Search

Background and Objective: Regarding the psychological context of the environment, color is discussed as another environmental factor that has a great impact on human perception and behavior. In the study of the psychological-mental performance of individuals, indicators are used that indicate the individualchr('39')s cognitive status. Therefore, this systematic review aimed to investigate the effect of color on the psychological functions of individuals. Materials and Methods: This systematic review searched published full-text and English articles in PubMed, Scopus, and Science Direct ISI Web of Knowledge databases using such keywords as "color, function, cognitive, psychological" without a time limit. Eventually, 60 eligible articles were reviewed and included in this study. Results: Initially, 312 articles were identified out of various databases, and 123 studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria. On the other hand, 63 articles were excluded from the study due to a lack of experimental studies, and 60 articles were selected for final review. The factors that were emphasized in the studies included selective attention (n=6), alertness (n=3), sport performance (n=4), intellectual performance (n=7), aggressiveness/dominance evaluation (n=7), caution/avoidance (n=7), attraction (n=6), store/company evaluation (n=5), eating/drinking (n=7), memory (n=4), arousal (n=2), and time perception (n=2). The results also revealed that color had a significant effect on cognitive functions, including selective attention, alertness, sports performance, intellectual performance, aggressiveness/dominance evaluation, caution/ avoidance, attraction, store/company evaluation, eating/drinking, time perception, memory, and arousal. Conclusion: Color should be considered one of the main ways to promote mental health, perception, and behavior of people.

Introduction This study was conducted to evaluate OX26-PEG-coated gold nanoparticles (GNPs) (OX26@GNPs) as a novel targeted nanoparticulate system on cell survival after ischemic stroke. Materials and methods Dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta sizer, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were performed to characterize the OX26@GNPs. The effect of OX26@GNPs on infarct volume, neuronal loss, and necroptosis was evaluated 24 h after reperfusion using 2, 3,5-Triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining, Nissl staining and Western blot assay, respectively. Results Conjugation of OX26-PEG to the surface of the 25 nm colloidal gold particles increased their size to 32±2 nm, while a zeta potential change of -40.4 to 3.40 mV remarkably increased the stability of the nanoparticles. Most importantly, OX26@GNPs significantly increased the infarcted brain tissue, while bare GNPs and PEGylated GNPs had no effect on the infarct volume. However, our results indicated an extension of necroptotic cell death, followed by cell membrane damage. Conclusion Collectively, our results showed that the presently formulated OX26@GNPs are not suitable nanocarriers nor contrast agents under oxidative stress for the diagnosis and treatment of ischemic stroke. Moreover, our findings suggest that the cytotoxicity of GNPs in the brain is significantly associated with their surface charge.

Immunotherapy has recently garnered plenty of attention to improve the clinical outcomes in the treatment of various diseases. However, owing to the dynamic nature of the immune system, this approach has often been challenged by concerns regarding the lack of adequate long-term responses in patients. The development of microneedles (MNs) has resulted in the improvement and expansion of immuno-reprogramming strategies due to the housing of high accumulation of dendritic cells, macrophages, lymphocytes, and mast cells in the dermis layer of the skin. In addition, MNs possess many outstanding properties, such as the ability for the painless traverse of the stratum corneum, minimal invasiveness, facile fabrication, excellent biocompatibility, convenient administration, and bypassing the first pass metabolism that allows direct translocation of therapeutics into the systematic circulation. These advantages make MNs excellent candidates for the delivery of immunological biomolecules to the dermal antigen-presenting cells in the skin with the aim of vaccinating or treating different diseases, such as cancer and autoimmune disorders, with minimal invasiveness and side effects. This review discusses the recent advances in engineered MNs and tackles limitations relevant to traditional immunotherapy of various hard-to-treat diseases.

Technology and telehealth have the potential to optimize burn care in areas limited by lack of expertise and geographic distance from a Burn Center. This study reports a multicenter, multiregional experience using a mobile phone app to facilitate triage of patients by allowing referring providers to send encrypted photos, thus enhancing the telephone consultation process. A retrospective review was conducted on referrals from August 2016 to July 2017 at three regional Burn Centers that utilize the same mobile phone app. Centers studied are located in the Western, Northeastern, and Southern regions of the United States. Data on numbers of admissions, consults, referral facilities, type of wounds, disposition, and distance from the Burn Centers were recorded. A total of 2011 consults were placed using the mobile phone app from 294 different referring facilities spanning seven states. Utilization of the mobile phone app ranged from 20.4% to 84% among centers. All three centers demonstrated a similar range of consult distances (0-289 miles). Overall, the top three referral diagnoses were scald, contact, and flame burns. Regional differences included a higher percentage of frostbite in the Western region (P < 0.001) and a higher percentage of scald burns in the Northeastern and Southern regions (P < 0.001). The majority of patients at all centers were referred to outpatient clinics for ongoing burn care. Utilization of a mobile phone app appears to be a useful tool in the triage of patients, but further studies are warranted to assess the impact on accuracy of triage, patient outcomes, and reduction of costs.

Ischemic cerebral stroke is a major cause of death and morbidity. Currently, no neuroprotective agents have been shown to impact the clinical outcomes in cerebral stroke cases. Here, we report therapeutic effects of Se nanoparticles on ischemic stroke in a murine model. Anti-transferrin receptor monoclonal antibody (OX26)-PEGylated Se nanoparticles (OX26-PEG-Se NPs) were designed and synthesized and their neuroprotective effects were measured using in vitro and in vivo approaches. We demonstrate that administration of the biodegradable nanoparticles leads to resolution of brain edema, protection of axons in hippocampus region, and myelination of hippocampal area after cerebral ischemic stroke. Our nanoparticle design ensures efficient targeting and minimal side effects. Hematological and biochemical analyses revealed no undesired NP-induced changes. To gain mechanistic insights into the therapeutic effects of these particles, we characterized the changes to the relevant inflammatory and metabolic signaling pathways. We assessed metabolic regulator mTOR and related signaling pathways such as hippo, Ubiquitin-proteasome system (ERK5), Tsc1/Tsc2 complex, FoxO1, wnt/β-catenine signaling pathway. Moreover, we examined the activity of jak2/stat3 signaling pathways and Adamts1, which are critically involved in inflammation. Together, our study provides a promising treatment strategy for cerebral stroke based on Se NP induced suppression of excessive inflammation and oxidative metabolism.

Introduction This study was conducted to evaluate OX26-PEG-coated gold nanoparticles (GNPs) (OX26@GNPs) as a novel targeted nanoparticulate system on cell survival after ischemic stroke. Materials and methods Dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta sizer, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were performed to characterize the OX26@GNPs. The effect of OX26@GNPs on infarct volume, neuronal loss, and necroptosis was evaluated 24 h after reperfusion using 2, 3,5-Triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining, Nissl staining and Western blot assay, respectively. Results Conjugation of OX26-PEG to the surface of the 25 nm colloidal gold particles increased their size to 32±2 nm, while a zeta potential change of −40.4 to 3.40 mV remarkably increased the stability of the nanoparticles. Most importantly, OX26@GNPs significantly increased the infarcted brain tissue, while bare GNPs and PEGylated GNPs had no effect on the infarct volume. However, our results indicated an extension of necroptotic cell death, followed by cell membrane damage. Conclusion Collectively, our results showed that the presently formulated OX26@GNPs are not suitable nanocarriers nor contrast agents under oxidative stress for the diagnosis and treatment of ischemic stroke. Moreover, our findings suggest that the cytotoxicity of GNPs in the brain is significantly associated with their surface charge.

The complexity of hard-to-treat diseases strongly undermines the therapeutic potential of available treatment options. Therefore, a paradigm shift from monotherapy toward combination therapy has been observed in clinical research to improve the efficiency of available treatment options. The advantages of combination therapy include the possibility of synchronous alteration of different biological pathways, reducing the required effective therapeutic dose, reducing drug resistance, and lowering the overall costs of treatment. The tunable physical properties, excellent biocompatibility, facile preparation, and ease of administration with minimal invasiveness of injectable hydrogels (IHs) have made them excellent candidates to solve the clinical and pharmacological limitations of present systems for multitherapy by direct delivery of therapeutic payloads and improving therapeutic responses through the formation of depots containing drugs, genes, cells, or a combination of them in the body after a single injection. In this review, currently available methods for the design and fabrication of IHs are systematically discussed in the first section. Next, as a step toward establishing IHs for future multimodal synergistic therapies, recent advances in cancer combination therapy, wound healing, and tissue engineering are addressed in detail in the following sections. Finally, opportunities and challenges associated with IHs for multitherapy are listed and further discussed.

The unique properties of gold nanoparticles, their rich surface chemistry, and low toxicity as well as easy methods of synthesis have promoted conjugation of the particles with numerous biomolecules for site-specific delivery. Gold nanoparticles have multiple applications including photoablation, diagnostic imaging, radiosensitization, vaccine development, antioxidant, and multifunctional drug-delivery vehicles.These applications require an increasingly complex level of surface decoration in order to achieve efficacy, and limit off-target toxicity. This review will discuss the chemical and physical approaches commonly utilized in relation to surface decoration and the powerful system used to indicate success of the conjugation. Finally, we review the range of recent studies about covalent and noncovalent modes for conjugation of antibodies to the particle surface that aim to advance gold nanoparticle treatments and diagnostics toward the clinic. Keywords: Gold nanoparticle, Bioconjugation, Chemical interaction, Physical interaction-covalent mode, Noncovalent mode

A DFT study of the reactivity, regio- and stereoselectivity of Diels-Alder reaction between 3-bromo, 5-bromo, and 3,5-dibromo-2(H)-pyran-2-ones and some weakly activated and unactivated alkenes has been carried out using density functional theory (DFT). Four possible reaction channels, which are related to the formation of meta- and para- and endo- and exo-cycloadducts have been explored and characterized. The energy and natural bond orbital analysis shows that the meta-regioselectivity on the exo pathway is preferred and follows an asynchronous concerted mechanism with a polar nature in all Diels-Alder cycloadditions. Moreover, the activation free energies of Diels-Alder cycloadditions of 3,5-dibromo-2(H)-pyran-2one are lower than 3- bromo-2(H)-pyran-2one and 5-bromo-2(H)-pyran-2one, which are in line with experimental observation. DFT-based reactivity indices clearly predict the regiochemistry of the isolated cycloadducts.

Surface interaction at the biomaterial–cell interface is essential for a variety of cellular functions, such as adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation. Nevertheless, changes in the biointerface enable to trigger specific cell signaling and result in different cellular responses. In order to manufacture biomaterials with higher functionality, biomaterials containing immobilized bioactive ligands have been widely introduced and employed for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications. Moreover, a number of physical and chemical strategies have been used to improve the functionality of biomaterials and specifically at the material interface. Here, the interactions between materials and cells at the interface levels are described. Then, the importance of surface properties in cell function is discussed and recent methods for surface modifications are systematically highlighted. Additionally, the impact of bulk material properties on the cellular responses is briefly reviewed.

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is used to screen for prostate disease, although it has several limitations in its application as an organ-specific or cancer-specific marker. Furthermore, a highly specific/sensitive and/or label-free identification of PSA still remains a challenge in the diagnosis of prostate anomalies. We aimed to develop a gold nanoparticle (GNP)-conjugated anti-PSA antibody-based localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) as a novel approach to detect prostatic disease. A total of 25 nm colloidal gold particles were prepared followed by conjugation with anti-PSA pAb (GNPs-PSA pAb). LSPR was used to monitor the absorption changes of the aggregation of the particles. The size, shape and stability of the GNP-anti-PSA were evaluated by dynamic light scattering transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and zetasizer. The GNPs-conjugated PSA-pAb was successfully synthesized and subsequently characterized using ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy and TEM to determine the size distribution, crystallinity and stability of the particles (for example, stability of GNP: 443 mV). To increase the stability of the particles, we pegylated GNPs using an N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N*-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC)/N-hydroxylsuccinimide (NHS) linker (for example, stability of GNP after pegylation: 272 mV). We found a significant increase in the absorbance and intensity of the particles with extinction peak at 545/2 nm, which was shifted by ~1 nm after conjugation. To illustrate the potential of the GNPs-PSA pAb to bind specifically to PSA, LSPR was used. We found that the extinction peak shifted 3 nm for a solution of 100 nM unlabeled antigen. In summary, we have established a novel approach for improving the efficacy/sensitivity of PSA in the assessment of prostate disease, supporting further investigation on the diagnostic value of GNP-conjugated anti-PSA/LSPR for the detection of prostate cancer.