Search

Objective. Sedation of neurocritically ill patients is one of the most challenging situation in ICUs. Quantitative knowledge on the sedation effect on brain activity in that complex scenario could help to uncover new markers for sedation assessment. Hence, we aim to evaluate the existence of changes of diverse EEG-derived measures in deeply-sedated (RASS-Richmond agitation-sedation scale -4 and -5) neurocritically ill patients, and also whether sedation doses are related with those eventual changes. Approach. We performed an observational prospective cohort study in the intensive care unit of the Hospital de la Princesa. Twenty-six adult patients suffered from traumatic brain injury and subarachnoid hemorrhage were included in the present study. Long-term continuous electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings (2141 h) and hourly annotated information were used to determine the relationship between intravenous sedation infusion doses and network and spectral EEG measures. To do that, two different strategies were followed: assessment of the statistical dependence between both variables using the Spearman correlation rank and by performing an automatic classification method based on a machine learning algorithm. Main results. More than 60% of patients presented a correlation greater than 0.5 in at least one of the calculated EEG measures with the sedation dose. The automatic classification method presented an accuracy of 84.3% in discriminating between different sedation doses. In both cases the nodes' degree was the most relevant measurement. Significance. The results presented here provide evidences of brain activity changes during deep sedation linked to sedation doses. Particularly, the capability of network EEG-derived measures in discriminating between different sedation doses could be the framework for the development of accurate methods for sedation levels assessment. Fil: Sanz García, Ancor. Universidad Autonoma de Madrid. Hospital Universitario de la Princesa; España Fil: Pérez Romero, Miriam. Universidad Autonoma de Madrid. Hospital Universitario de la Princesa; España Fil: Pastor, Jesús. Universidad Autonoma de Madrid. Hospital Universitario de la Princesa; España Fil: Sola, Rafael G.. Universidad Autonoma de Madrid. Hospital Universitario de la Princesa. Servicio de Neurocirugia. Grupo de Epilepsia; España Fil: Vega Zelaya, Lorena. Universidad Autonoma de Madrid. Hospital Universitario de la Princesa; España Fil: Vega, Gema. Universidad Autonoma de Madrid. Hospital Universitario de la Princesa; España Fil: Monasterio, Fernando. Universidad Autonoma de Madrid. Hospital Universitario de la Princesa; España Fil: Torrecilla, Carmen. Universidad Autonoma de Madrid. Hospital Universitario de la Princesa; España Fil: Pulido, Paloma. Universidad Autonoma de Madrid. Hospital Universitario de la Princesa. Servicio de Neurocirugia. Grupo de Epilepsia; España Fil: Ortega, Guillermo José. Universidad Autonoma de Madrid. Hospital Universitario de la Princesa; España. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina

ObjetivoElaborar el perfil del paciente con un inadecuado seguimiento y control de los factores de riesgo cardiovascular (FRCV) después de haber presentado un infarto agudo de miocardio (IAM).DiseñoEstudio de cohortes.EmplazamientoProvincia de Albacete.Nivel de atención primaria.ParticipantesCasos incidentes de IAM del registro IBERICA-Albacete que sobrevivieron a los 28 días.Mediciones principalesSe realizó una encuesta estructurada a pacientes, familiares o médicos de familia para conocer el seguimiento y control de los FRCV (hipertensión arterial [HTA], hipercolesterolemia, diabetes mellitus [DM], tabaquismo y obesidad), además del nivel de estudios, situación laboral y reincorporación al trabajo. Se definió como seguimiento inadecuado no realizar las visitas recomendadas, y como control inadecuado, si no se conseguían los niveles adecuados, o los pacientes fumaban. El análisis fue descriptivo y comparativo, bivariado y multivariado. La asociación se midió con el riesgo relativo (RR), y la estimación poblacional con el intervalo de confianza (IC) del 95%.ResultadosSe incluyó en el estudio a 655 pacientes; el 21% de ellos eran mujeres; el 46%, hipertensos; el 35%, hipercolesterolémicos; el 32%, diabéticos; el 36%, obesos y el 39%, fumadores activos, con una edad media de 61 años. En el seguimiento se produjo un 9% de pérdidas, y 576 pacientes presentaron algún FRCV: el 31% con inadecuado seguimiento (IC del 95%, 28-36) y el 46% con inadecuado control (IC del 95%, 41-51). El perfil de paciente con un seguimiento inadecuado era el de un joven, desempleado, con estudios universitarios, fumador, obeso y sin HTA; el del control inadecuado era un paciente fumador, diabético y desempleado.ConclusionesEl 31% de los pacientes con IAM realiza un seguimiento inadecuado de los FRCV a largo plazo, y el 46% un control inadecuado, y existen características en el IAM que los identifican.ObjectiveTo draw up a profile of patients with inadequate follow-up and control of cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF) after acute myocardial infarction (AMI).DesignCohort study.SettingPrimary care in Albacete, province of Castilla-La Mancha, Spain.ParticipantsAMI cases who survived at 28 days and recorded in the IBERICA-Albacete register.Main measurementsA structured survey of patients, families or family doctors to find out about the follow-up and control of CVRFs (arterial hypertension [AHT], hypercholesterolaemia, diabetes, smoking habits, and obesity), as well as education level, work situation and return to work. Inadequate follow-up is defined as when the recommended visits are not made, and inadequate control, when adequate levels are no obtained or they smoked. A descriptive, bivariate, and multivariate comparative analysis was performed. The association was measured using relative risk (RR), and the population estimation with the 95% confidence intervals (95% CI).ResultsThe sample included 21% females, 46% hypertensives, 35% with hypercholesterolaemia, 32% diabetics, 36% obeses, and 39% active smokers, with a mean age of 61 years. There was a 9% loss in follow-up, and 576 patients had a CVRF: 31% with inadequate follow-up (95% CI, 28-36) and 46% with inadequate control (95% CI, 41-51). The profile of a patient with inadequate follow-up was young, unemployed, with university education, smoker, obese and without AHT; that of an inadequately controlled patient was, a smoker, diabetic and unemployed.ConclusionsThere was inadequate follow-up of long term CVRFs in 31% of AMI patients, and 46% with inadequate control, there being characteristics in AMI that identify them.

Introduccion y objetivos La paraoxonasa 1 (PON1) y la paraoxonasa 2 (PON2) son enzimas antioxidantes cuyos polimorfismos PON1-192 y PON2-311 se han relacionado con el riesgo de infarto agudo de miocardio, con resultados discordantes. El objetivo de este estudio es determinar la asociacion con el riesgo de infarto agudo de miocardio (IAM) de los polimorfismos PON1-192 y PON2-311 y su interaccion. Metodos Se realizo un estudio de casos y controles en el que se recluto a 746 pacientes consecutivos con IAM y 1.796 controles libres de enfermedad cardiovascular seleccionados al azar de la misma poblacion de la que provenian los casos, en 4 comunidades autonomas espanolas entre 1999 y 2000. Se determinaron los polimorfismos PON1-192 y PON2-311, ademas de los factores clasicos de riesgo cardiovascular. Se estimaron modelos de regresion logistica para los analisis multivaribles. Resultados Las odds ratio (OR) del genotipo QQ del polimorfismo PON1-192 y el SS del PON2-311 (presen-tes en el 50 y el 66% de la poblacion, respectivamente) de presentar un IAM fueron 1,26 (intervalo de confianza [IC] del 95%, 1,02-1,55) y 1,25 (IC del 95%, 1,04-1,50), respectivamente, en comparacion con los portadores de los alelos R y C. Ademas, para los sujetos que presentan ambos genotipos QQ y SS, la OR ajustada de tener un IAM se incremento hasta 1,41 (IC del 95%, 1,13-1,76). Conclusiones Nuestros resultados indican que los polimorfismos PON1-192 y PON2-311 son factores de riesgo de IAM independientes en nuestra poblacion.

Introduccion y objetivos. Determinar el efecto de un tratamiento en estudios observacionales es problematico por las diferencias existentes entre tratados y no tratados. Un metodo propuesto para controlar estas diferencias es calcular la probabilidad condicionada por covariables de recibir el tratamiento, Propensity Score (PS). Presentamos una aplicacion de este metodo analizando la asociacion entre reperfusion y letalidad a 28 dias en pacientes con infarto agudo de miocardio (IAM). Metodo. Se presenta como calcular la PS de recibir reperfusion y las diferentes estrategias para analizar posteriormente su asociacion con la letalidad mediante modelos de regresion y apareamiento. Utilizamos datos de un registro poblacional de IAM realizado en Espana entre 1997 y 1998 que incluyo 6.307 IAM. Resultados. Se calculo la PS de reperfusion en 5.622 pacientes. En el analisis multivariado la reperfusion se asocio con menor letalidad (odds ratio [OR] = 0,59; intervalo de confianza [IC] del 95%, 0,46-0,77); al ajustar ademas por la PS de reperfusion esta asociacion no fue significativa (OR = 0,76; IC del 95%, 0,57-1,01). En el subgrupo de pacientes apareados, tratados y no tratados con PS de reperfusion similar (n = 3.138), este tratamiento no se asocio con letalidad (OR = 0,95; IC del 95%, 0,72-1,26). Controlando el impacto de los casos con datos insuficientes en la PS de reperfusion, esta se asocio con menor letalidad (OR = 0,66; IC del 95%, 0,55-0,80). Conclusiones. El calculo de la PS es un metodo para controlar las diferencias entre los grupos tratado y no tratado. Tiene limitaciones cuando el apareamiento es incompleto o hay datos insuficientes en la PS calculada. Los resultados del ejemplo presentado indican que la reperfusion reduce la letalidad del IAM.

OBJECTIVE: To draw up a profile of patients with inadequate follow-up and control of cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF) after acute myocardial infarction (AMI). DESIGN: Cohort study. SETTING: Primary care in Albacete, province of Castilla-La Mancha, Spain. PARTICIPANTS: AMI cases who survived at 28 days and recorded in the IBERICA-Albacete register. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: A structured survey of patients, families or family doctors to find out about the follow-up and control of CVRFs (arterial hypertension [AHT], hypercholesterolaemia, diabetes, smoking habits, and obesity), as well as education level, work situation and return to work. Inadequate follow-up is defined as when the recommended visits are not made, and inadequate control, when adequate levels are no obtained or they smoked. A descriptive, bivariate, and multivariate comparative analysis was performed. The association was measured using relative risk (RR), and the population estimation with the 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). RESULTS: The sample included 21% females, 46% hypertensives, 35% with hypercholesterolaemia, 32% diabetics, 36% obeses, and 39% active smokers, with a mean age of 61 years. There was a 9% loss in follow-up, and 576 patients had a CVRF: 31% with inadequate follow-up (95% CI, 28-36) and 46% with inadequate control (95% CI, 41-51). The profile of a patient with inadequate follow-up was young, unemployed, with university education, smoker, obese and without AHT; that of an inadequately controlled patient was, a smoker, diabetic and unemployed. CONCLUSIONS: There was inadequate follow-up of long term CVRFs in 31% of AMI patients, and 46% with inadequate control, there being characteristics in AMI that identify them.

Two particular polymorphisms, namely PON1-192 and PON2-311, in the genes encoding the antioxidant enzymes paraoxonase-1 (PON1) and paraoxonase-2 (PON2) have been associated with an increased risk of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). However, previous findings have been contradictory. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between the PON1-192 and PON2-311 polymorphisms and their interaction on AMI risk.This case-control study involved 746 consecutive AMI patients and 1796 control subjects without cardiovascular disease, who were randomly selected from the same population from which the patients came. All participants were recruited between 1999 and 2000 from four Spanish autonomous regions. All were assessed for the presence of PON1-192 and PON2-311 and for classical cardiovascular risk factors. Multivariate analysis was carried out using logistic regression modeling.The odds ratios (OR) of AMI for patients with the PON1-192 QQ and PON2-311 SS genotypes (who comprised 50% and 66% of the population, respectively) were 1.26 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02-1.55) and 1.25 (95% CI, 1.04-1.50), respectively, compared with R and C allele carriers. Moreover, in patients with both QQ and SS genotypes, the adjusted OR of AMI increased to 1.41 (95% CI, 1.13-1.76).Our results indicate that the PON1-192 and PON2-311 polymorphisms were independent risk factors of AMI in our population.

[Abstract] Background: Myocardial infarction (MI) incidence and mortality display a high geographic variation. Aims: The objective of the present study was to analyze MI mortality, cumulative incidence rate variability in seven regions of Spain from 1997 to 1998. Methods and Results: Standardized methods were used to identify, find, register, and classify MI cases that were classified as definite, possible, insufficient-dataMI, and non-MI. The total population of the seven monitored regions was 7,364,682 inhabitants. Of the 11,256 cases fulfilling eligibility criteria to investigate, 10,660 were selected to calculate MI rates: 6554 (61.5%)non-fatal definite MI, 1179 (11.1%)fatal definite MI, 1859 (17.4%)fatal possible MI, 1068 (10.0%)fatal cases with insufficient data. The IBERICA 25–74 years age-standardized cumulative incidence rates for men and women, were 207 (range: 175–252) and 45 (range: 36–65) per 100,000, respectively. The age-standardized mortality rates for men and women, were 73 (range: 62–94) and 20 (range: 13–29) per 100,000, respectively. Age-standardized case-fatality was 31.4 and 24.2% in men aged 25–74 and 35–64 years, respectively, and 32.7 and 27.0%, respectively, in women. Conclusions: MI cumulative incidence and mortality rates are low compared with other industrialized countries but, vary considerably among regions in a Mediterranean country like Spain. Cataluña. Comissió Interdepartamental de Recerca i Innovació Tecnològica; CIRIT/2001 SGR 00408 Instituto de Salud Carlos III; FIS 96/0026-01 to 05 Instituto de Salud Carlos III; FIS 97/1270 Instituto de Salud Carlos III; FIS 98/1535

[Abstract] Introduction and objectives. To determine the proportion of patients with myocardial infarction (MI) not admitted to a coronary care unit (CCU), the variables associated with admission into a CCU, and whether admission to a CCU, and the availability of coronary angiography in the same hospital, were associated with 28-day case fatality. Patients and method. Population-based registry of MI in patients 25 to 74 years of age, admitted during 1996-1998. Demographic and clinical characteristics were recorded, as well as management, clinical course and survival after 28 days. Hospitals were classified according to the availability of a CCU and catheterization laboratory (advanced hospital), CCU only (intermediate hospital) or neither (basic hospital). Admission to the CCU was also recorded. Results. In all, 9046 cases of MI were recorded; in 11.3% the patient was not admitted to a CCU. Age, smoking (OR=1.33; 95% CI, 1.08-1.64), non-Q MI (OR=0.62; 95% CI, 0.49-0.78) or undetermined location of MI (OR=0.34; 95% CI, 0.23-0.50), Killip 4 score on admission (OR=0.63; 95% CI, 0.40-1.00) and delay in arrival at the hospital >6 h were associated with CCU admission. Patients admitted to a CCU showed a lower case fatality in the first 24 h (4.2% vs 23.5%), which was independent of comorbidity, severity and treatment. The 24-hour survivors admitted to a basic hospital had higher case fatality (17.3% vs 7.8%) than other groups, which was related to differences in treatment. Conclusions. CCU admission is associated with a lower case fatality in the first 24 h. Admission to a basic hospital is associated with a higher 28-day case fatality even in patients who survive 24 h. [Resumen] Introducción y objetivos. Determinar el porcentaje de pacientes con infarto agudo de miocardio (IAM) que no ingresan en una unidad de cuidados intensivos coronaries (UCIC), las variables asociadas al ingreso en una UCIC y si el ingreso en una UCIC, su disponibilidad y la de hemodinámica en el hospital se asocian a la letalidad a 28 días. Pacientes y método. Registro poblacional (1996-1998) de casos de IAM en pacientes con edades comprendidas entre los 25 y los 74 años. Se recogieron variables demográficas, clínicas, el ingreso en UCIC y la letalidad a los 28 días. Se clasificaron los hospitales según la disponibilidad de UCIC y hemodinámica (hospital avanzado), solamente UCIC (hospital intermedio) o ninguno (hospital básico). Resultados. Se registraron 9.046 casos; el 11,3% no ingresó en una UCIC. La edad, el consumo de tabaco (odds ratio [OR] = 1,33; intervalo de confianza [IC] del 95%, 1,08-1,64), el infarto sin onda Q (OR = 0,62; IC del 95%, 0,49-0,78) o ilocalizable (OR = 0,34; IC del 95%, 0,23-0,50), el grado Killip 4 al ingreso (OR = 0,63; IC del 95%, 0,40-1,00) y el retraso > 6 h en llegar al hospital se asociaron al ingreso en UCIC. Los pacientes ingresados en UCIC presentaban menor letalidad que los ingresados en hospitales básicos en las primeras 24 h (el 4,2 frente al 23,5%), independientemente de la gravedad del IAM y de las variables relacionadas con el tratamiento. Los su-pervivientes a 24 h que ingresaban en un hospital bÁsico presentaban mayor letalidad a los 28 días (el 17,3 frente al 7,8%), relacionada con las variables de tratamiento. Conclusiones. El ingreso en una UCIC se asocia a una menor letalidad de los pacientes con IAM en las primeras 24 h. El ingreso en un hospital bÁsico se asocia a una mayor letalidad a los 28 días. Insituto de Salud Carlos III; FIS96/0026-01 to 05 Insituto de Salud Carlos III; FIS97/1270 Insituto de Salud Carlos III; FIS98/1535

[Resumen] Introducción y objetivos. Los datos sobre el manejo de los pacientes con infarto agudo de miocardio (IAM) que llegan a un hospital en España no garantizan la exhaustividad en el registro. El objetivo de este trabajo es conocer las características y el manejo de los pacientes con IAM que llegan a todos los hospitales de distintas áreas de 8 comunidades autónomas españolas. Métodos. El estudio IBERICA es un registro poblacional de IAM entre 25 y 74 años de edad realizado en ocho comunidades autónomas españolas. Para este trabajo se incluyeron los casos de IAM que llegaron vivos al hospital durante 1997. Se recogen las características, tratamiento y evolución a los 28 días del episodio. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo y se calculó el coeficiente de variación. Resultados. Se registraron 4.041 casos de IAM: el 79,9% eran varones y la edad media fue de 61,1 años. El 10,9% (IC del 95%: 9,9-11,9%) no ingresaron en una unidad de cuidados intensivos cardiológicos, existiendo una gran variabilidad entre las zonas (coeficiente de variación del 53%). Existe también una gran variabilidad en la realización e indicación de técnicas diagnósticas y terapéuticas invasivas y no invasivas, así como en el tratamiento farmacológico empleado: únicamente la utilización de antiagregantes (91,5%) Y trombólisis (41,8%) presenta un coeficiente de variación < 10%. La letilidad a los 28 días fue del 16,2% (IC del 95%: 15,1-17,4%) con un coeficiente de variación del 20,6%. Conclusión. Las características de los pacientes varían entre las zonas estudiadas. Las diferencias geográficas en el manejo y pronóstico sugieren que puede existir desigualdades en la atención al enfermo con IAM en España. [Abstract] Introduction and objective. Although some in-hospital studies have described the management of acute myocardial infarction (MI) patients in Spain, none has been able to guarantee the exhaustiveness of patient registry. This study sought to determine the clinical characteristics and in-hospital management of patients with MI in eight Spanish population registries. Methods. The IBERICA study is a population-based MI registry carried out in the 25 to 74 year-old population, in eight Spanish regions in 1997. A standardized methology was used to register and investigate all MI arriving alive to a hospital. Clinical characteristics, cardiovascular risk factors prevalence, pharmacological treatment, invasive and non- invasive procedures performed and complications at 28 days of evolution were recorded. A descriptive analysis was performed and the variation coefficient (VC) was calculated. Results. In 1997, 4,041 MI patients were registered, 79.9% were men with a mean age of 61.1 years. Although 10.9% (95% CI: 9.9-11.9%) were not admitted to the coronary care unit, a large variability existed among different areas (VC = 53%). There was a high variability in the utilization and performance of non-invasive and invasive procedures among regions, as well as in the use of pharmacological treatment. Only the use of antiaggregants (91.5%) and thrombolytic theraphy (41.8%) showed a low variability (VC < 10%). Twenty-eight day mortality was 16.2% (95% el: 15.1-17.4%) with a high variability being observed among the different regions (VC = 20.6%). Conclusion. Patient characteristics vary among the different Spanish regions. The differences in management and prognosis suggest a lack of equality in the health care provided to MI patients in the different regions in Spain.