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L’articolo analizza i dibattiti che hanno accompagnato la definizione del concetto di genocidio culturale e i tentativi di introdurre tale fattispecie nella sua specificità a livello di diritto internazionale. Nonostante la protezione dei beni culturali sia contemplata in numerosi trattati e sia stata inoltre sottoposta all’attenzione dei tribunali internazionali, la mancanza di una specifica identificazione del genocidio culturale come crimine internazionale continua a rappresentare motivo di confronto fra studiosi e giuristi. Si cercherà pertanto di riprendere in mano l’opera di Raphael Lemkin e il suo impatto negli anni successivi, fino a considerare l’attività più recente dei tribunali internazionali che si sono occupati di casi di distruzione del patrimonio culturale. Il ritorno all’idea di genocidio culturale è oggi visto come una possibile risposta alla diffusa necessità di prevenire ogni minaccia a diversità e multiculturalismo e l’analisi della sua evoluzione storica può risultare quindi essenziale per comprenderne la rilevanza politica e giuridica

Healthcare-associated influenza is frequently encountered in healthcare settings with significant morbidity and mortality among vulnerable patients, absenteeism among healthcare personnel (HCP), and interruption of healthcare services. Numerous investigations indicate that nosocomial outbreaks are often traced to HCP. Despite the international and national endorsements, seasonal influenza vaccine acceptance among HCP continues suboptimal worldwide. Infection control is the major objective for healthcare risk management in order to guarantee patient safety, limit the cost of hospitalization and assurance health management in controlling influenza seasons. Vigilance and anticipation are required as globally we are moving from a reactive COVID-19 pandemic response phase to one of planning for the co-circulation of viral respiratory infections. Declining to understand HCP perception of influenza risk and acceptance of vaccination might have impact patient safety as well as healthcare services.

This study examines decisions of the Permanent Court of International Justice and their impact on the German-Polish dispute. It considers how international jurisdiction approached the question of minority protection and how the efficiency of this experiment in international justice was extremely influenced by political motives and contrasting political visions. The fragile balance between legal and political aspects was evident, and despite the efforts of the Court, political interests prevailed. It will be argued that the problems of the minority system and the German-Polish controversies proved that the international institutions could only provide the states with a support in settling their disputes: international stability could only be guaranteed by sincere mutual cooperation among the members of a community of states.

The present systematic review addresses the influence of occupational exposures on prostate cancer risk. Eleven studies were analyzed for a range of occupational exposures, including but not limited to firefighting, physical activity, night shift work, chemical exposure, and solar ultraviolet radiation. The results of the review reveal that firefighters exposed to harmful substances, individuals engaged in physically strenuous work, and workers with chronic night shift routines showed an increased likelihood of developing prostate cancer. Moreover, the review identified an increased risk associated with exposure to certain chemicals, including alkylphenolic compounds and benzene-related substances. The evidence underscores the importance of considering the cumulative effect of multiple risk factors in a comprehensive risk assessment. However, the conclusions indicate the necessity for further research to deepen these relationships and develop more effective strategies for the prevention of prostate cancer.

The number of people vaccinated against COVID-19 increases worldwide every day; however, it is important to study the risk of breakthrough infections in vaccinated individuals at high risk of exposure such as healthcare personnel (HCP). A systematic literature review (SLR) applying the PRISMA declaration and the PECOS format using the following entry terms was used: “Health Personnel OR Healthcare Worker OR Healthcare Provider OR Healthcare Personnel AND breakthrough OR infection after vaccine*”. The research was carried out utilizing the following databases: SCOPUS, PubMed, Embase, and Web of Sciences. An overall very low incidence of post-vaccination breakthrough infections was found, ranging from 0.011 to 0.001 (per 100 individuals at risk). Our findings further support the published high effectiveness rates of mRNA vaccines in preventing SARS-CoV-2 infections among fully vaccinated HCP. Additional studies are needed to define the duration of the vaccine-induced protection among HCP.

The article is focused on the Jewish emigration from Eastern Europe in the years between the first world war and the Thirties. In this context, the conflict and the rise of Nazism contributed to foster a substantial flow of Jewish refugees and migrants, who left their places of residence and moved to Europe, America or even to Australia. In these localities, anyway, the emigrants would find difficult conditions and their arrival would cause tensions and discriminations. Under this perspective, the Australian case is very meaningful in order to understand the stereotypes and bias that have always accompanied the history of migrations, also in some very special cases such as the Jewish one.

This article aims at analysing the Australian immigration policy towards the Jews who were leaving Eastern Europe owing to the violence that began with World War 1 and continued with Russian Civil War, the Russo-Polish War and the establishment of a legal discriminatory framework – even though not violent as the previous conflicts – in countries such as Romania and Poland. Through a careful research in the Australian National Archives the author has tried to understand the different responses to this grave humanitarian emergency and to see how a country like Australia – which was geographically extra-European but culturally and politically connected to Great Britain – reacted after such an increase of applications by new settlers, refugees and displaced people.

Background and Objectives: The 57 countries of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) are experiencing rapid increases in their burden of cancer. The First Ladies Against Cancer meeting at the 2016 OIC meeting in Istanbul committed to the importance of cancer control and the need for more evidence to support national cancer control planning (NCCP). Strong research systems are a crucial aspect of NCCP, but few data exist to support policy-makers across this political grouping., Methodology: We identified all cancer research papers from OIC countries in the Web of Science from 2008 to 2017 with a filter based on journal names and title words, with high precision and recall. We analysed the country outputs, the cancer sites investigated, the types of research, sources of funding and the citations to the papers., Results: There were 49,712 cancer research papers over this period. The leading countries in terms of output were Turkey, Iran, Egypt and Malaysia, but the most cited papers were from Qatar, Indonesia and Saudi Arabia. International collaboration was low, except in Qatar and the United Arab Emirates. The site-specific cancers accounting for most research were breast and blood, correlating with their disease burden in the OIC countries, but lung, cervical and oesophageal cancers were relatively under-researched. Most funding from within the OIC countries was from their own university sector., Conclusion: Cancer is seriously under-researched in most of the OIC countries. This will undermine the ability of these countries and OIC as a whole to deliver on better cancer control for their populations. New policies, OIC leadership and funding are urgently needed to address this situation., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest., (© the authors; licensee ecancermedicalscience.)