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Objective: To assess presence of HPV infection and identification of the most common HPV types in patients with abnormal cytology based on the Bethesda system (atypical squamous cells)., Material and Method: 81 women with abnormal cytology based on the Bethesda system (atypical squamous cells) were qualified for the study. Material was taken from the cervical canal, the vaginal portion of the cervix and the vagina onto a liquid medium to detect HPV DNA and genotyping of 19 most common oncogenic types of high and medium risk was performed with the Papillomastrip method and for HPV types 6 and 11 with the PCR method., Results: HPV was detected in 53 out of 81 examined women, which accounted for 66%. The most common HPV types were: 6/11 - 23 cases (43% of women with infection), 16 - 23 cases (43% of women with infection), 18 and 33 with 9 cases each (17% of women with infection). Coexistence of 6/11 with 16 or 18 - 13 concerned 15 patients (28% of women with infection) and presence of HPV 16 or 18 was detected in 28 cases (53% of women with infection). Positive HPV type contained in the quadrivalent vaccine against human papillomavirus 6/11 and 16 or 18 was detected in 38 patients (72% of women with infection). 40% of HPV positive women were infected with only one type of the virus, 26%--with two types and 23% with three types., Conclusion: In 81 women with abnormal cytology based on the Bethesda system (atypical squamous cells) within 66% of HPV positive results the most common were type 6/11 (of low oncogenic potential but responsible for anogenital warts) and type 16 of high oncogenic potential.

Unlabelled: The genetic factor remains the most frequent cause of spontaneous abortions. Examination of the fetal tissue from spontaneous miscarriages shows that 75% of them were caused by abnormal karyotype. Other reasons, albeit rare, included submicroscopic genomic rearrangements, monogenic diseases, and polygenic inheritance disorders of the embryo., Objective: The aim of the study was to analyze the incidence of chromosomal aberrations in material from the miscarriage., Material and Methods: The study included 47 samples of miscarriage material from 47 women. Fluorescent hybridization in-situ (FISH) was used for genetic examination., Results: Chromosomal abnormalities were diagnosed in 72% of the samples, with trisomy 21 (25.5%), trisomy 16 (17%), and trisomy 18 (12.8%) as the most common. An abnormal number of copies of chromosome 18, 21, 22, indicating the coexistence of trisomy 18, 21, 22, was detected in 1 patient. It was another miscarriage in case of 14 subjects (29.8%)., Conclusions: Chromosomal aberrations were diagnosed in the majority of fetal tissue samples from spontaneous miscarriages. More than one chromosomal aberration in a single embryo is an extremely rare occurrence. Miscarriage due to chromosomal aberrations occurred in the vast majority of women > 35 years of age.

The Escobar variant of multiple pterygium syndrome (MPS) is a rare, autosomal recessive disorder which may lead to many serious or even lethal fetal abnormalities. MPS is characterized by pterygia, arthrogryposis (joint contractures), and intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). In the case described below, increased fetal nuchal translucency was the first abnormality diagnosed already in the first trimester of pregnancy. Other symptoms of the disease were found during the second trimester of pregnancy using ultrasonography examination. Also, genetic amniocentesis revealed no genetic disorders and the Escobar syndrome was diagnosed post mortem. Parental and maternal genetic examinations were performed and allowed for early prenatal diagnostics in the next pregnancy resulting in the birth of a healthy newborn.

Background: The incidence of intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) in very low birth weight infants can be used as an index of the quality of care in neonatal intensive care units as long as it is adjusted to reflect the infants' risk profiles on admission to the unit, which may vary systematically from one institution to another. Adjustment for gestational, birth-related, and neonatological risk factors enables a fair comparison of IVH rates across neonatal intensive care units., Methods: Data on 1782 neonates born at less than 32 weeks of gestation or weighing less than 1500 g at birth were retrieved from the 26 744 anonymous data sets collected in the Peri- and Neonatal Survey of the German state of Saxony in the years 2001-2005. An analysis of 30 putative risk factors with stepwise logistic regression analysis enabled the construction of a specific risk predictor for severe (grade 3-4) IVH. Risk-adjusted institutional incidence rates were then calculated., Results: Five independent risk factors (low gestational age, low Apgar scores at 1 min, early infection, absence of pathological Doppler findings during pregnancy, and the use of tocolytic agents) were found to be relevant to the prediction of IVH. A risk predictor incorporating them was found to have a correct prediction rate (ROC(AUC) value) of 87.7%. The crude incidence of severe IVH in different institutions ranged from 1.92% to 15.02% (mean, 8.55%); after adjustment, the range was 5.14% to 11.58%. When the institutions studied were ranked in order of their incidence of IVH before and after adjustment for risk factors, individual institutions rose or fell by as many as 4 places in the ranking because of the adjustment., Conclusion: These findings reveal the importance of adjusting the incidence of IVH in very low birth weight infants by the patients' risk profiles to enable valid comparisons between institutions for the purpose of quality surveillance.

Ten anesthetized, tracheotomized, adult rabbits were used to test the validity of a method for calculation of total respiratory system compliance from resonant frequency (Cr). Reference values were obtained during constant flow inflation of the relaxed respiratory system by dividing the volume gain by the related difference in pressure at the airway opening (inflation method compliance, Ci). The animals were connected to a new type of servo-controlled infant ventilator. Besides volume-controlled mechanical ventilation at constant inspiratory flow rate and intermittent mandatory ventilation, there is a negative ventilator resistance mode integrated in this device for resistive unloading (Schulze A, Schaller P, Gehrhardt B, Mädler H-J, Gmyrek D: Pediatr Res 28:79-82, 1990). To measure resonant frequency (fr), the respiratory system was totally unloaded for a short period by a negative ventilator resistance exceeding the combined resistances of the endotracheal tube and airways. This evoked a continuous oscillation at fr. By analogy with electrical circuit theory, Cr was calculated according to C = 1/(4 pi 2.I.fr2) where C is compliance and I is inertance. The inertance of the endotracheal tube is given and that of the bronchial tree was ignored assuming a much greater total cross-sectional area and therefore much lower inertance when compared with the endotracheal tube. Three pairs of Ci - Cr values were obtained from each animal: 1) during intact respiratory muscle activity; 2) after pancuronium relaxation, and 3) after surfactant depletion by saline washout.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

The combined system of ventilator circuit, endotracheal tube, and lung commonly imposes a resistive load on spontaneous breathing efforts. It is possible to compensate for this positive resistance by a device generating a "negative ventilator resistance" (NVR), i.e. delivering a positive pressure during inspiration and a negative pressure during expiration in constant proportion to the instantaneous flow of the spontaneous breathing. The concept of NVR implies that there must not be any phase lag between flow and pressure signals. In eight anesthetized, intubated, spontaneously breathing rabbits (mean body wt 3570 g, range 2900-4600 g), challenged either by aerosolized histamine or an extrapulmonary resistive load, lung mechanical data were calculated from esophageal pressure and flow signals. Each animal served as its own control with and without NVR. In a total of 39 experiments, NVR was applied in amounts between 1 and 15 kPa.s/L. During both types of additional resistive load, NVR immediately reduced the resistive work of breathing. There was a strong linear correlation between the amount of NVR applied and the decrease in total resistance, where the total resistance equals the resistive load on the animal's respiratory muscles (sum of the resistances of all components of the combined respirator-lung system): r = 0.93, p less than 0.001. The relationship between NVR and the drop in resistive work per mL of tidal volume was similar: r = 0.85, p less than 0.001. Throughout the experiments, NVR operated in perfect synchronization with the animal's spontaneous breathing activity.