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El presente artículo tiene como objetivo debatir la iniciativa de integración regional de la RUNASUR y analizar su significado político y conceptual dentro del marco del regionalismo latinoamericano y del Estado Plurinacional, desde los contextos de Bolivia y Perú, entendida como un modelo de integración "fuera del Estado" protagonizado por movimientos sociales y pueblos originarios. Partiendo de una contextualización teórica del regionalismo latinoamericano, así como de las categorías de la cuestión nacional y el plurinacionalismo en América Latina, se buscó investigar los potenciales y limitaciones de la RUNASUR como herramienta popular para la integración regional en América Latina desde los contextos boliviano y peruano, que se estudian aquí.

This article intends approaches, in an introductory way, the creation of the Petrocaribe project, whose rise is inserted in the middle of the repositioning of Venezuela as a fundamental actor in the economic and energetic relations in the region of Latin America, amid the promotion of the Bolivarian Revolution, initiated in 1998, with the election of Venezuelan president Hugo Chavez Frias. In this sense, we will first look at the configuration of Petrocaribe during the disputes of the economic integration projects in Latin America between the late 1990s and the transition to the first years of the 21st century, especially the integration models conceived by the Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) and Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America-Peoples' Commerce Treaty (Alba). Having done so, we will explain the nature of Petrocaribe’s political project, highlighting the participation of Venezuela as an important country in order to think about energy integration in the Caribbean region and, at the same time, being a central player in the subject of energy integration in the subcontinent. Finally, we will present a brief review of the group’s ten years of activities and, above all, the challenges and contributions of Petrocaribe amid a scenario of falling oil prices in the international market.

Este artículo busca discutir la situación económica ecuatoriana desde la perspectiva de su política exterior durante los albores del siglo xxi. Con este fin, la investigación analiza los flujos comerciales de los gobiernos de Rafael Correa (2007-2017) y Lenin Moreno (2017-2020) y, sobre todo, los volúmenes de préstamos administrados por los respectivos presidentes. Se destaca el alineamiento sino-ecuatoriano frente al escenario del superciclo de commodities en la experiencia de la revolución ciudadana y, más recientemente, en un campo antagónico, la reanudación de una agenda neoliberal bajo el mandato de Lenin Moreno.

A seguinte entrevista foi realizada, em 2018, com o Secretário de Educação Superior, Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação do Equador, durante o período de 2011 e 2017, René Ramírez Gallegos. Nela, René Ramírez faz um balanço do projeto que se autodenominou “Revolução Cidadã” (2007-2017), dirigido pelo presidente Rafael Correa e seu partido até então, a Alianza PAIS. Durante a entrevista, René Ramírez pontua os avanços do governo Correa e, acima de tudo, destaca as teses que vieram à tona durante a era correísta. A questão do buen vivir, a nova Constituição, o aumento dos investimentos na área da educação e a democratização do ensino superior são apenas alguns aspectos explanados pelo secretário. Ao mesmo tempo, René Ramírez Gallegos denuncia o projeto reacionário de “descorreização” em curso no país, que colocou fim às conquistas da chamada “década ganhada” no Equador.

Após 50 anos de sua morte, o pensamento de Che Guevara continua sendo objeto de discussões, reformulações e críticas. O seguinte estudo pretende debater a visão de América Latina e o conceito de revolução presente na obra de Ernesto Che Guevara. Para isso, à luz de seus textos sobre a guerrilha e a análise da Revolução cubana de 1959, o artigo estabelece as dimensões ideológicas do guevarismo e seu projeto para se pensar a revolução na América Latina. Com o objetivo de apontar as particularidades do pensamento de Che diante das demais correntes socialistas de seu tempo, em termos das táticas e estratégias revolucionárias, o presente estudo sinaliza para os avanços conceituais de suas contribuições. Ao mesmo tempo, sem perder de vista os equívocos e limites de suas formulações, o artigo, em seu término, almeja explanar uma crítica marxista em relação aos erros do foquismo e a percepção de Che Guevara sobre as condições materiais dos países latino-americanos durante os anos 1960.

Purpose – The singularity of being the first Chinese manufacturer of drug-eluting stents to arrive in Brazil and the country being selected as the company's first experience outside its home country motivated the interest in the study of this case, vis-à-vis with the characteristic of internationalization medical device companies according to the Uppsala model. Considering this context, the following research question was outlined: “How did Microport internationalize before the distribution of its stents product in Brazil?” The aim of the study is to investigate Microport's internationalization process for the distribution of its drug-eluting stents in Brazil. Design/methodology/approach – Exploratory research under the qualitative method was adopted. It chose the single case study as a procedure for data collection, as it is a revealing, exemplary subject that offers opportunities for access to unusual research. The company MicroPort was chosen because in the period when Chinese medical device companies were focused on gaining market share in China, MicroPort began its international expansion, choosing Brazil as the first country to have its own subsidiary. It consists in the case of the internationalization of a high-tech EMNE in an emerging country that has institutional and cultural differences. Findings – Taking advantage of new technology in highly internationalized environments favors its insertion; the internationalization of medical technology can expand according to the Uppsala Model, which does not explain internationalization, but rather its evolution. Cultural and behavioral issues reinforce that the development of the market for medical devices depends on local perspectives and values. The formation of an ecosystem in the local market for internationalization is observed. One implication of the study is that MicroPort's experience and the application of the Uppsala model for international expansion can serve as an important learning experience for Brazilian multinational companies. Research limitations/implications – Empirical analysis carried out in the context of a single company. Although the results can be used as lessons learned from the application of the Uppsala model for international expansion of EMNE in an emerging market, caution should be exercised when generalizing its findings. Future studies could carry out comparative cases considering other emerging multinational companies, from the same sector or even from different industries, investing in other emerging markets. There is a limitation of the fact that the case studied does not explore the concepts of the later stages of the Uppsala model. Practical implications – High-tech EMNEs internationalizing in other markets need to adopt aggressive strategies. The need to adopt different strategies for supply chain operations according to the specificities of the markets in which they operate. Important contributions to the Uppsala model, with regard to the process of passing stages, learning and networking. The findings of this study have similarities to the process described as a sequence of distinct phases of activities. Social implications – A local top management team is essential to deal with institutional issues of government agencies when EMNE is internationalized in a culturally distant market. When there are major institutional differences between the country of origin and the host country, the autonomy in the management of the foreign subsidiary positively influences the acceleration of the internationalization process of companies in the high-tech sector. When there are major institutional differences between the country of origin and the country of destination, the use of local social networks positively influences the acceleration of the internationalization process of companies in the high-technology sector. Originality/value – Regardless of these limitations, the study provided an exciting case of internationalization of a Chinese company in Brazil operating in a high-tech medical sector. The challenges for the internationalization of EMNEs continue, which makes it opportune for future studies to include more research in this area. The propositions suggested in the study may be the first step.

Ambev dominates the beer market in Brazil with a 70% share. The group formed in the 1990s by the merger of the two largest companies in the industry at the time, Brahma and Antarctica. Even with new entrants in the market AmBev kept growing and increasing its participation. One of the biggest challenges to work in the beer market is the distribution strategy. AmBev’s success has, in its distribution strategy, one of the critical factors in reaching this level of market share. The model AmBev has implemented and continues to invest is what Brahma, pre AmBev, adopted as its strategy in the 1990s. This work aims to determine whether, in a company starting its production activities in the same industry, the AmBev distribution model can be applied. Based on the concepts of logistics and supply chain management, the possible concepts of distribution strategies were identified, seeking to understand those underlying the AmBev reference model. With this, a company has been identified and a case study conducted to understand the application of the AmBev model. The main findings of the study point to possibilities for adopting the model, but with restrictions and constant monitoring to control the implementation of the strategy.