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El colapso del sistema judicial en España ha provocado la búsqueda incesante de instrumentos procesales que favorezcan la capacidad resolutiva de jueces y magistrados. A estos efectos, el Proyecto de Ley de Medidas de Eficiencia Procesal del Servicio Público de Justicia contempla, entre otros aspectos, la implementación en la jurisdicción social del denominado pleito testigo. Se trata de una figura destinada a agilizar los procedimientos que guarden identidad objetiva, de manera que se tramita solo uno de ellos. El resto de los procedimientos se suspende hasta la resolución del pleito que ha servido de testigo o guía. El presente trabajo analiza la configuración legal de este mecanismo que se relaciona con aspectos esenciales del proceso laboral y del derecho a la tutela judicial efectiva.

Este trabajo tiene como objetivo el análisis de las garantías procesales para la protección de la igualdad de trato y la no discriminación. Partiendo de una breve introducción sobre las Directivas antidiscriminatorias y su influencia en nuestra legislación, se analizan los cambios operados en la Ley de Enjuiciamiento Civil por las Leyes 15/2022, de igualdad de trato y no discriminación y 4/2023, para la igualdad real y efectiva de las personas trans y para la garantía de los derechos de las personas LGTBI. El nuevo régimen legal conlleva un importante avance en la regulación de los derechos de igualdad de trato y la no discriminación, sin embargo, muchos de los aspectos introducidos por las nuevas disposiciones generan no pocos problemas interpretativos y de aplicación. En ese sentido, se presta especial atención a la ampliación de la legitimación, a la distribución probatoria y, con el ánimo de contribuir a la reflexión, se valora la idoneidad de la tramitación de las demandas de tutela antidiscriminatoria a través del juicio declarativo ordinario., The aim of this paper is to analyse the procedural guarantees for the protection of equal treatment and non-discrimination. Starting with a brief introduction on the anti-discrimination directives and their influence on our legislation, it analyses the changes made to the Spanish Law on Civil Procedure by Spanish Laws 15/2022, on equal treatment and non-discrimination, and 4/2023, for the real and effective equality of transgender individuals and to guarantee the rights of LGBTI people. The new legal framework represents an important step forward in the regulation of the rights to equal treatment and non-discrimination, however, many of the aspects introduced by the new provisions generate a number of problems in terms of interpretation and application. In this sense, particular attention is paid to the extension of legal standing, the distribution of evidence and, in an attempt to encourage reflection, the suitability of processing anti-discrimination protection claims through an ordinary court action for declaratory judgment is assessed.

El interés de la Unión Europea por impulsar un mercado interior que garantice la libre circulación de mercancías y servicios ha transcurrido paralelo a la aprobación de diversas Directivas en las últimas décadas destinadas a procurar mecanismos de tutela de los derechos de los consumidores en todos los Estados miembros. En esta línea se inscribe la Directiva 2020/1828, de 25 de noviembre de 2020, relativa a las acciones de representación para la protección de los intereses colectivos de los consumidores. La transposición de esta Directiva va a requerir una revisión en profundidad de la tutela colectiva en la Ley de Enjuiciamiento Civil. En el presente trabajo se abordan los aspectos procesales básicos que deberán ser necesariamente objeto de reforma., The interest of the European Union to promote an internal market that guarantees the free movement of goods and services has coincided with the approval of several Directives in recent decades that have aimed at establishing mechanisms for the protection of consumer rights in all Member States. One of these instruments is Directive (EU) 2020/1828 of 25 November 2020 on representative actions for the protection of the collective interests of consumers. The transposition of this Directive will require a thorough revision of the collective actions in the Spanish Civil Procedure Act. This paper addresses the basic procedural aspects that must be amended.

Sardine and anchovy have shown important changes in landings, biomass, abundance and body condition with time in the Western Mediterranean Sea. Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain these changes, including the negative interaction with jellyfish blooms. Increases in jellyfish blooms may be one of the reasons for a decline in these fish stocks because several jellyfish species have been shown to feed on fish larvae and juveniles. The main aim of the present study was to test the plausible relationship between jellyfish blooms and stock dynamics (abundance, biomass, and fitness) of anchovy and sardine, and its fisheries within an ecological context of the western Mediterranean Sea. Our main hypothesis was that jellyfish blooms, in combination with other environmental drivers, could have negative effects due to their predation on early stages of small pelagic fish (direct mortality) or due to predation on zooplankton, which is also prey of the small pelagic fish at different ontogenetic stages (direct competition). To test our hypothesis, we developed Bayesian Generalized Linear Mixed Models to compare landings, biomass, abundance, and Kn condition factor of both species with several climatic indices, oceanographic variables, and the occurrences of jellyfish blooms. Our results revealed that the jellyfish bloom occurrence had a high probability of negatively and broadly affecting both species in addition to changes in environmental conditions. This suggests that jellyfish blooms should be added to the likely causes of change when analyzing small pelagic fish change.

It is widely known that the abundance and distribution dynamics of populations of small pelagic clupeid fish, such as sardines and anchovies, are affected by large-scale climate variability, which may lead to changeovers to new regimes of small pelagics. However, long-distance climatic oscillations, such as El Niño/La Niña and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, have been little explored in the Western Mediterranean Sea. We investigated the possible effects of the South Oscillation Index (i.e. the atmospheric oscillation coupled with the El Niño/La Niña) and Pacific Decadal Oscillation on fluctuations in catches of European anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) and sardine (Sardina pilchardus) in the Western Mediterranean Sea, and their association with regional climate oscillations (i.e. the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, the North Atlantic Oscillation, the Western Mediterranean Oscillation index, and the Arctic Oscillation). The study covered two periods: (a) landings between 1950 and 2016; and (b) abundance, biomass, and physical condition (i.e., relative condition index) between 2004 and 2016. The main large-scale climatic oscillations in the region were studied using General Additive Models to investigate the relationship between a time series of species measures of European sardine and anchovy from Geographical Subarea 06. Results show that the long-term Pacific Decadal Oscillation favours sardine landings, whereas the combined effect of the Western Mediterranean Oscillation Index and the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation favours anchovy. We discuss potential links between the present findings and changes in the plankton community caused by prevailing winds in the region driven by long-distance climate oscillations and their impact on the reduction in small pelagic fish populations in the study area

Sardine and anchovy have shown important changes in landings, biomass, abundance and body condition with time in the Western Mediterranean Sea. Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain these changes, including the negative interaction with jellyfish blooms. Increases in jellyfish blooms may be one of the reasons for a decline in these fish stocks because several jellyfish species have been shown to feed on fish larvae and juveniles. The main aim of the present study was to test the plausible relationship between jellyfish blooms and stock dynamics (abundance, biomass, and fitness) of anchovy and sardine, and its fisheries within an ecological context of the western Mediterranean Sea. Our main hypothesis was that jellyfish blooms, in combination with other environmental drivers, could have negative effects due to their predation on early stages of small pelagic fish (direct mortality) or due to predation on zooplankton, which is also prey of the small pelagic fish at different ontogenetic stages (direct competition). To test our hypothesis, we developed Bayesian Generalized Linear Mixed Models to compare landings, biomass, abundance, and Kn condition factor of both species with several climatic indices, oceanographic variables, and the occurrences of jellyfish blooms. Our results revealed that the jellyfish bloom occurrence had a high probability of negatively and broadly affecting both species in addition to changes in environmental conditions. This suggests that jellyfish blooms should be added to the likely causes of change when analyzing small pelagic fish change

La ejecución forma parte de la garantía que conforma el artículo 24.1 de la Constitución Española relativo a la tutela judicial efectiva y que permite a las partes recabar para sí el auxilio juncial necesario para llevar a término el cumplimiento de lo contenido en el título cuya ejecución se pretende. La Ley 36/2011, de 10 de octubre, reguladora de la jurisdicción social viene a contemplar en su cuerpo normativo una regulación que, aunque resulta escasa en ocasiones, viene a determinar las diferentes especialidades procesales propias del proceso ejecutivo en el orden social. Si bien lo anterior, goza de notoria importancia en esta materia la Ley 1/2000, de 7 de enero, de Enjuiciamiento Civil por actuar como subsidiaria de la anterior en numerosos aspectos procesales. Son diversas las cuestiones que se plantean en el presente proyecto y que tienen por finalidad tratar de ofrecer un conocimiento integral del procedimiento de ejecución en el orden social y de sus especialidades respecto a otros órdenes jurisdiccionales., The execution is part of the guarantee that makes up article 24.1 of the Spanish Constitution regarding effective judicial protection and that allows the parties to obtain for themselves the necessary judicial assistance to carry out the fulfillment of the content of the title whose execution is aims to. Law 36/2011, of October 10, regulating the social jurisdiction comes to contemplate in its normative body a regulation that, although it is scarce at times, comes to determine the different procedural specialties of the executive process in the social order. Although the foregoing, Law 1/2000, of January 7, of Civil Procedure is of notorious importance in this matter for acting as a subsidiary of the previous one in numerous procedural aspects. There are various questions that are raised in this project and whose purpose is to try to offer a comprehensive knowledge of the enforcement procedure in the social order and its specialties with respect to other jurisdictional orders.

La entrada en vigor del texto refundido de la ley concursal supuso un antes y después en la legislación española en esta materia, unificando la normativa hasta el momento dispersa. En el presente trabajo procederemos a examinar la legislación vigente en esta materia desde una perspectiva estrictamente procesal. Así, examinaremos tanto los institutos preconcursales como la regulación del proceso concursal desde su solicitud hasta su finalización, incluyendo el sistema de recursos. Además, introduciremos algunas pinceladas referentes a las modificaciones que se introducen en el anteproyecto de reforma de la ley concursal, publicado en agosto de 2021 por el ejecutivo., The entry into force of the Bankruptcy Law constituted a turning point in Spanish legal system, unifying the legal regulation that had been dispersed until that moment. In this thesis, we will exam the current legislation from a procedure law perspective. Thus, we will study Pre-Bankruptcy Institutions and also the Bankruptcy proceeding from its request to its termination, including the appeal system. Furthermore, we will introduce a few guidelines on draft bill to reform the Bankruptcy Law, which was published in August 2021.

Independence of science and best available science are fundamental pillars of the UN-FAO code of conduct for responsible fisheries and are also applied to the European Union (EU) Common Fishery Policy (CFP), with the overarching objective being the sustainable exploitation of the fisheries resources. CFP is developed by DG MARE, the department of the European Commission responsible for EU policy on maritime affairs and fisheries, which has the Scientific, Technical and Economic Committee for Fisheries (STECF) as consultant body. In the Mediterranean and Black Sea, the General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean (FAO-GFCM), with its own Scientific Advisory Committee on Fisheries (GFCM-SAC), plays a critical role in fisheries governance, having the authority to adopt binding recommendations for fisheries conservation and management. During the last years, advice on the status of the main stocks in the Mediterranean and Black Sea has been provided both by GFCM-SAC and EU-STECF, often without a clear coordination and a lack of shared rules and practices. This has led in the past to: i) duplications of the advice on the status of the stocks thus adding confusion in the management process and, ii) a continuous managers’ interference in the scientific process by DG MARE officials hindering its transparency and independence. Thus, it is imperative that this stalemate is rapidly resolved and that the free role of science in Mediterranean fisheries assessment and management is urgently restored to assure the sustainable exploitation of Mediterranean marine resources in the future.

We conducted a review of small pelagic fisheries of anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) and sardine (Sardina pilchardus) in the northern Alboran Sea (western Mediterranean Sea). This overview focuses on a long historical series of landings (from the 1940s to the present), the number of fishery vessels (from the 1970s onward), the fishery effort during the last decade, and acoustic assessment. Sardine and anchovy landings since the 1940s show very strong oscillations. The highest landings correspond to periods when the Spanish fleet could fish in the southern part of the Alboran Sea: before 1959, Morocco was not yet an independent country and later in the 1980s due to fishing agreements with that country. The fleet has been decreasing, since 1973 till nowadays; in 2017 the fleet only represents 24% of that of the year 1973. Currently, landings are low and correspond only to fishing in the northern waters of the Alboran Sea.

Small pelagic fish (SPF) in the western Mediterranean Sea are key elements of the marine food web and are important in terms of biomass and fisheries catches. Significant declines in biomass, landings, and changes in the age/size structure of sardine Sardina pilchardus and anchovy Engraulis encrasicolus have been observed in recent decades, particularly in the northern area of the western Mediterranean Sea. To understand the different patterns observed in SPF populations, we analyzed key life history traits [total length at age, length at maturity, gonadosomatic index (GSI), and body condition (Kn)] of sardine and anchovy collected between 2003 and 2017, from different fishing harbors distributed along a latitudinal gradient from northern to southern Spain. We used Generalized Linear Models (GLM) to estimate the length at maturity and Generalized Additive Models (GAMs) to test the relationship with environmental variables (seawater temperature, water currents, and net primary productivity). The life history traits of both species presented seasonal, interannual and latitudinal differences with a clear decline in length at age, length at first maturity, and body condition, for both species in the northern part of the study area. In the southern part, on the contrary, life history traits did not present a clear temporal trend. The environmental conditions partially explained the long-term changes in life history traits, but the selected variables differed between areas, highlighting the importance of regional oceanographic conditions to understand the dynamics of small pelagic fish. The truncated length-at-age pattern for both species with the disappearance of the larger individuals of the population could have contributed to the poor condition of small pelagic fish populations in the northern part of the western Mediterranean Sea in recent years. In the south area, recent declines in body condition for sardine and anchovy were observed and could be a possible first s

En 1564, la mestiza Juana de Salas, menor de edad, denunciaba ante la Audiencia de Nueva Galicia a Inés de Paz, viuda del oidor Pedro de Morones, por el sueldo que le debía por su prestación de servicios como criada. Este trabajo pretende analizar principios y procedimientos del actual proceso laboral que pueden observarse en dicho pleito, a pesar de la distancia temporal y de las diferencias de sus marcos jurídicos., In 1564, the half-breed Juana de Salas, a minor, denounced Inés de Paz, widow of the oidor Pedro de Morones, before the Audiencie of New Galicia, for the salary she owed him for her services as a servant. This work aims to analyse the principles and procedures of the current labour process that can be observed in this lawsuit, despite the temporal distance and the differences in its legal frameworks.

Time series of European sardine (Sardina pilchardus) landings from 1962 and environmental variables from 1978 in the northern Alboran Sea are analysed. European sardine spawns in the northern Alboran Sea from mid-autumn to late winter at a temperature range slightly higher than the one observed in the nearby Eastern North Atlantic and the North Western Mediterranean. Individuals hatched during autumn and winter are incorporated to the fishery during the following summer and autumn producing the maximum annual landings. These landings show both a decreasing long-term trend and a strong inter-annual variability. Although further research is needed, the warming trend of sea surface temperature and the decrease in upwelling intensity inferred from empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analyses could have some influence on the negative trends of sardine landings. The inter-annual variability of sardine abundance seems to be related to the wind intensity at a local scale, the second principal component of the chlorophyll concentration and the sardine abundance during the preceding year. If the inter-annual variability is considered, a linear model including these three variables with a one-year time lag allows to explain 79% of the sardine landings variance. If the negative linear trend is also considered, the model explains 86% of the variance. These results indicate that the body condition of spawners, linked to the food availability during the preceding year, is the main factor controlling the recruitment success. The possibility of predicting sardine landings 1 year in advance could have important implications for fishery management.

Durante esta mesa redonda, mujeres con una gran experiencia en importantes expediciones por todo el mundo, contaron su experiencia y compartieron anécdotas. Esta mesa tenía como objetivo servir de inspiración a jóvenes oceanógrafos a través de referentes femeninos y, a su vez, sirvió para evidenciar algunos de los problemas que se tratarían al día siguiente durante las mesas de debate. Participaron Ana Ramos y Ana Giráldez, participantes en la primera campaña antártida española; Belén Alonso, pionera en geología marina; y María Gómez, jefa del Área de Medio Marino del IEO con más de 50 campañas a sus espaldas

In the Northwestern Mediterranean Sea, the European sardine (Sardina pilchardus) and the European anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) are the most important small pelagic fish in terms of biomass and commercial interest. During the last years, these species have experimented changes in their abundance and biomass trends in the Northwestern Mediterranean Sea, in addition to changes in growth, reproduction and body condition. These species are particularly sensitive to environmental fluctuations with possible cascading effects as they play a key role in connecting the lower and upper trophic levels of marine food webs. It is therefore essential to understand the factors that most profoundly affect sardine and anchovy dynamics. This study used a two-step approach to understand how the environment influences the adult stages of these species in the Northwestern Mediterranean Sea. First, we explored the effects of environmental change over time using Random Forests and available datasets of species occurrence, abundance, biomass and landings. We then applied species distribution models to test the impact of the extreme pessimistic and optimistic Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) pathway scenarios, and to identify possible climate refuges: areas where these species may be able to persist under future environmental change. Findings from the temporal modeling showed mixed effects between environmental variables and for anchovy and sardine datasets. Future pathway projections highlight that both anchovy and sardine will undergo a reduction in their spatial distributions due to future climate conditions. The future climate refuges are the waters around the Rhone River (France) and the Ebro River (Spain) for both species. This study also highlights important knowledge gaps in our understanding of the dynamics of small pelagic fish in the region, which is needed to progress towards an ecosystem approach to fisheries management

The influence of hydrochemistry and trophic conditions on the coastal zooplankton community’s biomass and metabolic activities was investigated along the Spanish Mediterranean coastal waters, from Algeciras Bay to Barcelona, from autumn 2011 to autumn 2012. Two hydrographic regions were differentiated: NW Alboran (ALB) and W Mediterranean (MED). Zooplankton metabolism was assessed from measurements of the electron transport system (ETS) and aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (AARS) activities, as proxies for potential respiration and somatic growth, respectively. Zooplankton showed three to fivefold higher biomass in ALB than in MED during autumn 2011 and spring 2012. However, in autumn 2012, a drastic decrease in biomass standing stock was observed in ALB, with no significant differences between the two regions. This biomass depletion event was not associated with environmental variables, food availability or zooplankton metabolic rates, but coincided with a twofold peak of Sardina pilchardus landings in ALB. A reduced standing stock coupled with high zooplankton growth rates suggests mortality by predation as the main cause for the low zooplankton biomass typically observed in MED, and in ALB during autumn 2012.

The status of the sardine and anchovy stocks in GSA 06 and GSA 07 were investigated using statistical catch-at-age (a4a) and two-stage biomass models. Life-history parameters of both species were reviewed and new estimates of the von Bertalanffy growth parameters (improving the value of t0) were used. The input data to the stock assessment model were updated, as required (including the natural mortality parameter, M). The new estimates for the growth parameters were for European sardine: Linf = 20.1 cm TL, k = 0.817 yr-1, t0 = -0.246 yr, and for European anchovy: Linf = 18.0 cm TL, k = 0.984 yr-1, t0 = -0.255 yr. [...]