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2. Addictions treatment mechanisms of change science and implementation science: A critical review

Author

Magill, Molly, Maisto, Stephan, Borsari, Brian, Glass, Joseph E, Hallgren, Kevin, Houck, Jon, Kiluk, Brian, and Kuerbis, Alexis

Subjects
Social and Personality Psychology, Psychology, Substance Misuse, Generic health relevance, Good Health and Well Being, causality, health behavior change, mediation, moderation, science of behavior change, Clinical Sciences, Neurosciences, Substance Abuse, Clinical sciences, Biological psychology, Clinical and health psychology
Abstract

This manuscript aims to contribute to the next phase of mechanisms of behavior change (MOBC) science on alcohol or other drug use. Specifically, we encourage the transition from a basic science orientation (i.e., knowledge generation) to a translational science orientation (i.e., knowledge application or Translational MOBC Science). To inform that transition, we examine MOBC science and implementation science and consider how these two research areas can intersect to capitalize on the goals, strengths, and key methodologies of each. First, we define MOBC science and implementation science and offer a brief historical rationale for these two areas of clinical research. Second, we summarize similarities in rationale and discuss two scenarios where one draws from the other-MOBC science on implementation strategy outcomes and implementation science on MOBC. We then focus on the latter scenario, and briefly review the MOBC knowledge base to consider its readiness for knowledge translation. Finally, we provide a series of research recommendations to facilitate the translation of MOBC science. These recommendations include: (1) identifying and targeting MOBC that are well suited for implementation, (2) use of MOBC research results to inform broader health behavior change theory, and (3) triangulation of a more diverse set of research methodologies to build a translational MOBC knowledge base. Ultimately, it is important for gains borne from MOBC science to affect direct patient care, while basic MOBC research continues to be developed and refined over time. Potential implications of these developments include greater clinical significance for MOBC science, an efficient feedback loop between clinical research methodologies, a multi-level approach to understanding behavioral change, and reduced or eliminated siloes between MOBC science and implementation science.

Published
2023

10. Assessing the impact of jail-initiated medication for opioid use disorder: A multisite analysis of the SOMATICS collaborative.

Author

Lee, Joshua D., Goldfeld, Keith, Schwartz, Robert P., McDonald, Ryan, Xu, Yifan, Chandler, Redonna, Hallgren, Kevin, Kelly, Sharon M., Mitchell, Shannon Gwinn, Sharma, Anjalee, and Farabee, David

Subjects
OPIOID abuse, OPIOIDS, PATIENT compliance
Abstract

The objective of this study was to estimate the associations of jail-initiated medication for opioid use disorder (MOUD) and patient navigation (PN) with opioid use disorder (OUD) at 6 months post-release. Three randomized trials (combined N = 330) were combined to assess whether MOUD (extended-release naltrexone or interim methadone) initiated prior to release from jail with or without PN would reduce the likelihood of a DSM-5 diagnosis of OUD 6 months post-release relative to enhanced treatment-as-usual (ETAU). Across the three studies, assignment to MOUD compared to ETAU was not associated with an OUD diagnosis at 6 months post-release (69% vs. 75%, respectively, OR = 0.67, 95% CI: 0.42 to 1.20). Similarly, PN compared to MOUD without PN was not associated with an OUD diagnosis (63% vs 77%, respectively, OR = 0.61, 95% CI: 0.27 to 1.53). Results underscore the need to further optimize the effectiveness of MOUD for patients initiating treatment in jail, beginning with an emphasis on post-release treatment adherence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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11. Measurement Error and Outcome Distributions: Methodological Issues in Regression Analyses of Behavioral Coding Data

Author

Holsclaw, Tracy, Hallgren, Kevin A, Steyvers, Mark, Smyth, Padhraic, and Atkins, David C

Subjects
Brain Disorders, Mental Health, Behavioral and Social Science, Drug Abuse (NIDA only), Substance Misuse, Behavioral Research, Data Interpretation, Statistical, Dimensional Measurement Accuracy, Humans, Models, Statistical, Motivational Interviewing, Outcome Assessment, Health Care, Psychometrics, Regression Analysis, Research Design, Substance-Related Disorders, behavioral coding data, motivational interviewing, psychotherapy coding, statistical modeling, substance use disorder treatment, Psychology, Substance Abuse
Abstract

Behavioral coding is increasingly used for studying mechanisms of change in psychosocial treatments for substance use disorders (SUDs). However, behavioral coding data typically include features that can be problematic in regression analyses, including measurement error in independent variables, non normal distributions of count outcome variables, and conflation of predictor and outcome variables with third variables, such as session length. Methodological research in econometrics has shown that these issues can lead to biased parameter estimates, inaccurate standard errors, and increased Type I and Type II error rates, yet these statistical issues are not widely known within SUD treatment research, or more generally, within psychotherapy coding research. Using minimally technical language intended for a broad audience of SUD treatment researchers, the present paper illustrates the nature in which these data issues are problematic. We draw on real-world data and simulation-based examples to illustrate how these data features can bias estimation of parameters and interpretation of models. A weighted negative binomial regression is introduced as an alternative to ordinary linear regression that appropriately addresses the data characteristics common to SUD treatment behavioral coding data. We conclude by demonstrating how to use and interpret these models with data from a study of motivational interviewing. SPSS and R syntax for weighted negative binomial regression models is included in online supplemental materials.

Published
2015

25. Additional file 1 of An Alcohol Symptom Checklist identifies high rates of alcohol use disorder in primary care patients who screen positive for depression and high-risk drinking

Author

Ryan, Emma D., Chang, Yanni M., Oliver, Malia, Bradley, Katharine A., and Hallgren, Kevin A.

Abstract

Additional file 1: eTable 1. Comparison of primary care patients with versus without an AUDIT-C screen completed during the study period. eTable 2. Comparison of high-risk drinking primary care patients with versus without an Alcohol Symptom Checklist completed during the study period. eTable 3. Associations of scaled PHQ-2 depression screening scores (0-6) with high-risk drinking on the AUDIT-C. eTable 4. Associations of binary PHQ-2 depression screening scores (cutoff score: 3) with high-risk drinking on the AUDIT-C. eTable 5. Associations of binary PHQ-2 depression screening scores (cutoff score: 2) with high-risk drinking on the AUDIT-C. eTable 6. Associations of scaled PHQ-2 depression screening scores (0-6) with probable AUD (Alcohol Symptom Checklist scores 2-11). eTable 7. Associations of binary PHQ-2 depression screening scores (cutoff score: 3) with probable AUD (Alcohol Symptom Checklist scores 2-11). eTable 8. Associations of binary PHQ-2 depression screening scores (cutoff score: 2) with probable AUD (Alcohol Symptom Checklists scores 0-11). eFigure 1. Prevalence of high-risk drinking across PHQ-2 depression screening scores, stratified by patient sex. eFigure 2. Prevalence of probable AUD (mild, moderate, or severe) across PHQ-2 depression screening scores, stratified by patient sex in the checklist subsample (patients with high-risk drinking).

Published
2022
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27. Remotely Assessing Mechanisms of Behavioral Change in Community Substance Use Disorder Treatment to Facilitate Measurement-Informed Care: Pilot Longitudinal Questionnaire Study.

Author

Hallgren, Kevin A.

Subjects
SUBSTANCE-induced disorders, BEHAVIOR modification, PSYCHOLOGICAL adaptation, PSYCHOMETRICS, MOBILE health, SELF-efficacy
Abstract

Background: Research shows that improvements in coping strategies, abstinence self-efficacy, craving, and depression are potential mechanisms of behavioral change (MOBC) in treatments for substance use disorders (SUDs). However, little is known about how these insights regarding MOBC can be applied to SUD treatment settings. One way to facilitate MOBC-informed care in frontline settings could be to measure and monitor changes in MOBC throughout treatment using brief, frequent questionnaires that patients complete by using mobile technologies (eg, smartphones). The results derived from these questionnaires could potentially be used for clinical monitoring (ie, measurement-based care) to better understand whether individual patients are experiencing treatment-related improvements on key clinical targets. Objective: This study evaluated whether brief, weekly MOBC questionnaires completed by patients remotely can potentially provide clinically meaningful information about changes in MOBC in the context of real-world, community-based SUD treatment. Methods: A total of 30 patients (14/30, 47% female; 13/30, 43% racial or ethnic minority) in a community SUD treatment clinic participated in a pilot study where they were invited to complete brief, weekly questionnaires that assessed various MOBC, including coping strategies, abstinence self-efficacy, craving, depression, and therapeutic alliance. Questionnaires were typically completed remotely via smartphone for up to 6 months; 618 questionnaires were completed in total. Participants also completed longer, psychometrically validated measures of the same MOBC at baseline and 6-month research appointments. Statistical analyses tested whether brief, weekly, remotely completed MOBC questionnaires exhibited characteristics that would be desirable for real-world longitudinal clinical monitoring, including a tendency to detect within-person changes in MOBC over time; cross-sectional and longitudinal associations with longer, psychometrically validated measures completed at research appointments; and similar patterns of associations with 6-month percentage of days abstinent as longer, psychometrically validated MOBC measures completed at research appointments. Results: The results of this study indicated that the brief, weekly, remotely completed MOBC measures exhibited characteristics that are desirable for clinical monitoring, including a tendency to vary longitudinally (within patients over time) more often than measures of alcohol and drug consumption, generally having medium to large cross-sectional and longitudinal correlations with longer psychometrically validated measures of MOBC completed at research appointments, and generally having similar patterns of association with 6-month percentage of days abstinent from alcohol and drugs as longer psychometrically validated MOBC measures completed at research appointments. Conclusions: The results of this pilot study provide initial evidence that incorporating brief, weekly, and remotely completed MOBC questionnaires into community SUD treatment may be a viable approach for facilitating MOBC-informed care. Such questionnaires can potentially support measurement-based care by providing meaningful information about within-patient changes in clinical domains that are often directly targeted in SUD treatments and predict long-term substance use outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2022
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30. Additional file 1 of What do clinicians want? Understanding frontline addiction treatment clinicians’ preferences and priorities to improve the design of measurement-based care technology

Author

Tauscher, Justin S., Cohn, Eliza B., Johnson, Tascha R., Diteman, Kaylie D., Ries, Richard K., Atkins, David C., and Hallgren, Kevin A.

Subjects
ComputingMilieux_THECOMPUTINGPROFESSION, Data_FILES
Abstract

Additional file 1. Interview guide, card sort materials, and demographics questionnaire.

Published
2021
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32. Can Individuals with Alcohol Use Disorder Achieve and Sustain Non-Abstinent Recovery? Non-Abstinent Outcomes 10 Years After Alcohol Use Disorder Treatment

Author

Hallgren, Kevin, Swan, Julia, Montes, Kevin, Roos, Corey, Votaw, Victoria, Stein, Elena, Tucker, Jalie, Edwards, Karlyn, Pearson, Matthew, Wilson, Adam, Maisto, Stephen, Tonigan, J, and Witkiewitz , Katie

Subjects
PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences, bepress|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Psychology|Clinical Psychology, PsyArXiv|Psychiatry, mental disorders, bepress|Social and Behavioral Sciences, bepress|Medicine and Health Sciences|Medical Specialties|Psychiatry, PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Clinical Psychology|Substance Abuse and Addiction, PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Quantitative Methods|Statistical Methods, bepress|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Psychology|Quantitative Psychology, PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Quantitative Methods, PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Clinical Psychology
Abstract

Objective: Four decades ago the “controlled drinking” controversy roiled the alcohol field. Data have subsequently accumulated indicating that non-abstinent alcohol use disorder (AUD) recovery is achievable, but questions remain whether it is sustainable long-term. This study examined whether non-abstinent recovery at three years following AUD treatment is associated with better functioning at 10 years following treatment. Methods: Data were from the 10-year follow-up of Project MATCH (New Mexico site only, n=146; 30.1% female, 58.6% non-White). Recovery was defined by latent profile analyses based on psychosocial functioning and alcohol consumption three years following treatment. Drinking practices and consequences, depression, purpose in life, and anger were assessed 10 years following treatment. Distal outcome analyses examined differences in drinking and functional outcomes at 10 years as a function of the 3-year latent profiles. Analyses were pre-registered at https://osf.io/3hbxr. Results: Four latent profiles identified at three years following treatment (i.e., low functioning frequent heavy drinkers, low functioning infrequent heavy drinkers, high functioning heavy drinkers, and high functioning infrequent non-heavy drinkers) were significantly associated with outcomes ten years following treatment. The two high functioning profiles at three years had the highest level of psychological functioning at ten years post-treatment, regardless of alcohol consumption level. Abstinence at three years did not predict better psychological functioning at ten years. Conclusions: Non-abstinent AUD recovery is possible and is sustainable for up to 10 years following treatment. The current findings align with recent proposals to move beyond relying on alcohol consumption as a central defining feature of AUD recovery.

Published
2020

37. Implementing Illness Management and Recovery Within Assertive Community Treatment: A Pilot Trial of Feasibility and Effectiveness

Author

Monroe-DeVita, Maria, primary, Morse, Gary, additional, Mueser, Kim T., additional, McHugo, Gregory J., additional, Xie, Haiyi, additional, Hallgren, Kevin A., additional, Peterson, Roselyn, additional, Miller, Joris, additional, Akiba, Christopher, additional, York, Mary, additional, Gingerich, Susan, additional, and Stiles, Bryan, additional

Published
2018
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40. Proceedings of the 3rd Biennial Conference of the Society for Implementation Research Collaboration (SIRC) 2015: advancing efficient methodologies through community partnerships and team science

Author

Lewis, Cara, primary, Darnell, Doyanne, additional, Kerns, Suzanne, additional, Monroe-DeVita, Maria, additional, Landes, Sara J., additional, Lyon, Aaron R., additional, Stanick, Cameo, additional, Dorsey, Shannon, additional, Locke, Jill, additional, Marriott, Brigid, additional, Puspitasari, Ajeng, additional, Dorsey, Caitlin, additional, Hendricks, Karin, additional, Pierson, Andria, additional, Fizur, Phil, additional, Comtois, Katherine A., additional, Palinkas, Lawrence A., additional, Chamberlain, Patricia, additional, Aarons, Gregory A., additional, Green, Amy E., additional, Ehrhart, Mark. G., additional, Trott, Elise M., additional, Willging, Cathleen E., additional, Fernandez, Maria E., additional, Woolf, Nicholas H., additional, Liang, Shuting Lily, additional, Heredia, Natalia I., additional, Kegler, Michelle, additional, Risendal, Betsy, additional, Dwyer, Andrea, additional, Young, Vicki, additional, Campbell, Dayna, additional, Carvalho, Michelle, additional, Kellar-Guenther, Yvonne, additional, Damschroder, Laura J., additional, Lowery, Julie C., additional, Ono, Sarah S., additional, Carlson, Kathleen F., additional, Cottrell, Erika K., additional, O’Neil, Maya E., additional, Lovejoy, Travis L., additional, Arch, Joanna J., additional, Mitchell, Jill L., additional, Lewis, Cara C., additional, Marriott, Brigid R., additional, Scott, Kelli, additional, Coldiron, Jennifer Schurer, additional, Bruns, Eric J., additional, Hook, Alyssa N., additional, Graham, Benjamin C., additional, Jordan, Katelin, additional, Hanson, Rochelle F., additional, Moreland, Angela, additional, Saunders, Benjamin E., additional, Resnick, Heidi S., additional, Stirman, Shannon Wiltsey, additional, Gutner, Cassidy A., additional, Gamarra, Jennifer, additional, Vogt, Dawne, additional, Suvak, Michael, additional, Wachen, Jennifer Schuster, additional, Dondanville, Katherine, additional, Yarvis, Jeffrey S., additional, Mintz, Jim, additional, Peterson, Alan L., additional, Borah, Elisa V., additional, Litz, Brett T., additional, Molino, Alma, additional, McCaughan, Stacey Young, additional, Resick, Patricia A., additional, Pandhi, Nancy, additional, Jacobson, Nora, additional, Serrano, Neftali, additional, Hernandez, Armando, additional, Schreiter, Elizabeth Zeidler-, additional, Wietfeldt, Natalie, additional, Karp, Zaher, additional, Pullmann, Michael D., additional, Lucenko, Barbara, additional, Pavelle, Bridget, additional, Uomoto, Jacqueline A., additional, Negrete, Andrea, additional, Cevasco, Molly, additional, Kerns, Suzanne E. U., additional, Franks, Robert P., additional, Bory, Christopher, additional, Miech, Edward J., additional, Damush, Teresa M., additional, Satterfield, Jason, additional, Satre, Derek, additional, Wamsley, Maria, additional, Yuan, Patrick, additional, O’Sullivan, Patricia, additional, Best, Helen, additional, Velasquez, Susan, additional, Barnett, Miya, additional, Brookman-Frazee, Lauren, additional, Regan, Jennifer, additional, Stadnick, Nicole, additional, Hamilton, Alison, additional, Lau, Anna, additional, Roesch, Scott, additional, Powell, Byron J., additional, Waltz, Thomas J., additional, Chinman, Matthew J., additional, Damschroder, Laura, additional, Smith, Jeffrey L., additional, Matthieu, Monica M., additional, Proctor, Enola K., additional, Kirchner, JoAnn E., additional, Matthieu, Monica J., additional, Rosen, Craig S., additional, Walker, Sarah C., additional, Bishop, Asia S., additional, Lockhart, Mariko, additional, Rodriguez, Allison L., additional, Manfredi, Luisa, additional, Nevedal, Andrea, additional, Rosenthal, Joel, additional, Blonigen, Daniel M., additional, Mauricio, Anne M., additional, Dishion, Thomas D., additional, Rudo-Stern, Jenna, additional, Smith, Justin D., additional, Wolk, Courtney Benjamin, additional, Harker, Colleen, additional, Olsen, Anne, additional, Shingledecker, Travis, additional, Barg, Frances, additional, Mandell, David, additional, Beidas, Rinad S., additional, Hansen, Marissa C., additional, Aranda, Maria P., additional, Torres-Vigil, Isabel, additional, Hartzler, Bryan, additional, Steinfeld, Bradley, additional, Gildred, Tory, additional, Harlin, Zandrea, additional, Shephard, Fredric, additional, Ditty, Matthew S., additional, Doyle, Andrea, additional, Bickel, John A., additional, Cristaudo, Katharine, additional, Fox, Dan, additional, Combs, Sonia, additional, Lischner, David H., additional, Van Dorn, Richard A., additional, Tueller, Stephen J., additional, Hinde, Jesse M., additional, Karuntzos, Georgia T., additional, Peterson, Roselyn, additional, Berliner, Lucy, additional, Murray, Laura K., additional, Botanov, Yevgeny, additional, Kikuta, Beverly, additional, Chen, Tianying, additional, Navarro-Haro, Marivi, additional, DuBose, Anthony, additional, Korslund, Kathryn E., additional, Linehan, Marsha M., additional, Harker, Colleen M., additional, Karp, Elizabeth A., additional, Edmunds, Sarah R., additional, Ibañez, Lisa V., additional, Stone, Wendy L., additional, Andrews, Jack H., additional, Johnides, Benjamin D., additional, Hausman, Estee M., additional, Hawley, Kristin M., additional, Prusaczyk, Beth, additional, Ramsey, Alex, additional, Baumann, Ana, additional, Colditz, Graham, additional, Choy-Brown, Mimi, additional, Meza, Rosemary D., additional, Wiltsey-Stirman, Shannon, additional, Sedlar, Georganna, additional, Lucid, Leah, additional, Zounlome, Nelson, additional, Lewis, Cara, additional, Monson, Candice M., additional, Shields, Norman, additional, Mastlej, Marta, additional, Landy, Meredith SH, additional, Lane, Jeanine, additional, Finn, Natalie K., additional, Torres, Elisa M., additional, Malte, Carol A., additional, Lott, Aline, additional, Saxon, Andrew J., additional, Boyd, Meredith, additional, Pierce, Jennifer D., additional, Lorthios-Guilledroit, Agathe, additional, Richard, Lucie, additional, Filiatrault, Johanne, additional, Hallgren, Kevin, additional, Crotwell, Shirley, additional, Muñoz, Rosa, additional, Gius, Becky, additional, Ladd, Benjamin, additional, McCrady, Barbara, additional, Epstein, Elizabeth, additional, Clapp, John D., additional, Ruderman, Danielle E., additional, Barwick, Melanie, additional, Barac, Raluca, additional, Zlotkin, Stanley, additional, Salim, Laila, additional, Davidson, Marnie, additional, Bunger, Alicia C., additional, Robertson, Hillary A., additional, Botsko, Christopher, additional, Smith, Brandy N., additional, Trent, Lindsay R., additional, Harned, Melanie S., additional, Ivanoff, André, additional, Garcia, Antonio R., additional, Kim, Minseop, additional, Snowden, Lonnie, additional, Landsverk, John, additional, Sweetland, Annika C., additional, Fernandes, Maria Jose, additional, Santos, Edilson, additional, Duarte, Cristiane, additional, Kritski, Afrânio, additional, Krawczyk, Noa, additional, Nelligan, Caitlin, additional, Wainberg, Milton L., additional, Sommerfeld, David H., additional, Chi, Benjamin, additional, Ezeanolue, Echezona, additional, Sturke, Rachel, additional, Kline, Lydia, additional, Guay, Laura, additional, Siberry, George, additional, Bennett, Ian M., additional, Beidas, Rinad, additional, Gold, Rachel, additional, Mao, Johnny, additional, Powers, Diane, additional, Vredevoogd, Mindy, additional, Unutzer, Jurgen, additional, Schroeder, Jennifer, additional, Volpe, Lane, additional, Steffen, Julie, additional, Pullmann, Michael D, additional, Jungbluth, Nathaniel, additional, Thompson, Kelly, additional, Segell, Eliza, additional, McGee-Vincent, Pearl, additional, Liu, Nancy, additional, Walser, Robyn, additional, Runnals, Jennifer, additional, Shaw, R. Keith, additional, Rosen, Craig, additional, Schmidt, Janet, additional, Calhoun, Patrick, additional, Varkovitzky, Ruth L., additional, Drahota, Amy, additional, Martinez, Jonathan I., additional, Brikho, Brigitte, additional, Meza, Rosemary, additional, Stahmer, Aubyn C., additional, Williamson, Anna, additional, Rubin, Ronnie M., additional, Hurford, Matthew O., additional, Weaver, Shawna L., additional, Mandell, David S., additional, Evans, Arthur C., additional, Stewart, Rebecca E., additional, Matlin, Samantha L., additional, Weaver, Shawna, additional, Hadley, Trevor R., additional, Gerke, Donald R., additional, Lewis, Ericka M., additional, McWilliam, Jenna, additional, Brown, Jacquie, additional, Tucker, Michelle, additional, Conte, Kathleen P, additional, Melvin, Abigail, additional, Liu, Freda, additional, Kotte, Amelia, additional, Hill, Kaitlin A., additional, Mah, Albert C., additional, Korathu-Larson, Priya A., additional, Au, Janelle R., additional, Izmirian, Sonia, additional, Keir, Scott, additional, Nakamura, Brad J., additional, Higa-McMillan, Charmaine K., additional, Cooper, Brittany Rhoades, additional, Funaiole, Angie, additional, Dizon, Eleanor, additional, Hawkins, Eric J., additional, Hagedorn, Hildi J., additional, Berger, Douglas, additional, Frank, Anissa, additional, Achtmeyer, Carol E., additional, Mariano, Anthony J., additional, Wolitzky-Taylor, Kate, additional, Rawson, Richard, additional, Ries, Richard, additional, Roy-Byrne, Peter, additional, Craske, Michelle, additional, Simmons, Dena, additional, Torrente, Catalina, additional, Nathanson, Lori, additional, Carroll, Grace, additional, Brown, Kimbree, additional, Ramos, Karina, additional, Thornton, Nicole, additional, Dishion, Thomas J., additional, Stormshak, Elizabeth A., additional, Shaw, Daniel S., additional, Wilson, Melvin N., additional, Tiderington, Emmy, additional, Smith, Bikki Tran, additional, Padgett, Deborah K., additional, Ray, Marilyn L., additional, Wandersman, Abraham, additional, Lamont, Andrea, additional, Hannah, Gordon, additional, Alia, Kassandra A., additional, Saldana, Lisa, additional, Schaper, Holle, additional, Campbell, Mark, additional, Shapiro, Valerie B., additional, Kim, B.K. Elizabeth, additional, Fleming, Jennifer L., additional, LeBuffe, Paul A., additional, Comtois, Katherine Anne, additional, Weiner, Bryan J., additional, and Halko, Heather, additional

Published
2016
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41. Use of Manifest Injustice in the Washington State Juvenile Rehabilitation Administration.

Author

Sussman, Nicole I., Lee, Terry G., and Hallgren, Kevin A.

Subjects
AFRICAN American youth
Abstract

In the Washington State Juvenile Code, the Manifest Injustice (MI) provision allows judges to sentence youth outside of the standard guidelines. We compared rates of Juvenile Rehabilitation Administration (JRA) involvement and MI between racial minority youth and Caucasian youth. Although not statistically significant, there was a trend toward African American and multiracial youth having MI used to decrease their sentence less frequently than Caucasian youth. African American youth were about half as likely to have MI used to intensify their sentence compared with Caucasian youth (rate ratio = .49, p = .002), whereas multiracial youth were 42 percent less likely (rate ratio = .58, p = .04). More African American youth reside in urban and liberal parts of the state where judges may be more progressive and less likely to use MI to intensify sentences. More diversion programs targeting minority youth exist in urban areas of Washington, and more African American youth are transferred to adult court; both reduce the likelihood of minority youth receiving MI. Judges in rural areas of the state, which have fewer treatment resources, may be using MI to access services only available to court-involved youth. It is imperative that community behavioral health services are available so that youth and families can be justly served. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2019
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