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Objectives AGILE is a Phase Ib/IIa platform for rapidly evaluating COVID-19 treatments. In this trial (NCT04746183) we evaluated the safety and optimal dose of molnupiravir in participants with early symptomatic infection. Methods We undertook a dose-escalating, open-label, randomized-controlled (standard-of-care) Bayesian adaptive Phase I trial at the Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen Clinical Research Facility. Participants (adult outpatients with PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection within 5 days of symptom onset) were randomized 2:1 in groups of 6 participants to 300, 600 and 800 mg doses of molnupiravir orally, twice daily for 5 days or control. A dose was judged unsafe if the probability of 30% or greater dose-limiting toxicity (the primary outcome) over controls was 25% or greater. Secondary outcomes included safety, clinical progression, pharmacokinetics and virological responses. Results Of 103 participants screened, 18 participants were enrolled between 17 July and 30 October 2020. Molnupiravir was well tolerated at 300, 600 and 800 mg doses with no serious or severe adverse events. Overall, 4 of 4 (100%), 4 of 4 (100%) and 1 of 4 (25%) of the participants receiving 300, 600 and 800 mg molnupiravir, respectively, and 5 of 6 (83%) controls, had at least one adverse event, all of which were mild (≤grade 2). The probability of ≥30% excess toxicity over controls at 800 mg was estimated at 0.9%. Conclusions Molnupiravir was safe and well tolerated; a dose of 800 mg twice daily for 5 days was recommended for Phase II evaluation.

This thesis examines a community‐based approach to promoting cycling, suggesting that a top‐down approach of infrastructure and facilities should be complemented by a bottom‐up approach by the community to help address complex behavioural norms inherent in transport modal choice. The research hinges on the framing of cycling as culture – a holistic yet heterogeneous activity – and the idea that developing cycling culture will contribute to increased transport cycling. Using an action research process, a bottom‐up approach was formed by creating a meeting point for actors in the cycling community of Växjö, a municipality in southern Sweden. This meeting point evolved into a collaborative space through the progression of social learning where actors realized the benefit of working together. The actors formed a partnership by starting a new organisation with the goal of supporting and developing cycling culture. The first project for the organisation was hosting a cycling festival – an opportunity to bring Växjö’s cycling community together via a cultural event. The municipality, meanwhile, began to consider integrating cycling culture into its cycling strategy. The project serves to demonstrate an approach to promoting sustainable transportation and the effective merging of action research methods with sustainability science through the use of societal actors as local experts, coresearchers and agents of social change.

We investigate the effect of turbulence on quantum ghost imaging. We use entangled photons and demonstrate that for a specific experimental configuration the effect of turbulence can be greatly diminished. By decoupling the entangled photon source from the ghost-imaging central image plane, we are able to dramatically increase the ghost-image quality. When imaging a test pattern through turbulence, this method increases the imaged pattern visibility from V=0.15±0.04 to 0.42±0.04., United States. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA DSO InPho Grant No. W911NF-10-1-0404), United States. Army Research Office (USARO MURI Grant No. W911NF-05-1-0197)