Gemma, Stein, Alan, Bornstein, Marc H., Tiemeier, Henning, Cadman, Tim, Fredriksen, Eivor, Evans, Jonathan, Miller, Tina, Dermott, Esther, Heron, Jon, Sallis, Hannah M., and Pearson, Rebecca M.
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Public Significance Statement The present study suggests that adverse effects of maternal postnatal depression on child development are not explained by various child-focused and mother-influenced dimensions of paternal involvement. Only father-child conflict emerged as a risk factor for adverse child development while also explaining the association between maternal postnatal depression and child development. If effects found causal, interventions that reduce father-child conflict may improve developmental outcomes of children of mothers with postnatal depression.There is considerable variability in developmental outcomes of children whose mothers experience depression. Few longitudinal studies have examined contributions of paternal involvement in the association between maternal postnatal depression (PND) and offspring development. We examined pathways from maternal PND at 8 weeks (Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale; total score) to offspring emotional and behavioral development at 7 years (Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire; total score) through behavioral, affective, and cognitive dimensions of paternal involvement in a U.K.-based birth cohort (Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children; n = 3,434). Analyses were adjusted for baseline confounders and paternal PND (Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale; total score) as an intermediate confounder. Maternal PND was strongly associated with offspring development, but this association was not mediated by the combination of all indirect pathways through various dimensions of paternal involvement. Only father-child conflict emerged as a risk factor for adverse offspring development and as a mediator in the association between maternal PND and offspring development (albeit the effect size was small). If found causal, interventions that reduce father-child conflict may reduce the risk of adverse development in offspring of mothers with PND.
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- 2023
9. Childhood Trauma As a Mediator of the Association Between Autistic Traits and Psychotic Experiences: Evidence From the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children Cohort
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Dardani, Christina, primary, Schalbroeck, Rik, additional, Madley-Dowd, Paul, additional, Jones, Hannah J, additional, Strelchuk, Daniela, additional, Hammerton, Gemma, additional, Croft, Jazz, additional, Sullivan, Sarah A, additional, Zammit, Stan, additional, Selten, Jean-Paul, additional, and Rai, Dheeraj, additional
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- 2022
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10. Associations between childhood trauma and childhood psychiatric disorders:a prospective Brazilian birth cohort study
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Bauer, Andreas, Fairchild, Graeme, Hammerton, Gemma L, Murray, Joseph, Santos, Iná S, Tovo-Rodrigues, Luciana, Munhoz, Tiago N, Barros, Aluísio J. D., Matijasevich, Alicia, and Halligan, Sarah L
- Abstract
BackgroundChildhood trauma is a proposed transdiagnostic risk factor for psychopathology, but epidemiological evidence from low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) is scarce. We investigated associations between trauma and child psychiatric disorders in a birth cohort in Brazil.MethodsThe 2004 Pelotas Birth Cohort is an ongoing, population-based, prospective birth cohort, including all hospital births occurring between Jan 1 and Dec 31, 2004, in the city of Pelotas, Brazil. When the children were aged 6 and 11 years, trained psychologists administered the Development and Well-Being Assessment clinical interview to caregivers to assess current child psychiatric disorders (anxiety disorders, mood disorders, ADHD and hyperactivity disorders, and conduct and oppositional disorders), and lifetime trauma exposure (ie, experiencing or witnessing life-threatening events) including interpersonal and non-interpersonal events. Analyses used multiple imputation and logistic regression models.OutcomesOf 4263 live births, 4231 children were included in the study sample, and 4229 (2195 [51·9%] boys and 2034 [48·1%] girls; 2581 [61·7%] with White mothers and 1600 [38·3%] with Black or mixed race mothers) were included in the imputed analyses. 1154 (34·3%) of 3367 children with complete data at age 11 years had been exposed to trauma by that age. After adjusting for confounders, at age 6 years, trauma was associated with increased odds of anxiety disorders (adjusted odds ratio 1·79 [95% CI 1·33–2·42]) and any psychiatric disorder (1·59 [1·22–2·06]), and at age 11 years, with any psychiatric disorder (1·45 [1·17–1·79]) and all four specific diagnostic classes of anxiety disorders (1·47 [1·04–2·09]), mood disorders (1·66 [1·08–2·55]), ADHD and hyperactivity disorders (1·47 [1·01–2·13]), and conduct and oppositional disorders (1·76 [1·19–2·61]). Interpersonal trauma and non-interpersonal trauma were each associated with increased odds of multiple psychiatric disorders, even when adjusting for their co-occurrence.InterpretationA considerable mental health burden associated with childhood trauma is already evident by middle childhood in this sample from Brazil. Evidence-based efforts to reduce the incidence of childhood trauma in Brazil and address its consequences are urgently needed.FundingChildren's Pastorate, WHO, National Support Program for Centres of Excellence, Brazilian National Research Council, Brazilian Ministry of Health, São Paulo Research Foundation, University of Bath, Wellcome Trust.TranslationFor the Portuguese translation of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.
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- 2022
11. Maternal postnatal depression and offspring depression at age 24 years in a UK-birth cohort: the mediating role of maternal nurturing behaviours concerning feeding, crying and sleeping
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Culpin, Iryna, primary, Hammerton, Gemma, additional, Bornstein, Marc H., additional, Heron, Jon, additional, Evans, Jonathan, additional, Cadman, Tim, additional, Sallis, Hannah M., additional, Tilling, Kate, additional, Stein, Alan, additional, Kwong, Alex S.F., additional, and Pearson, Rebecca M., additional
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- 2022
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12. Investigating the genetic architecture of general and specific psychopathology in adolescence
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Jones, Hannah J., Heron, Jon, Hammerton, Gemma, Stochl, Jan, Jones, Peter B., Cannon, Mary, Smith, George Davey, Holmans, Peter, Lewis, Glyn, Linden, David E. J., O’Donovan, Michael C., Owen, Michael J., Walters, James, Zammit, Stanley, and the 23 and Me Research Team
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- 2018
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13. Maternal postnatal depression and offspring depression at age 24 years in a UK-birth cohort: the mediating role of maternal nurturing behaviours concerning feeding, crying and sleeping (version 2)
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Culpin, Iryna, Hammerton, Gemma, Bornstein, Marc H, Heron, Jon, Evans, Jonathan, Cadman, Tim, Sallis, Hannah M, Tilling, Kate, Stein, Alan, Kwong, Alex SF, Pearson, Rebecca M, Culpin, Iryna, Hammerton, Gemma, Bornstein, Marc H, Heron, Jon, Evans, Jonathan, Cadman, Tim, Sallis, Hannah M, Tilling, Kate, Stein, Alan, Kwong, Alex SF, and Pearson, Rebecca M
- Abstract
Background: Maternal postnatal depression (PND) is a risk factor for offspring depression in adulthood. However, few longitudinal studies have examined the role of maternal nurturing parenting behaviours in the association between maternal PND and offspring depression in adulthood. Methods: We examined pathways from maternal PND measured using self-reported Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale at 8 weeks to offspring ICD-10 depression diagnosed using the Clinical Interview Schedule-Revised computerised assessment at 24 years through maternal-reported nurturing behaviours concerning feeding, sleeping and crying measured from pregnancy to age 3 years 6 months in 5,881 members of the UK-based birth cohort study, the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. Results: The fully adjusted model revealed an indirect effect from PND to adult offspring depression through the combination of all parenting factors (probit regression coefficient [ B]=0.038, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.005, 0.071); however, there was no evidence of a direct effect from early maternal PND to offspring depression once the indirect effect via parenting factors was accounted for ( B=0.009, 95%CI -0.075, 0.093). Specificity analyses revealed indirect effects through maternal worries about feeding ( B=0.019, 95%CI 0.003, 0.035, p=0.010) and maternal perceptions and responses to crying ( B=0.018, 95%CI 0.004, 0.032, p=0.012). Conclusions: The adverse impact of maternal PND on offspring depression in early adulthood was explained by maternal nurturing behaviours concerning feeding, crying and sleeping in early childhood. Residual confounding and measurement error likely limit reliable conclusions. If found causal, interventions providing support to reduce worries around maternal nurturing behaviours and treating depression could reduce adverse outcomes in adult offspring of depressed mothers.
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- 2022
14. Childhood Trauma As a Mediator of the Association Between Autistic Traits and Psychotic Experiences: Evidence From the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children Cohort.
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Dardani, Christina, Schalbroeck, Rik, Madley-Dowd, Paul, Jones, Hannah J, Strelchuk, Daniela, Hammerton, Gemma, Croft, Jazz, Sullivan, Sarah A, Zammit, Stan, Selten, Jean-Paul, and Rai, Dheeraj
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GENETICS of autism ,AUTISM risk factors ,ADVERSE childhood experiences ,CONFIDENCE intervals ,PSYCHOSES ,RESEARCH methodology ,INTERVIEWING ,RISK assessment ,GENOME-wide association studies ,RESEARCH funding ,QUESTIONNAIRES ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,ODDS ratio ,LONGITUDINAL method ,PARENTS - Abstract
Background Little is known on whether associations between childhood autistic traits and psychotic experiences persist into adulthood and whether genetic confounding and childhood trauma influence them. Here we investigate the associations between childhood autistic traits and psychotic experiences until young adulthood and assess the influence of schizophrenia polygenic risk and childhood traumatic experiences, using the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) population-based birth cohort. Study design We used a measure of broad autistic traits (autism factor mean score), and four dichotomised measures of autistic traits capturing social communication difficulties (age 7), repetitive behaviours (age 5), sociability (age 3), and pragmatic language (age 9). Psychotic experiences were assessed at ages 18 and 24 using the semi-structured Psychosis-Like Symptoms interview (PLIKSi). Traumatic experiences between ages 5 and 11 were assessed with questionnaires and interviews administered to children and parents at multiple ages. Study results Broad autistic traits, as well as social communication difficulties, were associated with psychotic experiences that were distressing and/or frequent until age 24 (autism factor mean score, n = 3707: OR 1.19, 95%CI 1.01–1.39; social communication difficulties, n = 3384: OR 1.54, 95%CI 0.97–2.45). Childhood trauma mediated a substantial proportion of the identified associations (~28% and 36% respectively, maximum n = 3577). Schizophrenia polygenic risk did not appear to confound the associations. Multiple imputation analyses (maximum n = 13 105) yielded comparable results. Conclusions Childhood trauma may be an important, potentially modifiable pathway between autistic features and later onset of psychotic psychopathology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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15. Additional file 1 of Mental health resilience in offspring of depressed parents: a systematic literature review protocol
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Padaigaitė, Eglė, Maruyama, Jessica Mayumi, Hammerton, Gemma, Rice, Frances, and Collishaw, Stephan
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Additional file 1. PRISMA-P (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols) checklist: recommended items to address in a systematic review protocol
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- 2022
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16. Additional file 3 of Mental health resilience in offspring of depressed parents: a systematic literature review protocol
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Padaigaitė, Eglė, Maruyama, Jessica Mayumi, Hammerton, Gemma, Rice, Frances, and Collishaw, Stephan
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Additional file 3. Full search strategy for each database
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- 2022
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17. Additional file 2 of Mental health resilience in offspring of depressed parents: a systematic literature review protocol
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Padaigaitė, Eglė, Maruyama, Jessica Mayumi, Hammerton, Gemma, Rice, Frances, and Collishaw, Stephan
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Additional file 2. Selected publications for pilot search and pilot search results
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- 2022
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18. Precursors and correlates of transient and persistent longitudinal profiles of psychotic experiences from late childhood through early adulthood
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Rammos, Alexandros, primary, Sullivan, Sarah A., additional, Kounali, Daphne, additional, Jones, Hannah J., additional, Hammerton, Gemma, additional, Hines, Lindsey A., additional, Lewis, Glyn, additional, Jones, Peter B., additional, Cannon, Mary, additional, Thompson, Andrew, additional, Wolke, Dieter, additional, Heron, Jon, additional, and Zammit, Stanley, additional
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- 2021
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19. 427How does childhood maltreatment influence cardiovascular disease? A sequential causal mediation analysis
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Soares, Ana Goncalves, primary, Howe, Laura D, additional, Hammerton, Gemma, additional, Heron, Jon, additional, Rich-Edwards, Janet, additional, Magnus, Maria C, additional, Halligan, Sarah L, additional, and Fraser, Abigail, additional
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- 2021
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20. 146Mendelian randomisation for mediation analysis: current methods and challenges for implementation
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Carter, Alice, primary, Sanderson, Eleanor, additional, Hammerton, Gemma, additional, Richmond, Rebecca, additional, Smith, George Davey, additional, Heron, Jon, additional, Taylor, Amy, additional, Davies, Neil, additional, and Howe, Laura, additional
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- 2021
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21. Maternal postnatal depression and offspring depression at age 24 years in a UK-birth cohort: the mediating role of maternal nurturing behaviours concerning feeding, crying and sleeping
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Culpin, Iryna, primary, Hammerton, Gemma, additional, Bornstein, Marc H., additional, Heron, Jon, additional, Evans, Jonathan, additional, Cadman, Tim, additional, Sallis, Hannah M., additional, Tilling, Kate, additional, Stein, Alan, additional, Kwong, Alex S.F., additional, and Pearson, Rebecca M., additional
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- 2021
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22. How does childhood maltreatment influence cardiovascular disease? A sequential causal mediation analysis
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Soares, Ana G, primary, Howe, Laura D, additional, Heron, Jon, additional, Hammerton, Gemma, additional, Rich-Edwards, Janet, additional, Magnus, Maria C, additional, Halligan, Sarah L, additional, and Fraser, Abigail, additional
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- 2021
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23. Maternal postnatal depression and offspring depression at age 24 years in a UK-birth cohort: the mediating role of maternal nurturing behaviours concerning feeding, crying and sleeping
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Culpin, Iryna, Hammerton, Gemma, Bornstein, Marc H, Heron, Jon, Evans, Jonathan, Cadman, Tim, Sallis, Hannah M, Tilling, Kate, Stein, Alan, Kwong, Alex SF, Pearson, Rebecca M, Culpin, Iryna, Hammerton, Gemma, Bornstein, Marc H, Heron, Jon, Evans, Jonathan, Cadman, Tim, Sallis, Hannah M, Tilling, Kate, Stein, Alan, Kwong, Alex SF, and Pearson, Rebecca M
- Abstract
Background: Maternal postnatal depression (PND) is a risk factor for offspring depression in adulthood. However, few longitudinal studies have examined the role of maternal nurturing parenting behaviours in the association between maternal PND and offspring depression in adulthood. Methods: We examined pathways from maternal PND measured using self-reported Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale at 8 weeks to offspring ICD-10 depression diagnosed using the Clinical Interview Schedule-Revised computerised assessment at 24 years through maternal-reported nurturing behaviours concerning feeding, sleeping and crying measured from pregnancy to age 3 years 6 months in 5,881 members of the UK-based birth cohort study, the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. Results: The fully adjusted model revealed an indirect effect from PND to adult offspring depression through the combination of all parenting factors (probit regression coefficient [B]=0.038, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.005, 0.071); however, there was no evidence of a direct effect from early maternal PND to offspring depression once the indirect effect via parenting factors was accounted for (B=0.009, 95%CI -0.075, 0.093). Specificity analyses revealed indirect effects through maternal worries about feeding (B=0.019, 95%CI 0.003, 0.035, p=0.010) and maternal perceptions and responses to crying (B=0.018, 95%CI 0.004, 0.032, p=0.012). Conclusions: The adverse impact of maternal PND on offspring depression in early adulthood was explained by maternal nurturing behaviours concerning feeding, crying and sleeping in early childhood. Residual confounding and measurement error likely limit reliable conclusions. If found causal, interventions providing support to reduce worries around maternal nurturing behaviours and treating depression could reduce adverse outcomes in adult offspring of depressed mothers.
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- 2021
24. Precursors and correlates of transient and persistent longitudinal profiles of psychotic experiences from late childhood through early adulthood.
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Rammos, Alexandros, Sullivan, Sarah A., Kounali, Daphne, Jones, Hannah J., Hammerton, Gemma, Hines, Lindsey A., Lewis, Glyn, Jones, Peter B., Cannon, Mary, Thompson, Andrew, Wolke, Dieter, Heron, Jon, and Zammit, Stanley
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Background: Psychotic experiences are reported by 5-10% of young people, although only a minority persist and develop into psychotic disorders. It is unclear what characteristics differentiate those with transient psychotic experiences from those with persistent psychotic experiences that are more likely to be of clinical relevance.Aims: To investigate how longitudinal profiles of psychotic experiences, created from assessments at three different time points, are influenced by early life and co-occurring factors.Method: Using data from 8045 individuals from a birth cohort study, longitudinal profiles of psychotic experiences based on semi-structured interviews conducted at 12, 18 and 24 years were defined. Environmental, cognitive, psychopathological and genetic determinants of these profiles were investigated, along with concurrent changes in psychopathology and cognition.Results: Following multiple imputations, the distribution of longitudinal profiles of psychotic experiences was none (65.7%), transient (24.1%), low-frequency persistent (8.4%) and high-frequency persistent (1.7%). Individuals with high-frequency persistent psychotic experiences were more likely to report traumatic experiences, other psychopathology, a more externalised locus of control, reduced emotional stability and conscientious personality traits in childhood, compared with those with transient psychotic experiences. These characteristics also differed between those who had any psychotic experiences and those who did not.Conclusions: These findings indicate that the same risk factors are associated with incidence as with persistence of psychotic experiences. Thus, it might be that the severity of exposure, rather than the presence of specific disease-modifying factors, is most likely to determine whether psychotic experiences are transient or persist, and potentially develop into a clinical disorder over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2022
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25. The Influence of Alcohol Consumption on Fighting, Shoplifting and Vandalism in Young Adults
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Evans, Ieuan, primary, Heron, Jon, additional, Murray, Joseph, additional, Hickman, Matthew, additional, and Hammerton, Gemma, additional
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- 2021
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26. Investigating late‐onset ADHD: a population cohort investigation
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Cooper, Miriam, Hammerton, Gemma, Collishaw, Stephan, Langley, Kate, Thapar, Ajay, Dalsgaard, Søren, Stergiakouli, Evie, Tilling, Kate, Davey Smith, George, Maughan, Barbara, O'Donovan, Michael, Thapar, Anita, and Riglin, Lucy
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Male ,neurodevelopment ,Adolescent ,Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire ,Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children ,Infant ,Original Articles ,behavioral disciplines and activities ,Cohort Studies ,England ,Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity ,Child, Preschool ,mental disorders ,Late‐onset ADHD ,Humans ,Original Article ,Female ,Longitudinal Studies ,Prospective Studies ,Age of Onset ,Diagnostic Errors ,Sex Distribution ,Child - Abstract
Background Adult ADHD has been assumed to be a continuation of childhood‐onset ADHD. However, recent studies have identified individuals with ADHD in adulthood who have not had ADHD in childhood. Whether or not these individuals have a ‘typical’ neurodevelopmental profile is not clear. Methods We tested two explanations for the emergence of apparent late‐onset ADHD symptomatology using the ALSPAC epidemiological cohort, by grouping individuals according to their scores on the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) hyperactivity subscale at ages 12 and 17 years. First, we tested whether some of those with apparent late‐onset ADHD symptoms had been potentially misclassified on the basis of earlier SDQ hyperactivity scores (ages 7, 8 and 9 years) or of subthreshold symptoms at age 12 years. Second, we investigated the possibility that those with ‘genuine’ late‐onset ADHD symptoms had a delayed manifestation of the same liability that underlies childhood‐onset symptoms, by investigating whether they had a similar profile of neurodevelopmental impairments (in the domains of autistic symptomatology, language, reading, spelling, executive functioning and IQ) as those with typical childhood‐onset ADHD. Results N = 56/75 (75%) of those with apparent late‐onset ADHD had had high ADHD scores at least one point in childhood, suggesting that they may have been misclassified on the basis of their score at age 12 years. The remaining 19 individuals (25%) with genuine late‐onset ADHD symptoms did not show a profile of neurodevelopmental impairment typically seen in ADHD, instead showing similar levels of autistic symptoms, language skills, executive functioning ability and IQ to those without ADHD symptoms. The only exceptions were that this group showed reading and spelling problems at age 9 years. Conclusions Our work suggests that this small number of individuals with genuine late‐onset symptoms may not be most appropriately considered as having a typical neurodevelopmental disorder.
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- 2018
27. How does childhood maltreatment influence cardiovascular disease? A sequential causal mediation analysis.
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Soares, Ana G, Howe, Laura D, Heron, Jon, Hammerton, Gemma, Rich-Edwards, Janet, Magnus, Maria C, Halligan, Sarah L, and Fraser, Abigail
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Background: Childhood maltreatment has been consistently associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, the mechanisms of this relationship are not yet fully understood. We explored the relative contribution of anxiety/depression, smoking, body mass index (BMI) and inflammation (C-reactive protein, CRP) to the association between childhood maltreatment and CVD in men and women aged 40-69 years in the UK.Methods: We used data from 40 596 men and 59 511 women from UK Biobank. To estimate the indirect effects of childhood maltreatment (physical, sexual and emotional abuse, and emotional and physical neglect) on incident CVD via each of the mediators, we applied a sequential mediation approach.Results: All forms of maltreatment were associated with increased CVD risk [hazard ratios (HRs) ranging from 1.09 to 1.27]. Together, anxiety/depression, smoking, BMI and inflammation (indexed by CRP) mediated 26-90% of the association between childhood maltreatment and CVD, and the contribution of these mediators differed by type of maltreatment and sex. Anxiety/depression mediated the largest proportion of the association of sexual abuse, emotional abuse and emotional neglect with CVD (accounting for 16-43% of the total effect), especially in women. In men, BMI contributed the most to the indirect effect of associations of physical abuse and physical neglect with CVD; in women, anxiety/depression and BMI had similar contributions.Conclusions: These findings add to the understanding of how childhood maltreatment affects CVD risk and identify modifiable mediating factors that could potentially reduce the burden of CVD in people exposed to maltreatment in early life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2022
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28. T112. PTSD AS A MEDIATOR OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TRAUMA AND PSYCHOTIC EXPERIENCES
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Strelchuk, Daniela, primary, Hammerton, Gemma, primary, Croft, Jazz, primary, Heron, Jon, primary, Zammit, Stanley, primary, Wiles, Nicola, primary, and Turner, Katrina, primary
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- 2020
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29. Trajectories of depressive symptoms and adult educational and employment outcomes
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López-López, José A., primary, Kwong, Alex S. F., additional, Washbrook, Elizabeth, additional, Pearson, Rebecca M., additional, Tilling, Kate, additional, Fazel, Mina S., additional, Kidger, Judi, additional, and Hammerton, Gemma, additional
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- 2019
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30. Genetic and Environmental Risk Factors Associated with Trajectories of Depression Symptoms from Adolescence to Young Adulthood
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Kwong, Alex S. F., López-López, José A., Hammerton, Gemma, Manley, David, Timpson, Nicholas J., Leckie, George, and Pearson, Rebecca M.
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Male ,Parents ,Adolescent ,growth mixture modelling ,Depression, Postpartum ,Young Adult ,SoE Centre for Multilevel Modelling ,Risk Factors ,gene-environment ,Humans ,trajectories ,Longitudinal Studies ,Child ,Original Investigation ,Psychiatry ,Parenting ,Psychopathology ,Depression ,Research ,ALSPAC ,United Kingdom ,Online Only ,depression symptoms ,Female ,Gene-Environment Interaction ,Genome-Wide Association Study - Abstract
Key Points Question Are genetic and environmental risk factors associated with different trajectories of depression symptoms during adolescence and young adulthood? Findings In a cohort study of 3525 individuals observed from ages 10 to 24 years, both genetic and environmental risk factors were associated with childhood-persistent and early-adult–onset trajectories of depression symptoms, while adolescent-limited and childhood-limited trajectories were not associated with genetic risk factors. Meaning Differential patterns of timing and the nature of genetic and environmental risk factors were associated with different trajectory groups for depression symptoms, which could help to guide the timing and focus of prevention strategies., This cohort study examines the differential associations of genetic and environmental risk factors with trajectories of depression symptoms among individuals observed from ages 10 to 24 years in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC)., Importance Less favorable trajectories of depressive mood from adolescence to early adulthood are associated with current and later psychopathology, impaired educational attainment, and social dysfunction, yet the genetic and environmental risk factors associated with these trajectories are not fully established. Examining what risk factors are associated with different trajectories of depressive mood could help identify the nature of depression symptoms and improve preventive interventions for those at most risk. Objective To examine the differential associations of genetic and environmental risk factors with trajectories of depression symptoms among individuals observed from ages 10 to 24 years. Design, Setting, and Participants In a longitudinal cohort study established in 1990 and currently ongoing (the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children [ALSPAC]), growth mixture modeling was used to identify trajectories of depression symptoms in 9394 individuals in the United Kingdom. Associations of different risk factors with these trajectories were then examined. Analysis was conducted between August 2018 and January 2019. Main Outcomes and Measures Trajectories were composed from depression symptoms measured using the Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire at 9 occasions from ages 10 to 24 years. Risk factors included sex, a polygenic risk score taken from a recent genome-wide association study of depression symptoms, maternal postnatal depression, partner cruelty to the offspring’s mother when the child was aged 2 to 4 years, childhood anxiety at age 8 years, and being bullied at age 10 years. Results Data on all risk factors, confounders, and the outcome were available for 3525 individuals, including 1771 (50.2%) who were female. Trajectories were assessed between the mean (SD) age of 10.7 (0.3) years and mean (SD) age of 23.8 (0.5) years. Overall, 5 distinct trajectories of depression symptoms were identified: (1) stable low (2506 individuals [71.1%]), (2) adolescent limited (325 individuals [9.2%]), (3) childhood limited (203 individuals [5.8%]), (4) early-adult onset (393 individuals [11.1%]), and (5) childhood persistent (98 individuals [2.8%]). Of all the associations of risk factors with trajectories, sex (odds ratio [OR], 6.45; 95% CI, 2.89-14.38), the polygenic risk score for depression symptoms (OR, 1.47; 95% CI, 1.10-1.96), and childhood anxiety (OR, 1.30; 95% CI, 1.16-1.45) showed the strongest association with the childhood-persistent trajectory of depression symptoms compared with the stable-low trajectory. Maternal postnatal depression (OR, 2.39; 95% CI, 1.41-4.07) had the strongest association with the early-adult–onset trajectory, while partner cruelty to mother (OR, 2.30; 95% CI, 1.36-3.90) had the strongest association with the adolescent-limited trajectory. Bullying (OR, 8.08; 95% CI, 4.92-13.26) showed the strongest association with the childhood-limited trajectory. Conclusions and Relevance The least favorable trajectories of depression symptoms (childhood persistent and early-adult onset) were associated with both genetic and environmental risk factors, but the 2 trajectories of limited duration that had resolved by early adulthood (childhood limited and adolescent limited) were not associated with the polygenic risk score or maternal postnatal depression. Bullying was strongly associated with both the childhood-persistent and childhood-limited trajectories, suggesting that this risk factor may have a time-specific effect. These findings suggest that examining genetic and multiple time-specific environmental antecedents could help identify trajectories of varying onset and chronicity.
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- 2019
31. Low resting heart rate, sensation seeking and the course of antisocial behaviour across adolescence and young adulthood
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Hammerton, Gemma, Heron, Jon, Mahedy, Liam, Maughan, Barbara, Hickman, Matthew, and Murray, Joseph
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Conduct Disorder ,Male ,antisocial behaviour ,Adolescent ,Original Articles ,Antisocial Personality Disorder ,ALSPAC ,sensation seeking ,United Kingdom ,Adolescent Behavior ,Heart Rate ,heart rate ,Humans ,Female ,mediation ,Longitudinal Studies ,Personality - Abstract
Background: Low resting heart rate (RHR) is a consistent biological correlate of antisocial behaviour (ASB), however potential mechanisms have been largely unexplored. We hypothesise that lower RHR will be associated with higher ASB levels in mid-adolescence and persistence into adulthood, and that these associations will be explained, in part, by sensation seeking and callous-unemotional traits. Methods: ASB was assessed repeatedly with young people from ages 15 to 21 years in a population-based birth cohort (ALSPAC). A longitudinal trajectory was derived and showed ASB decreasing across adolescence before stabilising in early adulthood. RHR was recorded at age 12 years, and mediators were assessed at age 14 years. Results: After adjusting for socio-demographic confounders, there was evidence for a total effect of RHR on ASB levels in mid-adolescence [b(95% CI) = −0.08 (−0.14 to −0.02)], reflecting 0.08 more types of antisocial activity in the last year per 10 fewer heart beats per minute. This effect was almost entirely explained through sensation seeking [b(95% CI) = −0.06 (−0.08 to −0.04)]. After additionally adjusting for child and parent-related confounders, all effects weakened; however, there was still evidence of an indirect effect of RHR, via sensation seeking, on ASB levels in mid-adolescence [b(95% CI) = −0.01 (−0.03 to −0.003)]. There was no evidence for a total effect of RHR on ASB levels in early adulthood, and weak evidence of an indirect effect, via sensation seeking [b(95% CI) = −0.01 (−0.01 to −0.00)]. Conclusions: Lower RHR in childhood was associated with higher ASB levels in mid-adolescence, indirectly via sensation seeking.
- Published
- 2018
32. Genetic and Environmental Risk Factors Associated With Trajectories of Depression Symptoms From Adolescence to Young Adulthood
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Kwong, Alex S. F., primary, López-López, José A., additional, Hammerton, Gemma, additional, Manley, David, additional, Timpson, Nicholas J., additional, Leckie, George, additional, and Pearson, Rebecca M., additional
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- 2019
- Full Text
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33. Pathways to Suicide-Related Behavior in Offspring of Mothers With Depression: The Role of Offspring Psychopathology
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Hammerton, Gemma, Zammit, Stanley, Mahedy, Liam, Pearson, Rebecca M, Sellers, Ruth, Thapar, Anita, and Collishaw, Stephan
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Psychiatry and Mental health ,suicide-related behavior ,maternal depression ,Developmental and Educational Psychology ,New Research ,ALSPAC ,psychopathology ,R1 - Abstract
Objective\ud Offspring of mothers with depression are a high-risk group for the development of suicide-related behavior. These offspring are therefore a priority for preventive interventions; however, pathways contributing to risk, including specific aspects of offspring psychopathology, remain unclear. The aim of this study was to examine whether offspring symptoms of major depressive disorder (MDD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), disruptive behavior disorder (DBD), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and alcohol abuse independently mediate the association between maternal depression and offspring suicide-related behavior.\ud \ud Method\ud Data were used from a population-based birth cohort, the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). Three distinct classes of depression symptoms across the mothers’ first 11 years of their child’s life were identified (minimal, moderate, chronic-severe). Offspring psychopathology was assessed at age 15 years and suicide-related behavior at age 16 years. Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling.\ud \ud Results\ud There was evidence for increased risk of suicidal ideation in offspring of mothers with chronic-severe depression symptoms in comparison to offspring of mothers with minimal symptoms (odds ratio = 3.04, 95% CI = 2.19, 4.21). This association was independently mediated by offspring MDD, GAD, and DBD symptoms. The same mechanisms were found for offspring of mothers with moderate depression symptoms over time. Results were similar for offspring suicide attempt except for additional evidence of an indirect effect through offspring ADHD symptoms.\ud \ud Conclusion\ud Findings highlight that suicide prevention efforts in offspring of mothers with depression should not only be targeted at offspring with MDD; it is also important to consider offspring with other forms of psychopathology.
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- 2015
34. Antecedents of new-onset major depressive disorder in adolescence: a longitudinal familial high-risk study
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Rice, Frances, Sellers, Ruth, Hammerton, Gemma, Eyre, Olga, Bevan-Jones, Rhys, Thapar, Ajay K, Collishaw, Stephan, Harold, Gordon T, and Thapar, Anita
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mental disorders - Abstract
Importance: Early-onset major depressive disorder (MDD) is common in individuals at high familial risk of depression and is associated with poor long-term mental health, social, and educational outcomes.\ud \ud Objectives: To examine the developmental pathways that lead to first-episode adolescent-onset MDD (incident cases) in those at high familial risk and to postulate a theoretically informed model that enables simultaneous testing of different pathways to incident adolescent-onset MDD composed of contributions from familial/genetic and social risk factors, as well as effects via specific clinical antecedents.\ud \ud Design, Setting, and Participants: This investigation was a 4-year longitudinal study (April 2007 to March 2011) among offspring of depressed parents in the general community. Analyses were conducted between September 1, 2015, and May 27, 2016. Participants were 337 families in whom the index parent (315 mothers and 22 fathers) had experienced at least 2 episodes of MDD (recruited through primary care) and among whom there was a biologically related child in the age range of 9 to 17 years living with the index parent (197 girls and 140 boys with a mean [SD] age of 12.4 [2.0] years) at baseline. Offspring with MDD before the study or at baseline (n = 27), offspring with an episode of MDD that had remitted by follow-up (n = 4), and offspring with missing baseline MDD data (n = 2) were excluded. Ninety-two percent (279 of 304) of families completed the follow-up.\ud \ud Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome was new-onset offspring MDD, and the secondary outcome was the total DSM-IV MDD symptom score.\ud \ud Results: On average, children and adolescents had a mean (SD) of 1.85 (1.74) (range, 0-8.5) DSM-IV symptoms of MDD at follow-up. Twenty (6 males and 14 females) had new-onset MDD, with a mean (SD) age at onset of 14.4 (2.0) years (range, 10-18 years). Irritability (β = 0.12, P = .03) and fear and/or anxiety (β = 0.38, P
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- 2017
35. Investigating the impact of cigarette smoking behaviours on DNA methylation patterns in adolescence
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Prince, Claire, primary, Hammerton, Gemma, additional, Taylor, Amy E, additional, Anderson, Emma L, additional, Timpson, Nicholas J, additional, Davey Smith, George, additional, Munafò, Marcus R, additional, Relton, Caroline L, additional, and Richmond, Rebecca C, additional
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- 2018
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36. S139. INVESTIGATING THE GENETIC ARCHITECTURE OF GENERAL AND SPECIFIC PSYCHOPATHOLOGY IN ADOLESCENCE USING SCHIZOPHRENIA POLYGENIC SCORES
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Jones, Hannah, primary, Heron, Jon, additional, Hammerton, Gemma, additional, Stochl, Jan, additional, Jones, Peter B, additional, Cannon, Mary, additional, Smith, George Davey, additional, Holmans, Peter, additional, Lewis, Glyn, additional, Linden, David EJ, additional, O’Donovan, Michael C, additional, Owen, Michael J, additional, Walters, James, additional, and Zammit, Stanley, additional
- Published
- 2018
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37. Corrigendum: Alcohol Use in Adolescence and Later Working Memory: Findings From a Large Population-Based Birth Cohort
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Mahedy, Liam, primary, Field, Matt, additional, Gage, Suzanne, additional, Hammerton, Gemma, additional, Heron, Jon, additional, Hickman, Matt, additional, and Munafò, Marcus R, additional
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- 2018
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38. Alcohol Use in Adolescence and Later Working Memory: Findings From a Large Population-Based Birth Cohort
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Mahedy, Liam, primary, Field, Matt, additional, Gage, Suzanne, additional, Hammerton, Gemma, additional, Heron, Jon, additional, Hickman, Matt, additional, and Munafò, Marcus R, additional
- Published
- 2018
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39. Parental alcohol use and risk of behavioral and emotional problems in offspring
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Mahedy, Liam, primary, Hammerton, Gemma, additional, Teyhan, Alison, additional, Edwards, Alexis C., additional, Kendler, Kenneth S., additional, Moore, Simon C., additional, Hickman, Matthew, additional, Macleod, John, additional, and Heron, Jon, additional
- Published
- 2017
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40. Association between maternal depression symptoms across the first eleven years of their child's life and subsequent offspring suicidal ideation
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Hammerton, Gemma, Mahedy, Liam, Mars, Becky, Harold, Gordon Thomas, Thapar, Anita, Zammit, Stanley, and Collishaw, Stephan
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Adult ,Male ,Adolescent ,Science ,Psychology, Adolescent ,Mothers ,Suicide, Attempted ,дети ,Suicidal Ideation ,Cohort Studies ,Pregnancy ,депрессии ,Surveys and Questionnaires ,Prevalence ,Humans ,Prospective Studies ,Child ,суицидальное поведение ,Demography ,Depressive Disorder, Major ,Depression ,Mental Disorders ,Correction ,R1 ,Logistic Models ,матери ,Medicine ,Female ,Research Article - Abstract
Depression is common, especially in women of child-bearing age; prevalence estimates for this group range from 8% to 12%, and there is robust evidence that maternal depression is associated with mental health problems in offspring. Suicidal behaviour is a growing concern amongst young people and those exposed to maternal depression are likely to be especially at high risk. The aim of this study was to utilise a large, prospective population cohort to examine the relationship between depression symptom trajectories in mothers over the first eleven years of their child's life and subsequent adolescent suicidal ideation. An additional aim was to test if associations were explained by maternal suicide attempt and offspring depressive disorder. Data were utilised from a population-based birth cohort: the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. Maternal depression symptoms were assessed repeatedly from pregnancy to child age 11 years. Offspring suicidal ideation was assessed at age 16 years. Using multiple imputation, data for 10,559 families were analysed. Using latent class growth analysis, five distinct classes of maternal depression symptoms were identified (minimal, mild, increasing, sub-threshold, chronic-severe). The prevalence of past-year suicidal ideation at age 16 years was 15% (95% CI: 14-17%). Compared to offspring of mothers with minimal symptoms, the greatest risk of suicidal ideation was found for offspring of mothers with chronic-severe symptoms [OR 3.04 (95% CI 2.19, 4.21)], with evidence for smaller increases in risk of suicidal ideation in offspring of mothers with sub-threshold, increasing and mild symptoms. These associations were not fully accounted for by maternal suicide attempt or offspring depression diagnosis. Twenty-six percent of non-depressed offspring of mothers with chronic-severe depression symptoms reported suicidal ideation. Risk for suicidal ideation should be considered in young people whose mothers have a history of sustained high levels of depression symptoms, even when the offspring themselves do not have a depression diagnosis.
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- 2015
41. Investigating the impact of cigarette smoking behaviours on DNA methylation patterns in adolescence.
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Prince, Claire, Hammerton, Gemma, Taylor, Amy E, Anderson, Emma L, Timpson, Nicholas J, Smith, George Davey, Munafò, Marcus R, Relton, Caroline L, and Richmond, Rebecca C
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- 2019
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42. Correction: Association between Maternal Depression Symptoms across the First Eleven Years of Their Child's Life and Subsequent Offspring Suicidal Ideation
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Hammerton, Gemma, primary, Mahedy, Liam, additional, Mars, Becky, additional, Harold, Gordon T., additional, Thapar, Anita, additional, Zammit, Stanley, additional, and Collishaw, Stephan, additional
- Published
- 2015
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43. Reported child awareness of parental depression
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Eyre, Olga, primary, Jones, Rhys Bevan, additional, Mars, Becky, additional, Hammerton, Gemma, additional, Sellers, Ruth, additional, Potter, Robert, additional, Thapar, Ajay, additional, Rice, Frances, additional, Collishaw, Stephan, additional, and Thapar, Anita, additional
- Published
- 2014
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44. Detecting recurrent major depressive disorder within primary care rapidly and reliably using short questionnaire measures
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Thapar, Ajay, primary, Hammerton, Gemma, additional, Collishaw, Stephan, additional, Potter, Robert, additional, Rice, Frances, additional, Harold, Gordon, additional, Craddock, Nicholas, additional, Thapar, Anita, additional, and Smith, Daniel J, additional
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- 2013
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45. Depression and blood pressure in high-risk children and adolescents: an investigation using two longitudinal cohorts
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Hammerton, Gemma, primary, Harold, Gordon, additional, Thapar, Anita, additional, and Thapar, Ajay, additional
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- 2013
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46. Detecting recurrent major depressive disorder within primary care rapidly and reliably using short questionnaire measures.
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Thapar, Ajay, Hammerton, Gemma, Collishaw, Stephan, Potter, Robert, Rice, Frances, Harold, Gordon, Craddock, Nicholas, Thapar, Anita, and Smith, Daniel J.
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DIAGNOSIS of mental depression ,PRIMARY care ,ANXIETY ,SYMPTOMS ,QUESTIONNAIRES - Abstract
Background Major depressive disorder (MDD) is often a chronic disorder with relapses usually detected and managed in primary care using a validated depression symptom questionnaire. However, for individuals with recurrent depression the choice of which questionnaire to use and whether a shorter measure could suffice is not established. Aim To compare the nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), the Beck Depression Inventory, and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale against shorter PHQ-derived measures for detecting episodes of DSM-IV major depression in primary care patients with recurrent MDD. Design and setting Diagnostic accuracy study of adults with recurrent depression in primary care predominantly from Wales Method Scores on each of the depression questionnaire measures were compared with the results of a semi-structured clinical diagnostic interview using Receiver Operating Characteristic curve analysis for 337 adults with recurrent MDD. Results Concurrent questionnaire and interview data were available for 272 participants. The onemonth prevalence rate of depression was 22.2%. The area under the curve (AUC) and positive predictive value (PPV) at the derived optimal cut-off value for the three longer questionnaires were comparable (AUC = 0.86-0.90, PPV = 49.4-58.4%) but the AUC for the PHQ-9 was significantly greater than for the PHQ-2. However, by supplementing the PHQ-2 score with items on problems concentrating and feeling slowed down or restless, the AUC (0.91) and the PPV (55.3%) were comparable with those for the PHQ-9. Conclusion A novel four-item PHQ-based questionnaire measure of depression performs equivalently to three longer depression questionnaires in identifying depression relapse in patients with recurrent MDD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2014
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47. PTSD AS A MEDIATOR OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TRAUMA AND PSYCHOTIC EXPERIENCES.
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Strelchuk, Daniela, Hammerton, Gemma, Croft, Jazz, Heron, Jon, Zammit, Stanley, Wiles, Nicola, and Turner, Katrina
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INJURY complications ,CONFERENCES & conventions ,POST-traumatic stress disorder ,PSYCHOSES ,RISK assessment - Abstract
Background: Trauma exposure is linked to the development of psychotic illnesses, but little is known about potentially modifiable mechanisms underlying this relationship. Despite the high prevalence of PTSD symptoms in psychotic illnesses, only a few studies have examined the role of PTSD as a mediator, and these were all cross-sectional. This study aims to examine whether PTSD symptoms mediate the relationship between trauma and psychotic experiences (PE), using data from a large birth cohort study. Methods: We used data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) to test whether: a) PTSD symptoms (at age 15) mediate the relationship between childhood trauma (age 0–14 years) and adolescent frequent or distressing psychotic experiences (age 12–18 years) (study of adolescent PE; n = 2,952), and b) PTSD symptoms (reported at age 24 for traumatic event occurring before age 19) mediate the relationship between childhood/adolescent trauma (age 0–17 years) and incident frequent or distressing psychotic experiences in early adulthood (age 19–24 years) (study of adult PE; n = 2,492). Associations between the variables of interest were examined with logistic regression, and mediation with the parametric g-computation formula. As sensitivity analyses, we i) examined broader and narrower psychotic outcomes, ii) included a measure of psychotic-like experiences at age 14 years as an intermediate confounder in the mediation model for adolescent psychotic experiences, and iii) repeated analyses using imputed data. Results: Exposure to trauma was associated with increased odds of psychotic experiences and PTSD symptoms both in adolescence and early adulthood (p<0.001). The association between PTSD and psychotic experiences was stronger in adolescence (p<0.001) than in adulthood (p=0.03). There was moderate evidence that PTSD symptoms mediated the relationship between childhood trauma and adolescent psychotic experiences (proportion mediated 14%), though evidence of mediation was much weaker for adult PE (proportion mediated 8%). In sensitivity analyses we observed similar results when using imputed data, and when modelling psychotic experiences at age 14 as an intermediate confounding for the adolescent PE outcome. The proportion mediated increased when examining more narrowly defined outcomes (19% for adolescent psychotic disorder). Discussion: These findings provide some evidence consistent with the thesis that psychotic experiences and disorder can occur consequent to PTSD symptoms after trauma exposure. Targeting PTSD symptoms might help prevent the occurrence of psychotic experiences and disorder in people with a trauma history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2020
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48. Additional file 1 of Associations between developmental timing of child abuse and conduct problem trajectories in a UK birth cohort
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Bauer, Andreas, Hammerton, Gemma, Fraser, Abigail, Fairchild, Graeme, and Halligan, Sarah L.
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5. Gender equality ,16. Peace & justice - Abstract
Additional file 1: Supplementary Figure 1. Tetrachoric correlation matrix of physical, psychological, and sexual abuse occurring in either childhood or adolescence. Supplementary Table 1. Associations between indicators used to derive the inverse probability weights and inclusion in the analysis sample of ‘any abuse’. Supplementary Table 2. Descriptive statistics and group comparisons between participants with class membership information (N = 10,648) and with and without complete data on measures of child abuse and covariates (N = 3127). Supplementary Figure 2. Retention flow chart across measures/analyses. Supplementary Table 3. Validation of conduct problem classes against an independent measure of self-reported antisocial behavior
49. Explaining risk for suicide-related behaviour in adolescent offspring of mothers with depression
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Hammerton, Gemma
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R1 - Abstract
Background: There is evidence to suggest that maternal depression is associated with suicide-related behaviour in offspring; however pathways contributing to risk remain unclear. The aim of this thesis was to investigate mechanisms of the association between maternal depression and offspring suicidal ideation and attempt in a general population sample.\ud Methods: Data were utilised from a population-based birth cohort, the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. Maternal depression symptoms were assessed on 10 occasions from pregnancy to child age 11 years. Offspring suicide-related behaviour was assessed at age 16 years. Latent class growth analysis was used to derive trajectories of maternal depression symptoms. Pathways mediating risk between maternal depression and offspring suicide-related behaviour were then examined using structural equation modelling.\ud Results: Five distinct classes of maternal depression symptoms were identified (minimal, mild, increasing, sub-threshold, chronic-severe). Compared to offspring of mothers with minimal symptoms, the greatest risk of suicidal ideation was found for offspring of mothers with chronic-severe symptoms [OR 3.04 (95% CI 2.19, 4.21)], with evidence for smaller increases in risk for offspring of mothers with sub-threshold, increasing and mild symptoms. The pattern of findings was similar when examining risk for offspring suicide attempt. The majority of the association between maternal chronic-severe depression and offspring suicidal ideation was explained through maternal suicide attempt and offspring psychopathology. However, there was also evidence for indirect effects via both the parent-child relationship and peer victimisation.\ud Conclusion: Findings from this thesis highlight that risk for suicide-related behaviour should be considered in offspring of mothers with sustained depression symptoms, even when symptoms are below clinical levels. Suicide prevention efforts in offspring of depressed mothers should be targeted at offspring with psychopathology and offspring whose mothers have made a suicide attempt. Interventions aimed at improving the parent-child relationship, or reducing peer victimisation may also be beneficial.
50. Explaining risk for suicide-related behaviour in adolescent offspring of mothers with depression
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Hammerton, Gemma and Hammerton, Gemma
- Abstract
Background: There is evidence to suggest that maternal depression is associated with suicide-related behaviour in offspring; however pathways contributing to risk remain unclear. The aim of this thesis was to investigate mechanisms of the association between maternal depression and offspring suicidal ideation and attempt in a general population sample. Methods: Data were utilised from a population-based birth cohort, the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. Maternal depression symptoms were assessed on 10 occasions from pregnancy to child age 11 years. Offspring suicide-related behaviour was assessed at age 16 years. Latent class growth analysis was used to derive trajectories of maternal depression symptoms. Pathways mediating risk between maternal depression and offspring suicide-related behaviour were then examined using structural equation modelling. Results: Five distinct classes of maternal depression symptoms were identified (minimal, mild, increasing, sub-threshold, chronic-severe). Compared to offspring of mothers with minimal symptoms, the greatest risk of suicidal ideation was found for offspring of mothers with chronic-severe symptoms [OR 3.04 (95% CI 2.19, 4.21)], with evidence for smaller increases in risk for offspring of mothers with sub-threshold, increasing and mild symptoms. The pattern of findings was similar when examining risk for offspring suicide attempt. The majority of the association between maternal chronic-severe depression and offspring suicidal ideation was explained through maternal suicide attempt and offspring psychopathology. However, there was also evidence for indirect effects via both the parent-child relationship and peer victimisation. Conclusion: Findings from this thesis highlight that risk for suicide-related behaviour should be considered in offspring of mothers with sustained depression symptoms, even when symptoms are below clinical levels. Suicide prevention efforts in offspring of depressed mothers should b
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