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Employability, and especially entrepreneurship and intrapreneurship, is a topic attracting the interest of researchers in recent years. Although knowledge about creating and managing a company is essential (hard skills), the importance of other competencies such as soft skills and emotional intelligence has also been highlighted in recent years. This study analyzes documents related to Emotional Intelligence, Soft Skills, Hard Skills and their relationship with (intra)entrepreneurship. The methodology used was bibliometric analysis, followed by a bibliographic coupling and identification of thematic areas within this field of study. A total of 121 documents were analyzed, following the PRISMA protocol. The results showed an upward trend over the last five years in the production of works in this field, accounting for approximately 75% of the total number of articles found. Seven different sub-themes were identified. The theme with the most significant impact, which generates the most interest among the scientific community, encompasses personal relationships, emotional intelligence, and the positive work climate for a company’s growth. Finally, a series of implications and future lines of study are proposed to help develop and consolidate this research field.

As a high priority for moving the sports industry forward, the sports market ecosystem requires the development of professional competencies and improving the entrepreneurship education of sports science students. During the last years, entrepreneurship has gained importance in the sports sector to maintain competitiveness. Thus, universities need to promote sports sciences students’ entrepreneurial competencies to improve employability. This research aimed to analyze the differences between first-year and fourth-year sports science students regarding the merit of professional competencies within entrepreneurship education. Both groups of students completed a set of tests presenting professional success factors. Cognitive abilities were measured with Intelligence Structure Battery (INSSV - Short Form, S2) and personality traits with Big Five Structure Inventory (BFSI, short-form, S1). Data were processed with confirmatory factor analysis and multigroup moderation analysis. The model showed acceptable fit indices (NFI=0.89, CFI=0.97, and RMSEA=0.08). The multigroup moderation analysis results indicated that the strongest effect on work aspects of the personality of the first-year sports science students comes from Conscientiousness (β=0.97), Openness (β=0.79), and Agreeableness (β=0.72). In contrast, this impact on fourth-year sports science students exists from Extraversion (β=0.85), Emotional stability (β=0.80), and Openness (β=0.80). On another side, an analysis of cognitive abilities revealed that the strongest effect was produced by numerical ability (β=0.94; β=0.84, respectively). The results demonstrated that sub-samples do not differ regarding the latent dimensions of human resources assessment. These results lead to necessary changes in the sports curriculum of the study program related to entrepreneurship education.

Most of the previous studies on the genetic variability in Spanish "Berrenda" breeds have been carried out using DNA microsatellites. The present work aimed to estimate the genetic diversity, population structure, and potential genetic differences among individuals of both Berrenda breeds and groups based on the presence of the Robertsonian chromosomal translocation, rob (1;29). A total of 373 samples from animals belonging to the two breeds, including 169 cases diagnosed as rob (1;29)-positive, were genotyped using an SNP50K chip. The genetic diversity at the breed level did not show significant differences, but it was significantly lower in those subpopulations containing the rob (1;29). Runs of homozygosity identified a region of homozygosity on chromosome 6, where the KIT ( KIT proto-oncogene, receptor tyrosine kinase) gene, which determines the typical spotted coat pattern in both breeds, is located. The four subpopulations considered showed minor genetic differences. The regions of the genome that most determined the differences between the breeds were observed on chromosomes 4, 6, 18, and 22. The presence of this Robertsonian translocation did not result in sub-structuring within each of the breeds considered. To improve the reproductive performance of Berrenda breeds, it would be necessary to implement strategies considering the involvement of potential breeding stock carrying rob (1;29).

There is a lack of information on the behavioural and welfare effects of sustaining artificial milk feeding in fattening lambs. Therefore, the present work aimed to study the effects of prolonged artificial milk feeding during fattening with a high concentrate diet on the behaviour of lambs. The behaviour of 16 non castrated male lambs of the Manchega sheep breed (eight lambs were in the group that were fed daily a bottle of milk, and the other eight were in the weaned group) was recorded with four fixed cameras just before bottle feeding (~8:30 a.m.) of the unweaned group till four hours later, every day for 7 weeks. The solid diet (pelleted concentrate plus cereal straw) and housing conditions were the same in both groups. Solid feeds were offered ad libitum. There were no differences between groups in time spent eating nor in drinking, playing, scratching and oral activity behaviours (p > 0.05), but resting episodes were longer in weaned lambs (p < 0.05). Weaned lambs presented a higher frequency of self-grooming behaviour (p < 0.05), while the unweaned group performed a higher frequency of interaction behaviour (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the behaviours of lambs that were fed daily a bottle of milk during the fattening period did not substantially differ from the weaned individuals.

The presence of Vibrio species in table olive fermentations has been confirmed by molecular biology techniques in recent studies. However, there has been no report of any foodborne outbreak caused by Vibrio due to the consumption of table olives, and their role as well as the environmental conditions allowing their survival in table olives has not been elucidated so far. The aims of this work were to model the behavior of an inoculated Vibrio cocktail in diverse table olive environments and study the possible behavior of an inoculated Vibrio cocktail in table olives. First, an in vitro study has been performed where the microbial behavior of a Vibrio cocktail was evaluated in a laboratory medium and in olive brines using predictive models at different NaCl concentrations (2-12%) and pH levels (4.0-9.0). Afterward, a challenge testing was done in lye-treated olives inoculated at the beginning of fermentation with the Vibrio cocktail for 22 days. The Vibrio cocktail inoculated in table olives has not been detected in olive brines during fermentation at different pH levels. However, it was observed that this microorganism in a laboratory medium could reach an optimal growth at pH 9 and 2% salt, without time of constant absorbance ( t A ), and the maximum absorbance value ( y end ) observed was at pH 8 and 2% salt conditions. The statistical analysis demonstrated that the effect of salt concentration was higher than pH for the kinetic growth parameters (μ max , t A , and y end ). On the other hand, it was confirmed that no growth of the Vibrio cocktail on any sample was noticed in lye-treated olive fermentations. Thus, it was concluded that the presence of olive compounds (unknown) did not allow the development of Vibrio strains, so it is a very safety product as it has a natural antimicrobial compound, but the possibility that a native Vibrio sp. is able to acquire the capacity to adapt to this compound should be considered in further studies., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2021 Posada-Izquierdo, Valero, Arroyo-López, González-Serrano, Ramos-Benítez, Benítez-Cabello, Rodríguez-Gómez, Jimenez-Diaz and García-Gimeno.)

Background: The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy and safety of pegylated interferon (IFN) plus ribavirin (RBV) in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV)-coinfected patients with severe immunodeficiency in a clinical cohort. BACKGROUND. A total of 542 HIV-infected patients receiving treatment with pegylated IFN plus RBV from June 2001 through April 2007 were included in this study. The outcome variables were sustained virologic response (SVR) rate and the emergence of AIDS-defining events during HCV infection therapy. SVR rates among patients with a CD4 cell count 250 cells/mm(3). The association between SVR and potential predictors was analyzed., Results: Ten (26%) of 39 individuals with a baseline CD4 cell count 250 cells/mm(3) and 198 (39%) of 503 with baseline CD4 cell counts >or=250 CD4 cells/mm(3) achieved SVR (P = .09). In a nested case-control study with populations matched at a 1:2 ratio, the SVR rate was 26% in the CD4 cell count 250 cells/mm(3) group and 32% in the CD4 cell count >250 cells/mm(3) group (P = .5). Baseline CD4 cell count (250 cells/mm(3) vs >250 cells/mm(3)) was not associated with SVR in the multivariate analysis. Two (5%) individuals in the CD4 cell count 250 cells/mm(3) group experienced opportunistic events during follow-up. In the CD4 cell count 250 cells/mm(3) group, severe hematological toxicity and pegylated IFN or RBV dosage reductions occurred in 16 (41%) and 12 (31%) patients, respectively. In the CD4 cell count >250 cells/mm(3) group, severe hematological toxicity and pegylated IFN or RBV dosage reductions occurred in 29% (P = .1) and 20% (P = .1) of patients, respectively., Conclusions: The efficacy of pegylated IFN plus RBV in HIV-HCV-coinfected patients with advanced immunosuppression is substantial and not significantly different to that observed in the overall coinfected population. HCV therapy is generally safe in the population of coinfected patients with advanced immunosuppression.

Background: Liver stiffness (LS) measured by transient elastometry is associated with portal pressure in hepatitis C virus (HCV)-monoinfected patients and could predict the presence of esophageal varices in these subjects. The aim of this study was to assess the ability of LS to predict esophageal varices requiring preventive therapy for bleeding in HIV/HCV-coinfected patients., Methods: One hundred two HIV/HCV-coinfected patients with liver cirrhosis (LS >or= 14 kPa) underwent an upper gastrointestinal endoscopy (UGE) examination. The diagnostic performance of LS for esophageal varices requiring therapy (>or=F2 or F1 with red signs or Child-Pugh-Turcotte class C) was assessed by receiver operating receptor characteristic curves., Results: Nineteen patients (19%) harbored varices requiring therapy. LS in patients with and without varices needing treatment was 48 (33-71) kPa and 32 (18-48) kPa (P = 0.004). The area under the receptor operating characteristic curve (95% confidence interval) of LS for the occurrence of varices that should be treated was 0.71 (0.60 to 0.82). There was no cutoff level of LS with good positive predictive value for the presence of varices requiring therapy, but LS of 21 kPa had a negative predictive value of 100%. Twenty-six percent of patients with LS measurement and UGE showed LS <21 KPa., Conclusions: LS is higher in HIV/HCV-coinfected patients with cirrhosis who show esophageal varices requiring therapy than in those who do not. A cutoff value of LS of 21 kPa could be useful to identify patients with very low probability of varices at risk for bleeding. UGE for screening could be spared in these patients until LS increases above 21 kPa.

Background: High levels of serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol are associated with better response to pegylated interferon and ribavirin in hepatitis C virus monoinfected patients. There are no data concerning this topic in HIV/hepatitis C virus coinfected patients in whom lipid disorders are particularly common., Objective: To assess the association between baseline lipid levels and sustained virologic response to pegylated interferon and ribavirin in coinfected patients., Methods: A total of 260 HIV/hepatitis C virus coinfected patients under treatment with pegylated interferon and ribavirin and who had a baseline serum lipid profile were included in this retrospective study., Results: Thirty-eight (24%) patients with genotypes 1-4 and 64 (63%) with genotypes 2-3 achieved sustained virologic response. Forty-nine (44%) patients with serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels 100 mg/dl or more showed sustained virologic response compared with 53 (36%) with lower values [adjusted odds ratio: 2.51; 95% confidence interval: 1.40-4.87; P = 0.003]. This association was independent of the remaining predictors of sustained virologic response which were genotypes 2-3, plasma hepatitis C virus RNA 600,000 IU/ml or less, exposure to at least 80% of the planned therapy and lack of concomitant antiretroviral therapy. The rate of sustained virologic response in patients with genotype 1 and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol at least 100 mg/ml was 31% compared with 17% in those with lower values (adjusted odds ratio: 2.19; 95% confidence interval: 1.04-4.66; P = 0.040). The corresponding figures in subjects with genotypes 2-3 were 73 and 58% [2.71 (0.99-7.46); P = 0.054]. No other lipid was associated with response., Conclusion: Higher low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels predict sustained virologic response to pegylated interferon and ribavirin in HIV/hepatitis C virus coinfected patients. This might be used to improve the rate of sustained virologic response in this setting.

Background: Transient elastometry (TE) is accurate for detecting significant liver fibrosis and cirrhosis in hepatitis C virus (HCV)-monoinfected patients. However, this procedure has been insufficiently validated in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and HCV coinfection. The purpose of this study was to validate reported cutoff values of TE that discriminate significant liver fibrosis and cirrhosis in HIV-HCV-coinfected subjects., Methods: Liver stiffness measurements were obtained for 169 HIV-HCV-coinfected adult patients who had undergone a liver biopsy or who had received a nonhistologic diagnosis of cirrhosis within 12 months before or after a liver stiffness measurement. Patients had received no prior therapy for HCV infection., Results: TE measurements ranged from 3.6 kPa to 75 kPa. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.87 (95% confidence interval, 0.84-0.93) for significant liver fibrosis and 0.95 (95% confidence interval, 0.92-0.99) for cirrhosis. To diagnose significant liver fibrosis, a cutoff value of 7.2 kPa was associated with a positive predictive value of 88% and a negative predictive value of 75%. Thirty-four patients (20%) were misclassified when this cutoff value was used. Thirteen (24%) of 54 patients with liver stiffness values <7.2 kPa had significant liver fibrosis detected by liver biopsy. To diagnose cirrhosis, a cutoff value of 14.6 kPa was associated with a positive predictive value of 86% and a negative predictive value of 94%. Thus, 13 patients (10%) had disease that was misclassified using this cutoff value., Conclusions: We found that the diagnostic accuracy of TE was high for detecting cirrhosis and good for diagnosis of significant liver fibrosis. However, the performance of TE was low for discriminating mild fibrosis from significant liver fibrosis, which might limit the applicability of this technique in clinical practice.

Objective: To find the survival and the predictors of death of HIV-infected patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV)-related end-stage liver disease (ESLD)., Design and Methods: A prospective cohort study set in the infectious diseases units of four tertiary care public hospitals in Andalucía, Spain. From a multicentric cohort of 2664 HIV/HCV-co-infected patients, all consecutive patients with HCV-related cirrhosis who presented with the first hepatic decompensation from January 1997 to June 2004 were followed-up and 153 patients were included. The survival and the demographic, HIV-related and liver-related factors associated with death were evaluated., Results: Ninety-five (62%) patients died during the follow-up. In 79 (85%) individuals, the cause of death was liver related. The median survival time was 13 months. Independent predictors of survival were Child score [hazard ratio (HR), 1.2; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.08-1.37; P = 0.001], CD4+ cell count at decompensation lower than 100 cells/microl (HR, 2.48; 95% CI, 1.52-4.06; P < 0.001) and hepatic encephalopathy as the first hepatic decompensation (HR, 2.45; 95% CI, 1.41-4.27; P = 0.001). HAART was prescribed to 101 (66%) patients. The cumulative probability of survival in patients under HAART was 60% at 1 year and 40% at 3 years, versus 38 and 18%, respectively, in patients not treated with HAART (P < 0.0001). The HR (95% CI) of death in patients on HAART was 0.5 (0.3-0.9), (P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS The survival of HIV/HCV-co-infected patients with ESLD is extremely poor. Immunosuppression and markers of severe liver disease predict liver-related mortality in these patients. HAART seems to be associated with a reduced liver-related mortality.

Severity criteria for community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) have always excluded patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. A 1-yr, multicenter, prospective observational study of HIV-infected patients with bacterial CAP was done to validate the criteria used in the American Thoracic Society (ATS) guidelines for CAP, and to determine the prognosis-associated factors in the HIV-infected population with bacterial CAP. Overall, 355 cases were included, with an attributable mortality of 9.3%. Patients who met the ATS criteria had a longer hospital stay (p = 0.01), longer duration of fever (p < 0.001), and higher attributable mortality (13.1% versus 3.5%, p = 0.02) than those who did not. Three factors were independently related to mortality: CD4(+) cell count < 100/microl, radiologic progression of disease, and shock. Pleural effusion, cavities, and/or multilobar infiltrates at admission were independently associated with radiologic progression. A prognostic rule based on the five criteria of shock, CD4(+) cell count < 100/microl, pleural effusion, cavities, and multilobar infiltrates had a high negative predictive value for mortality (97.1%). The attributable mortality for severe pneumonia was 11.3%, as compared with 1.3% for nonsevere disease (p = 0.008). The ATS severity criteria are valid in HIV-infected patients with bacterial CAP. Our study provides the basis for identification of patients who may require hospitalization determined by clinical judgment and the five clinical criteria of shock, a CD4(+) cell count < 100/microl, pleural effusion, cavities, and multilobar involvement. These prognostic factors should be validated in independent cohort studies.

Although Haemophilus influenzae is a common etiologic agent of pneumonia in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the characteristics of this pneumonia have not been adequately assessed. We have prospectively studied features of H. influenzae pneumonia in 26 consecutive HIV-infected inpatients. Most of these patients were severely immunosuppressed; 73.1% had a CD4+ cell count <100/microL. A subacute clinical presentation was observed in 27% of the patients and was associated with a higher degree of immunosuppression (P=.04). Bilateral lung infiltrates were noted radiographically in 57.7% of the cases. The mortality attributable to H. influenzae pneumonia was 11.5%. Thus, pneumonia caused by H. influenzae affects mainly patients with advanced HIV disease, and since its clinical and radiological features may be diverse, this etiology should be considered when pneumonia occurs in patients with advanced HIV infection. The mortality rate associated with H. influenzae pneumonia is not higher than that occurring in the general population.