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Anaerobic low temperature conversion (LTC) converts organic residues such as animal meal or meat and bone meal (MBM) to bio-crude, a solid product, containing carbon and phosphorus, reaction water and non-condensable gases. The yield of bio-crude increases with the content of volatile solids. The efficiency of the conversion as well as the calorific value of the liquid fuel produced are favorably affected by the partial recycling of inorganic constituents, high amounts of volatile solids and a low percentage of heteroatoms present in the feeding material. Heating values are 32.3 MJ/kg for bio-crude from animal meal and 19.5 MJ/ kg for bio-crude from MBM. Both bio-crude and animal fat produced were effectively converted in a vertical reactor construction with a fixed bed of aluminosilicates of the zeolite family or acidic clays, respectively. Products are bio-fuels of varying chemical qualities. Depending on the reaction temperature and the catalyst type, aliphatic hydrocarbons (T=400°C, -97%) or alkylbenzenes (T = 550 °C) are the main products. The calorific values of these bio-fuels are in a range from 40.1 to 41.9 MJ/kg and the kinematic viscosities are between 0.9 and 2.29 mm 2 /s. The solid products of LTC from different biomass (sludge, animal meal, MBM) contain a significant amount of phosphorus. In the case of the solid product from MBM it was as high as 242 mg P 2 O 5 /g. Solubility in citric acid showed that in the case of MBM, 98.8 % of total phosphorus is potentially available to plants. Pot experiments demonstrated a similar plant growth as with other organic fertilizers.

Das Institut fur Praxisinformatik (IPI) und der Verband Schweizerischer Fachhauser fur Medizinal-Informatik (VSFM) haben sich zusammengetan, um die elektronische Dokumentation in Arztpraxen zufordern und ­deren Praxistauglichkeit sicherzustellen.

La FMH veut que l’informatique medicale reste aux mains des medecins et c’est pourquoi elle a cree l’IPI. Son directeur vient d’etre nomme et en profite pour se presenter dans l’article suivant.

Die Fuhrung im Bereich Praxisinformatik will die FMH in arztlichen Handen wissen. Zu diesem Zweck wurde das IPI gegrundet. Auch ein Geschaftsfuhrer wurde mittlerweile bestimmt, er stellt sich im folgenden Beitrag vor.

Anaphalis margaritacea, Gnaphalium chilense and G. microecephalum have been analyzed for flavonoid aglycones deposited externally on aerial parts. Anaphalis was found to produce, among others, several rare flavonoids, all of which are O-substituted in position 6 and mostly also in position 8. Both Gnaphalium species exhibit 3,5-dihydroxy-6,7,8-trim ethoxyflavone as the major exudate flavonoid.

Eine Sichtweise zur Einfuhrung des elektonischen Patientendossiers, gepragt von der praktischen Umsetzbarkeit in den Arztpraxen. Eine Frage lautete unter anderem: «Wie konnen wir die bis an die Grenzen belasteten Hausarzte motivieren, hier einen Zusatzaufwand zu treiben.»eine sinn- und massvolle Anschubfinanzierung sei notig.

Die Autoren sehen die Gefahr, dass der Arzteschaft bei Einfuhrung des elektronischen Patientendossiers praxisuntaugliche und teure IT-Losungen vom Bund aufgedrangt werden. Um dies zu verhindern, wurde das IPI gegrundet. Es soll rechtzeitig die Bedurfnisse der Arzte einbringen.

Aqueous acetone extracts of shoots of Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum) exhibit a strong inhibitory action against various coccoid and filamentous cyanobacteria and to a slightly less extent against chlorophytes and diatoms. Bioassay-directed fractionation led to the isolation of a hydrolysable polyphenol, tellimagrandin II, which turned out to be the main inhibitory substance. Myriophyllum spicatum contains large amounts of this compound (1.5% of dry wt). Part of the inhibitory activity is due to complexation and inactivation of algal extracellular enzymes (e.g. alkaline phosphatase) by hydrolysable polyphenols from M. spicatum.

Cell-free extracts from oak (Quercus robur) leaves catalyze the transfer of the galloyl-moiety of β-glucogallin (1-O-galloyl-β-D-glucopyranose) specifically to the 6-position of the same compound, yielding 1,6-di-O-galloyl-β-D-glucopyranose, an intermediate of gallotannin biosynthesis, β- Glucogallin thus functions as both donor and acceptor molecule in this reaction. The partial purification and some general properties of this new acyltransferase are reported.

Isoceroptene, a polyphenol isolated in trace amount from the farinose frond exudate of Pityro­gramma triangularis, is shown by spectroscopic means to possess the structure of one of the two possible “flavanone” isomers formed by ring closure of the “chalcone” ceroptene. The tautomeric structures best representing ceroptene and a related dihydrochalcone from Myrica gale are defined by 1H-NMR spectroscopy.

The white farinose exudate on the fronds of Cheilanthes argentea contains a series of flavanones as minor constituents. These were identified by spectroscopic methods as: 5,4′-diOH,6,7-diOMe flavanone and its 4′-OMe derivative, 5,4′-diOH,7,8-diOMe flavanone and its 4′-OMe derivative, 5,6-diOH,7,8,4′-triOMe flavanone, 5,4′-diOH, 6,7,8-triOMe flavanone and its 4′-OMe derivative. The farina of Notholaena limitanea var. mexicana contains eriodictyol-7,4′-di-methyl ether and eriodictyol-7,3′, 4′-trimethyl ether as minor components. Both compounds were also identified in the exudate of N. fendleri, together with naringenin-7-OMe and naringenin-4′-OMe. In N. lemmonii var. lemmonii trace amounts of 5-OH,7,3′,4′,5′-tetra-OMe flavanone were detected. Nine of these substances are novel natural flavanones.

The essential oil of Matricaria chamomilla roots has been investigated. Besides the known compounds for this plant organ trans-β-farnesene,trans-α-famesene, chamomillaester I and II, we found the two spiroether only described for the aeriel parts. β-caryophyllene, cis-caryo hyllene and caryophyllenepoxid are found for the first time in Matricaria chamomilla. One of the main constituents is a hitherto unknown sesquiterpene-alkohol with muurolene-structure. With the aid of spectroscopical data (1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, MS) we determined its structure. We propose the name chamomillol for the new compound. Besides the known resin ducts longitudinally orientated we found resin ducts transversally orientated and oil cells

A leaf-differentiating tissue culture which produced substantial amounts of pseudoisoeugenol- (2-methylbutyrate) has been used to examine the origin of the pseudoisoeugenol skeleton. 14Cand 13C-labelling revealed ʟ-phenylalanine, trans-cinnamic acid and p-coumaric acid as precursors. 13C-labelled precursors proved to be especially useful.

The mechanism of formation of the exocyclic dimeric π-enyl complex (C8H13PdCl)2 by reaction of 1,3-dimethylenecyclohexane, C8H12 with trans-PdCl2(C6H5CN)2 is discussed. Through UV, 1H NMR (90 MHz, 360 MHz) and 13C spectroscopic studies it was possible to show that the dimer is formed by the disproportionate of C8H12 to C8H14 and m-xylene, and further that it consists of diastereomeric products. The reaction of (-) R-3-methyl-1-methylencyclohexane, C8H14, with the Pd-salt confirms that during the reaction between C8H12 and trans-PdCl2(C6H5CN)2 no free C8H14 is formed in solution. Studies on cleavage reactions of the dimer are also described in this paper.

The 31P NMR Spectra of PCl3NPCl2O (1) and the homologous compounds 2-4 do not indicate any rotational isomers in the temperature range 183-413 K. The observed values for ν/2 depend on the viscosity of the solvent and on the temperature of the sample. They are reduced to T1 relaxation effects, where the spin rotational mechanism may be dominant in the case of the small molecules and the PCl3 group.

A procedure for the facile preparation of various 1- O -phenylcarboxyl-β- d -glucose esters has been developed. Although such compounds are widely distributed in higher plants, only fragmentary knowledge exists about their synthesis and properties. The method reported here utilizes a UDP-glucose-specific glucosyltransferase from oak leaves. Under the catalysis of this enzyme, several differently ring-substituted 1- O -benzoylglucoses were synthesized. The reaction products were purified by reversed-phase HPLC and characterized by uv, ir, and 1 H NMR spectroscopy. The described procedure appears most suitable for small-scale preparations sufficient for many biochemical investigations, and particularly for the synthesis of radioactively labeled esters.

By chromatography of the bark extract from Hamamelis virginiana a monogalloylhamamelose was isolated. It is shown by 13C N M R spectroscopy that this compound is a complex mixture of isomeric 5-galloylhamamelofuranoses, 2′-galloylhamamelofuranoses and 2′-galloylhamamelopyranoses. The same equilibrium of isomers is obtained by partial hydrolysis of hamamelitannin (1). Therefore it is concluded that the monogalloylhamamelose is formed in the bark by hydrolysis of 1 also.

The structure of verbascoside and isoverbascoside, isolated from the leaves of Paulownia tomentosa Steud. have been determined by NMR spectroscopy and partially hydrolysis to be β-(3.4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl-O-a-1-rhamnosyl(1→3)-β-D-(4-0-caffeoyl)-glucopyranoside (1) and β-(3.4-dihydroxypehenyl)ethyl-O-a-L-rhamnosyl(1→3)-β-D-(6-O-caffeoyl)- glucopyranoside (2)

A hitherto unknown chalkon (2′-hydroxy-4′,6′-dimethoxy-chalkon-4-glucoside) of European mistletoe (Viscum album L.) has been isolated and identified.

Cell-free extracts from Rhus typhina L. (staghorn sumach) leaves were found to catalyze the transfer of the galloyl moiety of β-glucogallin (1-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose) to 1,6-di-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose, resulting in the specific formation of 1,2,6-tri-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose, an intermediate of gallotannin biosynthesis. The reaction product was unequivocally identified by co-chromatography with authentic references using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and by (1)H-nuclear-magnetic-resonance spectroscopy.

The 31P NMR spectra of PCl3=N[PCl2 = N]nPCl2=S (n = O-2) undergo significant changes in ν/2 and 4JPP when the temperature is lowered. The effects are discussed in terms of T1 relaxation effects which may re­flect the mobility of phosphorus in compounds 1-3. Bei 31P-NMR-Untersuchungen an linearen Phosphorylphosphazenon der allgemeinen Struk­tur PCl3=N[PCl2=N]nPCl2=O (n=O-3) ha­ben wir eine höchst augenfällige Abhängigkeit der Parameter Kopplungskonstante, chemische Verschiebung und Halbwertsbreito ν/2 von Lö­sungsmittel und Temperatur festgestellt [1]. Die Änderungen von ν/2 betroffen dabei vor allem die ondständige PCls-Gruppo. Es konnte gezeigt werden, daß dieser Effekt wahrschein­lich durch Relaxation über den Spinrotations- Mechanismus (T1SR) zustande kommt. Um weiteres Untersuchungsmaterial in die Hände zu bekommen und um damit zu erkennen, in wel­chen Grenzen die beschriebenen Effekte auftreten, wurden nun auch die entsprechenden Thioanaloga in die Untersuchungen mit einbe­zogen.