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1. In vitro phenotypic characterisation of two genotype I African swine fever viruses with genomic deletion isolated from Sardinian wild boars

Author

Franzoni, Giulia, Fiori, Mariangela S., Mura, Lorena, Carta, Tania, Di Nardo, Antonello, Floris, Matteo, Ferretti, Luca, Zinellu, Susanna, Angioi, Pier Paolo, Sechi, Anna Maria, Carusillo, Francesca, Brundu, Diego, Fadda, Manlio, Bazzardi, Riccardo, Giammarioli, Monica, Cappai, Stefano, Dei Giudici, Silvia, and Oggiano, Annalisa

Published
2024
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2. Genetic Characterization of African Swine Fever Italian Clusters in the 2022–2023 Epidemic Wave by a Multi-Gene Approach.

Author

Giammarioli, Monica, Torresi, Claudia, Biccheri, Roberta, Cammà, Cesare, Marcacci, Maurilia, Dondo, Alessandro, Razzuoli, Elisabetta, Fusco, Giovanna, Casalinuovo, Francesco, Scicluna, Maria Teresa, Dei Giudici, Silvia, Martin, Ana Maria Moreno, Rossi, Elisabetta, Casciari, Cristina, Pela, Michela, Iscaro, Carmen, Gallardo, Carmina, Marocco, Gaia, Orrico, Mario, and Feliziani, Francesco

Subjects
*AFRICAN swine fever virus, *WILD boar, *GENOTYPES, *AFRICAN swine fever
Abstract

The first report of African swine fever virus (ASFV) genotype II in Italy in 2022 marked the beginning of a significant invasion in at least eight Italian regions with different infection clusters. In this study, we used the multi-gene approach to investigate the epidemiological associations between ASFV strains causing cases and outbreaks in wild boar and pigs in Italy from January 2022 to the end of 2023. Our results confirm that all the tested ASFV-positive Italian samples belonged to genotype II and show high homology with genotype II ASFV sequences previously collected in Eurasian countries. Molecular characterization revealed the presence of four genetic groups in Italy. The majority of African swine fever (ASF) samples analyzed in the current study (72%) belonged to genetic group 3, which was the most representative in Europe. The results also provide evidence of the prevalence of genetic group 19 (15.9%). In addition, we identified new putative genetic groups, genetic group 25 (9.1%) and genetic group 26 (3.0%), which have never been described before. This is the first detailed report on the molecular characterization of more than 130 ASFV strains circulating in Italy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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3. Simultaneous Detection of Antigen and Antibodies of African Swine Fever in a Novel Combo Lateral Flow Assay

Author

Aira, Cristina, primary, González-García, Gabriela, additional, Martínez-Cano, Juan, additional, de la Roja, Nuria, additional, Giammarioli, Monica, additional, Feliziani, Francesco, additional, Šteingolde, Žanete, additional, Buitkuviene, Jurate, additional, Václavek, Petr, additional, Glišić, Dimitrije, additional, Gallardo, Carmina, additional, Sastre, Patricia, additional, García-Durán, Marga, additional, Rueda, Paloma, additional, and Fresco-Taboada, Alba, additional

Published
2024
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4. Assessment of BoAHV-1 Seronegative Latent Carrier by the Administration of Two Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis Live Marker Vaccines in Calves

Author

Petrini, Stefano, primary, Righi, Cecilia, additional, Costantino, Giulia, additional, Scoccia, Eleonora, additional, Gobbi, Paola, additional, Pellegrini, Claudia, additional, Pela, Michela, additional, Giammarioli, Monica, additional, Viola, Giulio, additional, Sabato, Roberto, additional, Tinelli, Elena, additional, and Feliziani, Francesco, additional

Published
2024
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6. Genomic Characterization of a Wild-Type Bovine alphaherpesvirus 1 (BoAHV-1) Strain Isolated in An Outbreak in Central Italy

Author

Petrini, Stefano, primary, Curini, Valentina, additional, Righi, Cecilia, additional, Cammà, Cesare, additional, Di Lollo, Valeria, additional, Tinelli, Elena, additional, Mincarelli, Luana Fiorella, additional, Rossi, Elisabetta, additional, Costantino, Giulia, additional, Secondini, Barbara, additional, Pirani, Silvia, additional, Giammarioli, Monica, additional, and Feliziani, Francesco, additional

Published
2024
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7. High-Pressure Processing of Different Tissue Homogenates from Pigs Challenged with the African Swine Fever Virus.

Author

Petrini, Stefano, Brutti, Andrea, Casciari, Cristina, Calderone, Davide, Pela, Michela, Giammarioli, Monica, Righi, Cecilia, and Feliziani, Francesco

Subjects
AFRICAN swine fever, AFRICAN swine fever virus, SWINE, SWINE industry, TISSUES
Abstract

African swine fever (ASF) is a disease that is a growing threat to the global swine industry. Regulations and restrictions are placed on swine movement to limit the spread of the virus. However, these are costly and time-consuming. Therefore, this study aimed to determine if high-pressure processing (HPP) sanitization techniques would be effective against the ASF virus. Here, it was hypothesized that HPP could inactivate or reduce ASF virus infectivity in tissue homogenates. To test this hypothesis, 30 aliquots of each homogenate (spleen, kidney, loin) were challenge-infected with the Turin/83 strain of ASF, at a 10 7.20 median hemadsorption dose (HAD)50/mL. Subsequently, eight aliquots of each homogenate were treated with 600 millipascal (600 MPa) HPP for 3, 5, and 7 min. Six untreated aliquots were used as the controls. Virological results showed a reduction in the viral titer of more than 7-log. These results support the validity of the study hypothesis since HPP treatment was effective in inactivating ASFV in artificially prepared samples. Overall, this study suggests the need for further investigation of other ASFV-contaminated meat products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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8. Molecular Detection and Genetic Characterization of Bovine Kobuvirus (BKV) in Diarrhoeic Calves in a Central Italy Herd

Author

Righi, Cecilia, primary, Curini, Valentina, additional, Torresi, Claudia, additional, Cammà, Cesare, additional, Pirani, Silvia, additional, Di Lollo, Valeria, additional, Gobbi, Paola, additional, Giammarioli, Monica, additional, Viola, Giulio, additional, Pela, Michela, additional, Feliziani, Francesco, additional, and Petrini, Stefano, additional

Published
2023
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9. Complete Genome of African Swine Fever Virus Genotype II in Central Italy

Author

Giammarioli, Monica, primary, Marcacci, Maurilia, additional, Scicluna, Maria Teresa, additional, Cersini, Antonella, additional, Torresi, Claudia, additional, Curini, Valentina, additional, Ancora, Massimo, additional, Rinaldi, Antonio, additional, Sala, Marcello Giovanni, additional, Rossi, Elisabetta, additional, Casciari, Cristina, additional, Pela, Michela, additional, Pellegrini, Claudia, additional, Iscaro, Carmen, additional, Cammà, Cesare, additional, and Feliziani, Francesco, additional

Published
2023
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10. Molecular Characterization of the First African Swine Fever Virus Genotype II Strains Identified from Mainland Italy, 2022

Author

Giammarioli, Monica, primary, Alessandro, Dondo, additional, Cammà, Cesare, additional, Masoero, Loretta, additional, Torresi, Claudia, additional, Marcacci, Maurilia, additional, Zoppi, Simona, additional, Curini, Valentina, additional, Rinaldi, Antonio, additional, Rossi, Elisabetta, additional, Casciari, Cristina, additional, Pela, Michela, additional, Pellegrini, Claudia, additional, Iscaro, Carmen, additional, and Feliziani, Francesco, additional

Published
2023
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13. Assessment of Different Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis Marker Vaccines in Calves

Author

Petrini, Stefano, primary, Martucciello, Alessandra, additional, Righi, Cecilia, additional, Cappelli, Giovanna, additional, Torresi, Claudia, additional, Grassi, Carlo, additional, Scoccia, Eleonora, additional, Costantino, Giulia, additional, Casciari, Cristina, additional, Sabato, Roberto, additional, Giammarioli, Monica, additional, De Carlo, Esterina, additional, and Feliziani, Francesco, additional

Published
2022
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15. SARS-CoV-2 Delta VOC in a Paucisymptomatic Dog, Italy

Author

Pascucci, Ilaria, primary, Paniccià, Marta, additional, Giammarioli, Monica, additional, Biagetti, Massimo, additional, Duranti, Anna, additional, Campomori, Pamela, additional, Smilari, Valerio, additional, Ancora, Massimo, additional, Scialabba, Silvia, additional, Secondini, Barbara, additional, Cammà, Cesare, additional, and Lorusso, Alessio, additional

Published
2022
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18. First Survey of SNPs in TMEM154, TLR9, MYD88 and CCR5 Genes in Sheep Reared in Italy and Their Association with Resistance to SRLVs Infection

Author

Arcangeli, Chiara, primary, Lucarelli, Daniele, additional, Torricelli, Martina, additional, Sebastiani, Carla, additional, Ciullo, Marcella, additional, Pellegrini, Claudia, additional, Felici, Andrea, additional, Costarelli, Silva, additional, Giammarioli, Monica, additional, Feliziani, Francesco, additional, Passamonti, Fabrizio, additional, and Biagetti, Massimo, additional

Published
2021
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20. Evaluation of Safety and Efficacy of an Inactivated Marker Vaccine against Bovine alphaherpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) in Water Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)

Author

Petrini, Stefano, primary, Martucciello, Alessandra, additional, Grandoni, Francesco, additional, De Matteis, Giovanna, additional, Cappelli, Giovanna, additional, Giammarioli, Monica, additional, Scoccia, Eleonora, additional, Grassi, Carlo, additional, Righi, Cecilia, additional, Fusco, Giovanna, additional, Galiero, Giorgio, additional, Pela, Michela, additional, De Mia, Gian, additional, and De Carlo, Esterina, additional

Published
2021
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22. African Swine Fever Circulation among Free-Ranging Pigs in Sardinia: Data from the Eradication Program

Author

Franzoni, Giulia, primary, Dei Giudici, Silvia, additional, Loi, Federica, additional, Sanna, Daria, additional, Floris, Matteo, additional, Fiori, Mariangela, additional, Sanna, Maria Luisa, additional, Madrau, Paola, additional, Scarpa, Fabio, additional, Zinellu, Susanna, additional, Giammarioli, Monica, additional, Cappai, Stefano, additional, De Mia, Gian Mario, additional, Laddomada, Alberto, additional, Rolesu, Sandro, additional, and Oggiano, Annalisa, additional

Published
2020
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25. Detection of anti-HEV antibodies and RNA of HEV in pigs from a hyperendemic Italian region with high human seroprevalence.

Author

Martino, Camillo, Rampacci, Elisa, Pierini, Ilaria, Giammarioli, Monica, Stefanetti, Valentina, Hyatt, Doreene R, Ianni, Andrea, Paolo, Giovanni Di, Coletti, Mauro, and Passamonti, Fabrizio

Subjects
LIVER analysis, ANIMAL experimentation, INFECTIOUS disease transmission, ENZYME-linked immunosorbent assay, HEPATITIS E, HEPATITIS viruses, IMMUNOGLOBULINS, POLYMERASE chain reaction, RNA, SWINE, VIRAL antibodies, REVERSE transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, DISEASE risk factors
Abstract

Background Pigs are considered the main reservoir of genotypes 3 and 4 of hepatitis E virus (HEV), which is the major cause of acute hepatitis of viral origin in humans worldwide. An increasing number of autochthonous HEV infections have been observed in recent years in industrialized countries, most likely as a result of zoonotic transmission through the consumption of raw or undercooked meat products. Methods Two hundred and thirty-three blood and liver samples were collected at four different local slaughterhouses from domestic pigs bred in Abruzzo, a region of south-central Italy, where there is the highest human seroprevalence to HEV compared with the rest of Italy. An indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit was used for detecting anti-HEV IgG in the sera, while the presence of HEV RNA was investigated by performing a real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results Between 87.3% and 100% of swine serum samples collected in different slaughterhouses of Abruzzo were positive for anti-HEV antibodies. Conversely, none of the liver samples collected from the same animals were positive for HEV by real-time RT-PCR. Conclusions The hypothesis of foodborne zoonotic transmission from local pigs as responsible for the hyperendemic status of Abruzzo cannot be corroborated. However, the high seroprevalence observed in pigs indicates that HEV is highly circulating in these territories. We propose to further investigate the role of wild fauna and trade in carrier pigs, and the maintenance of HEV virulence in the environment and meat supply chain to shed light on the possible sources of human infection and the degree of occupational risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2021
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29. Maedi-visna virus in Turkish sheep: a preliminary serological survey using ELISA tests

Author

PREZIUSO, Silvia, OR, Mehmet Erman, GIAMMARIOLI, Monica, and KAYAR, Abdullah

Subjects
Key words: ELISA,maedi-visna virus,sheep,Turkey,p25,gp44
Abstract

The maedi-visna virus (MVV) is distributed worldwide and, to date, no epidemiological surveys have been carried out using ELISA testing in Turkey. The aims of this study were as follows: i) to verify the diagnostic performance of a home-made ELISA test (HM-ELISA) using Turkish ovine sera in comparison with other commercially available ELISA tests, and ii) to perform a preliminary epidemiological survey in İstanbul province. The MVV seroprevalence in İstanbul province was 15.3%. Older sheep were 5 times more likely to be positive than younger animals, ewes were 3 times more likely to be positive than rams, and all the Red Karaman and White Karaman sheep tested were seronegative. The performance of the HM-ELISA and that of the other commercial tests using Turkish ovine serum samples was similar; therefore, the HM-ELISA test is suitable for use in extensive epidemiological surveys and eradication programs in Turkey.

Published
2014

30. Genetic characterization of bovine respiratory syncytial virus strains isolated in Italy: evidence for the circulation of new divergent clades.

Author

Bertolotti, Luigi, Giammarioli, Monica, and Rosati, Sergio

Subjects
BOVINE respiratory syncytial virus, HEALTH of cattle
Abstract

Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) is circulating in cattle in Europe. Although vaccination helps control the disease, its prevalence within and among herds remains high. Previous genetic characterization studies revealed a strict geographic correlation between viral variants; on the other hand, they showed the emergence of new variants in northern Europe. Few studies have described BRSV distribution, and little is known about the genetic features of BRSV strains circulating in Italy. We studied sample-positive tests for BRSV, and sequenced the coding regions of the G and N proteins to determine the presence of divergent variants. Two different sets of sequences were found, including in samples from animals from vaccinated herds. The 2 groups of sequences correspond to 2 time periods and suggest an active role of herd immunity in preventing the spread of infection. Our findings that different strains of BRSV are circulating in Italy and that the virus is evolving rapidly highlight the importance of updating vaccination strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2018
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31. Ring Trial on African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV) Real-Time PCR

Author

Fernandez-Pinero, Jovita, Gallardo, Carmina, Elizalde, Maia, Rasmussen, Thomas Bruun, Stahl, Karl, Loeffen, Willie, Blome, Sandra, Batten, Carrie, Crooke, Helen, Le Potier, Marie-Frederique, Uttenthal, Åse, Leblanc, Niel, Michaud, Vincent, Kowalczyk, Andrzej, Markowska-Daniel, Iwona, Tignon, Marylene, Iscaro, Carmen, Giammarioli, Monica, Arias, Marisa, and Hoffmann, Bernds

Subjects
Ring trial, African swine fever, Diagnostics, Real-time PCR
Published
2011

32. Detection of Classical swine fever virus infection by individual oral fluid of pigs following experimental inoculation.

Author

Petrini, Stefano, Pierini, Ilaria, Giammarioli, Monica, Feliziani, Francesco, and De Mia, Gian Mario

Subjects
CLASSICAL swine fever, INJECTIONS, VIRAL antibodies
Abstract

We evaluated the use of oral fluid as an alternative to serum samples for Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) detection. Individual oral fluid and serum samples were collected at different times post-infection from pigs that were experimentally inoculated with CSFV Alfort 187 strain. We found no evidence of CSFV neutralizing antibodies in swine oral fluid samples under our experimental conditions. In contrast, real-time reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction could detect CSFV nucleic acid from the oral fluid as early as 8 d postinfection, which also coincided with the time of initial detection in blood samples. The probability of CSFV detection in oral fluid was identical or even higher than in the corresponding blood sample. Our results support the feasibility of using this sampling method for CSFV genome detection, which may represent an additional cost-effective tool for CSF control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2017
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33. Extended Genetic Diversity of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus and Frequency of Genotypes and Subtypes in Cattle in Italy between 1995 and 2013

Author

Luzzago, Camilla, primary, Lauzi, Stefania, additional, Ebranati, Erika, additional, Giammarioli, Monica, additional, Moreno, Ana, additional, Cannella, Vincenza, additional, Masoero, Loretta, additional, Canelli, Elena, additional, Guercio, Annalisa, additional, Caruso, Claudio, additional, Ciccozzi, Massimo, additional, De Mia, Gian Mario, additional, Acutis, Pier Luigi, additional, Zehender, Gianguglielmo, additional, and Peletto, Simone, additional

Published
2014
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34. Detection of Classical swine fever virusinfection by individual oral fluid of pigs following experimental inoculation

Author

Petrini, Stefano, Pierini, Ilaria, Giammarioli, Monica, Feliziani, Francesco, and De Mia, Gian Mario

Abstract

We evaluated the use of oral fluid as an alternative to serum samples for Classical swine fever virus(CSFV) detection. Individual oral fluid and serum samples were collected at different times post-infection from pigs that were experimentally inoculated with CSFV Alfort 187 strain. We found no evidence of CSFV neutralizing antibodies in swine oral fluid samples under our experimental conditions. In contrast, real-time reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction could detect CSFV nucleic acid from the oral fluid as early as 8 d postinfection, which also coincided with the time of initial detection in blood samples. The probability of CSFV detection in oral fluid was identical or even higher than in the corresponding blood sample. Our results support the feasibility of using this sampling method for CSFV genome detection, which may represent an additional cost-effective tool for CSF control.

Published
2017
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42. Detection of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virusfrom Three Water Buffalo Fetuses (Bubalus Bubalis) in Southern Italy

Author

Martucciello, Alessandra, De Mia, Gian Mario, Giammarioli, Monica, De Donato, Immacolata, Iovane, Giuseppe, and Galiero, Giorgio

Abstract

Bovine viral diarrhea virus(BVDV) is an important pathogen that primarily infects ruminants, leading to several clinical problems including abortion. BVDV-specific antibodies were reported in a wide range of hosts within domestic and wildlife animal populations, and serological studies also indicated BVDV infection in buffaloes. The purpose of this study was to analyze the presence of BVDV in 2 water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) herds with a history of abortion. Virus isolation from aborted fetuses and from maternal buffy coat and the molecular characterization of the isolates confirmed the presence of BVDV in these animals. The sequence analysis based on the 5′ UTR and Nprocoding regions of the Pestivirusgenome revealed that the isolates belong to subgenotype 1b of BVDV. The findings of this study also suggest a possible role of BVDV in causing congenital infection in water buffalo. Its presence in fetal tissues as well as in maternal blood raises questions about the possible development of clinical disease or its influence in abortions in water buffalo.

Published
2009
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43. Early Induction of Interleukin-12 by Human Monocytes Exposed to Cryptococcus neoformansMannoproteins

Author

Pitzurra, Lucia, Cherniak, Robert, Giammarioli, Monica, Perito, Stefano, Bistoni, Francesco, and Vecchiarelli, Anna

Abstract

ABSTRACTInterleukin-12 (IL-12) production by human monocytes stimulated with mannoproteins (MPs) of Cryptococcus neoformanswas investigated. The results reported show that secreted or cell-associated MPs induce an early and significant production of IL-12. MPs show different capabilities to quantitatively affect IL-12 production; MP2, an 8.2-kDa MP purified from the culture supernatant ofC. neoformans, appears to be the most potent stimulator. Cytochalasin B inhibits both internalization and IL-12 induction by MP. In addition, a drastic reduction of IL-12 was observed when monocytes were cultured in the absence of normal human serum or treated with soluble mannan. Early production of IL-12 promotes early secretion of gamma interferon by T cells but does not influence the magnitude of the MP-induced lymphoproliferative response. Overall our results identify cryptococcal antigens responsible for rapid and potent induction of IL-12 in monocytes. MPs appear to regulate IL-12 secretion by internalization via the endocytic pathway and by interaction with monocyte receptors or serum factors.

Published
2000
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44. Glycosaminoglycan profile in macrophages exposed to Candida albicansand interleukins

Author

Bodo, Maria, Blasi, Elisabetta, Becchetti, Ennio, Giammarioli, Monica, Conte, Carmela, Bellocchio, Silvia, Baroni, Tiziano, Bellucci, Catia, and Bistoni, Francesco

Abstract

Glycosaminoglycans (GAG), are extracellular matrix macromolecules that affect the phagocytic properties of macrophages. In order to assess whether the interaction between macrophages and Candida albicans(iCa) provokes changes in the phenotype, we analyzed the GAG profiles in two macrophage lines, ANA‐1 (from murine bone‐marrow) and BV‐2 (from murine brain). We also investigated GAG modulation by interleukin‐1α (IL‐1α) and interleukin‐6 (IL‐6). During iCa treatment and even after the addition of ILs, ANA‐1 accumulated less total GAG compared to controls. IL‐1 treatment, combined with iCa exposure, induced a decrease in heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate chains, and an increase in the hyaluronic acid percentage. IL‐6 treatment, with or without iCa, decreased the hyaluronic acid/sulfated GAG ratio. The GAG pattern in BV‐2 appears to be different to ANA‐1 and iCa exposure does not induce any difference in total GAG. The inhibitory effect induced by ILs on GAG synthesis is less than that observed in ANA‐1 and the GAG elution profile is modulated to a lesser extent by treatment with ILs and/or iCa compared to the ANA‐1. We suggest that the observed changes in the expression of the individual GAG classes may be responsible for the macrophage functional heterogeneity. J. Leukoc. Biol.64: 650–656; 1998.

Published
1998
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45. Development and Field Testing of a Real-Time PCR Assay for Caprine Arthritis-Encephalitis-Virus (CAEV).

Author

Brajon G, Mandas D, Liciardi M, Taccori F, Meloni M, Corrias F, Montaldo C, Coghe F, Casciari C, Giammarioli M, and Orrù G

Abstract

Caprine arthritis/encephalitis (CAE) of goats and occasionally sheep are persistent virus infections caused by a lentivirus (CAEV). This viral infection results in arthritis in adult animals and encephalitis in kids. Prognosis for the encephalitic form is normally poor, with substantial economic loss for the farm. In this context an early/fast laboratory diagnosis for CAEV infection could be useful for effective prophylactic action. In this work we performed a quantitative real time PCR designed on the CAEV env gene to detect/quantify in goat/sheep samples, viral RNA or proviral DNA forms of CAEV. This procedure was validated in 15 sheep, experimentally infected with CAEV or with a highly correlated lentivirus (visna maedi, MVV); in addition, a total of 37 clinical goat specimens recruited in CAEV positive herds were analyzed and compared using serological analysis (Elisa and AGID). All samples infected with MVV resulted negative. In sheep experimentally infected with CAEV, proviral DNA was detectable 15 days post infection, whereas the serological methods revealed an indicative positivity after 40-60 days.This method showed a sensitivity of 10(2) env fragments/PCR) with a linear dynamic range of quantitation from 10(3) to 10(7)env fragments/PCR; the R2 correlation coefficient was 0.98. All subjects with a clinical diagnosis for Caprine Arthritis-Encephalitis (CAE) resulted CAEV DNA positive.

Published
2012
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46. Genetic heterogeneity of small ruminant lentiviruses involves immunodominant epitope of capsid antigen and affects sensitivity of single-strain-based immunoassay.

Author

Grego E, Profiti M, Giammarioli M, Giannino L, Rutili D, Woodall C, and Rosati S

Subjects
Amino Acid Sequence, Animals, Antigens, Viral genetics, Arthritis-Encephalitis Virus, Caprine genetics, Arthritis-Encephalitis Virus, Caprine immunology, Goats, Immunoassay standards, Italy, Lentivirus immunology, Molecular Sequence Data, Phylogeny, Sensitivity and Specificity, Sheep, Visna-maedi virus genetics, Visna-maedi virus immunology, Capsid immunology, Genetic Heterogeneity, Immunodominant Epitopes genetics, Lentivirus genetics, Ruminants virology
Abstract

The pol and gag gene fragments of small ruminant lentivirus field isolates collected in the last decade in Italy were amplified, sequenced, and analyzed. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the majority of ovine isolates form a distinct cluster more similar to caprine lentivirus prototypes than to the visna virus prototype. These findings confirm and extend those reported by Leroux et al. (Arch. Virol., 142:1125-1137, 1997). Moreover, we observed that a variable region of Gag, included in the fragment analyzed, corresponded to one of the three major capsid antigen epitopes, which suggests that the antibody response to this epitope may be type specific. To test this hypothesis, two recombinant peptides, derived from the Icelandic prototype K1514 and this novel genotype, were expressed and used in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to screen a panel of ovine and caprine sera collected from different geographical locations in Italy. Several sera reacted in a type-specific manner, indicating that in a diagnostic setting the combination of at least these two type-specific peptides is necessary to cover a wide range of infections. Additionally, these results support the hypothesis of cross-species transmission based on the phylogenetic analysis described above. This has implications for the control and eradication of small ruminant lentivirus infections.

Published
2002
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