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Surgeons, when dividing bypass tracts adjacent to the His bundle, considered them to be 'anteroseptal'. The area was subsequently recognized to be superior and paraseptal, although this description is not entirely accurate anatomically, and conveys little about the potential risk during catheter interventions. We now describe the area as being para-Hisian, and it harbours two types of accessory pathways. The first variant crosses the membranous septum to insert into the muscular ventricular septum without exiting the heart, and hence being truly septal. The second variant inserts distally in the paraseptal components of the supraventricular crest, and consequently is crestal. The site of ventricular insertion determines the electrocardiographic expression of pre-excitation during sinus rhythm, with the two types producing distinct patterns. In both instances, the QRS and the delta wave are positive in leads I, II, and aVF. In crestal pathways, however, the QRS is ≥ 140 ms, and exhibits an rS configuration in V1-2. The delta wave in V1-2 precedes by 20-50 ms the apparent onset of the QRS in I, II, III, and aVF. In the true septal pathways, the QRS complex occupies ∼120 ms, presenting a QS, W-shaped, morphology in V1-2. The delta wave has a simultaneous onset in all leads. Our proposed terminology facilitates the understanding of the electrocardiographic manifestations of both types of para-Hisian pathways during pre-excitation and orthodromic tachycardia, and informs on the level of risk during catheter ablation., (Published on behalf of the European Society of Cardiology. All rights reserved. © The Author(s) 2022. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

The mid-paraseptal region corresponds to the portion of the pyramidal space whose right atrial aspect is known as the triangle of Koch. The superior area of this mid-paraseptal region is also para-Hisian, and is close to the compact atrioventricular node and the His bundle. The inferior sector of the mid-paraseptal area is unrelated to the normal atrioventricular conduction pathways. It is, therefore, a safe zone in which, if necessary, to perform catheter ablation. The middle part of the mid-paraseptal zone may, however, in some patients, house components of the compact atrioventricular node. This suggests the need for adopting a prudent attitude when considering catheter ablation in this area. The inferior extensions of the atrioventricular node, which may represent the substrate for the slow atrioventricular nodal pathway, take their course through the middle, and even the inferior, sectors of the mid-paraseptal region. In this review, we contend that the middle and inferior areas of the mid-paraseptal region correspond to what, in the past, was labelled by most groups as the 'midseptal' zone. We describe the electrocardiographic patterns observed during pre-excitation and orthodromic reciprocating tachycardia in patients with pathways ablated in the middle or inferior sectors of the region. We discuss the modification of the ventriculo-atrial conduction times during tachycardia after the development of bundle branch block aberrancy. We conclude that the so-called 'intermediate septal' pathways, as described in the era of surgical ablation, were insufficiently characterized. They should not be considered the surrogate of the 'midseptal' pathways defined using endocardial catheter electrode mapping., (Published on behalf of the European Society of Cardiology. All rights reserved. © The Author(s) 2022. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Surgeons and electrophysiologists performing accessory pathway ablation procedures have used the term 'posteroseptal' region. This area, however, is neither septal nor posterior, but paraseptal and inferior; paraseptal because it includes the fibro-adipose tissues filling the pyramidal space and not the muscular septum itself and inferior because it is part of the heart adjacent to the diaphragm. It should properly be described, therefore, as being inferior and paraseptal. Pathways in this region can be ablated at three areas, which we term right inferior, mid-inferior, and left inferior paraseptal. The right- and left inferior paraseptal pathways connect the right and left atrial vestibules with the right and left paraseptal segments of the parietal ventricular walls. The mid-inferior paraseptal pathways take a subepicardial course from the myocardial sleeves surrounding the coronary sinus and its tributaries. Our review addresses the evolution of the anatomical concept of the inferior paraseptal region derived from surgical and catheter ablation procedures. We also highlight the limitations of the 12-lead electrocardiogram in identifying, without catheter electrode mapping, which are the pathways that can be ablated without a coronary sinus, or left heart approach., (Published on behalf of the European Society of Cardiology. All rights reserved. © The Author(s) 2022. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.)