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Schistostoma Becker Schistostoma Becker, 1902: 46. Type species: Schistostoma eremita Becker, 1902, by monotypy. Included fossil species. Schistostoma burmanicum Brooks, Cumming & Grimaldi, 2019: 122 (only male); S. foliatum Brooks, Cumming & Grimaldi, 2019: 124 (only male) (both species from northern Myanmar (Burmese amber), lowermost Cenomanian, Upper Cretaceous). Remarks. Currently, Schistostoma is a broadly defined, problematic genus sometimes hardly distinguishable from Microphor (Shamshev & Sinclair 2006; Brooks & Cumming 2022). Provisionally, monophyly of this lineage of microphorines could be supported by the medial hypandrial prolongation of male terminalia (absent in Microphor) and by six or seven exposed female abdominal segments (five exposed segments in Microphor) (Brooks & Cumming 2022). It is evident that both these characters are not always easily-observable features, especially in fossils. In addition, the real number of exposed female abdominal segments may probably be difficult to distinguish sometimes due to pre-mortal behaviour and post-mortal changes of a specimen in semiliquid sticky resin (Martínez- Delclòs et al. 2004; Arillo 2007). Schistostoma comprises 50 described extant and two extinct species. The recent species are distributed mostly in the Holarctic, although, three species are known from South Africa and only one species from the Oriental Region (Shamshev & Sinclair 2006; Shamshev 2020; Brooks & Cumming 2022). Both extinct species of Schistostoma were described from Burmese amber and they have remarkably modified male forelegs, which is a unique feature within the genus and all fossil microphorines (Brooks et al. 2019). In addition, there is a well-preserved male of an undescribed species of Schistostoma from Rovno amber (Shamshev & Perkovsky, unpubl. data). It is very similar habitually to the species from Burmese amber, but has simple legs., Published as part of Shamshev, Igor V. & Perkovsky, Evgeny E., 2022, A review of fossil taxa of Microphorinae (Diptera, Dolichopodidae sensu lato), with redescription of the Eocene genus Meghyperiella Meunier, pp. 411-427 in Zootaxa 5150 (3) on page 421, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5150.3.6, http://zenodo.org/record/6623125, {"references":["Becker, T. (1902) Aegyptische Dipteren gesammelt und beschrieben. Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum zu Berlin, II, 2, 1 - 66., pl. 1. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / mmnz. 4830020237","Brooks, S. E., Cumming, J. M. & Grimaldi, D. A. (2019) Remarkable new fossil species of Schistostoma Becker (Diptera: Dolichopodidae: Microphorinae) from mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber. Zootaxa, 4624 (1), 121 - 131. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4624.1.8","Shamshev, I. V. & Sinclair, B. J. (2006) The genus Schistostoma Becker from southern Africa, with an evaluation of its generic status (Diptera: Dolichopodidae s. l.: Microphorinae). African Invertebrates, 47, 335 - 346.","Brooks, S. E. & Cumming, J. M. (2022) Revision of the Nearctic Microphorinae (Diptera: Dolichopodidae sensu lato). Zootaxa, 5095 (1), 1 - 141. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 5095.1.1","Arillo, A. (2007) Paleoethology: fossilized behaviours in amber. Geologica Acta, 5, 159 - 166.","Shamshev, I. V. (2020) First record of an extant species of the genus Schistostoma Becker (Diptera: Dolichopodidae: Microphorinae) from the Oriental Region. Russian Entomological Journal, 29 (3), 303 - 306. https: // doi. org / 10.15298 / rusentj. 29.3.11"]}

This study aims to explore how lichen diversity, composition, and distribution vary with altitude, and environmental factors (temperature and relative humidity). The study was conducted in the forest of Gunung Bunga Buah, Selangor at five sites (different altitudes). Forty-four lichen species were identified. Their diversity, composition, and distribution correlated significantly with the altitude and environmental factors, increasing diversity at higher altitudes. Graphidaceae and Physciaceae species were present at all altitudes, and the dominant species changed according to altitude: Some Parmeliaceae species were found only at higher altitudes (601-1430 m) while Chrysothrix xanthina and a few Physciaceae species were present only at lower altitudes (0-600 m). These findings will provide additional information about the lichens of the tropical montane forest of Malaysia to enhance knowledge on how to manage and sustain lichens in this type of forest.

Peter D. Crittenden served as senior editor of The Lichenologist, the flagship journal in the field of lichenological research, for a period of two decades, between 2000 and 2019. A review of the development of the journal and the publication output during this period is provided. The number of papers published during this period (1197) matches that of all papers published under the three previous senior editors, Peter W. James, David L. Hawksworth and Dennis H. Brown, during a much longer period of 42 years from 1958 to 1999. Peter oversaw important editorial changes to the layout and content of the journal: an increased size with a modern cover design, leaving behind the classic mint-coloured cover of more than 40 years; the addition of ‘thematic issues’ and encouragement of large monographs; implementation of substantial changes to the Code, such as effective electronic publication and obligate registration of new fungal names; and more recently a new policy to reject so-called ‘single naked species descriptions’. Shortly before Peter took over as senior editor, The Lichenologist had received its first impact factor, and Peter managed to continuously increase this measure from around 0.9 to lately up to over 1.5, higher than most other competing journals. The 1197 papers between 2000 and 2019 were published by a total of 1138 different authors, more than half of whom appeared just once as author, whereas a small number participated in numerous (up to 93) papers. There was a continuous increase in the mean number of authors per paper per year, from below 2.5 to around 3.5, the highest numbers ranging between 11 and 30; still, c. 75% of all papers between 2000 and 2019 were single-authored or had up to three authors. Based on affiliations at the time of publication, two thirds of author contributions came from Europe (66%), 13% from North America, 9% from Asia and 7% from Latin America. Likewise, almost half of the study areas were located in Europe and around 10% each in North America, South America and Asia. The countries with the highest number of studies included, in descending order, the United States, Spain, the United Kingdom, Norway and Sweden. North America and Europe were over-represented in terms of author contributions, whereas Africa, Latin America, Australia and Oceania were over-represented in terms of study areas. The 1197 papers analyzed encompassed a broad diversity of topics, classified into 32 categories. Taxonomy of lichenized fungi was the most frequent component, representing the focal point in almost half of all studies, followed by phylogeny and evolution, ecology, and the taxonomy of lichenicolous fungi. Around two thirds of the currently accepted genera of lichenized fungi were treated, with a significant correlation between known species richness and the number of papers in which a genus was treated, underlining the taxonomic representativity of papers published in the journal during the past two decades. Examples of genera that were treated more frequently than expected included commonly studied model organisms, such as Lobaria, and those frequently featured in ecological or other non-taxonomic studies, such as Xanthoria. Species-rich tropical genera, particularly in the Graphidaceae, were generally under-represented. Mean number of authors per paper per volume and total number of country origins of authors per volume were the best predictors of impact factor, followed by diversity of study countries per volume, mean number of study countries per paper per volume, mean number of topics per paper per volume, and proportion of studies with phylogenetic components per volume. Individual papers that contributed to high impact factors included broad-scale revisionary treatments and worldwide keys to species-rich taxa, substantial phylogenetic reclassifications of known taxonomic groups, papers dealing with novel methodological approaches of broad interest, and broad-scale studies related to environmental change and lichen biomonitoring.

RESUMEN Los trópicos albergan la mayor biodiversidad del planeta, pero todavía son zonas inexploradas. Entre estas áreas remotas se encuentran los Tepuyes del Valle de Nangaritza, en la provincia de Zamora Chin-chipe, al sureste de Ecuador. Constituyen sistemas montañosos aislados de gran importancia biológica y con altos niveles de endemicidad. Debido a estas características, el objetivo principal del estudio es elaborar el primer catálogo de líquenes epifitos de varios Tepuyes del Valle de Nangaritza. Como resultado de dos expediciones realizadas en los Tepuyes, entre 900 y 2000 m de altitud, se recolectaron aproximadamente 1.000 muestras de líquenes en diferentes hábitats: bosque denso piemontano, bosque denso montano bajo, bosque chaparro y páramo arbustivo atípico. Se identificaron 174 especies, pertenecientes a 57 géneros y 26 familias. De ellas, trece especies son nuevos registros para Sudamé-rica, 64 para Ecuador y 132 para la provincia de Zamora Chinchipe. Se encontraron nuevos quimiótipos para especies de la familia Cladoniaceae. La forma de crecimiento crustácea fue dominante, con alrededor del 40 % de la riqueza total, siendo Graphidaceae la familia con mayor riqueza (27 especies). Predominaron las especies de líquenes con alga verde como fotobionte, presentando Trenthepholia un gran número de especies (66 especies). Este catálogo es una primera aproximación al conocimiento de la diversidad de líquenes de los Tepuyes del Valle de Nangaritza, donde el alto número de nuevos registros indican la falta de conocimiento de la diversidad asociada a estos bosques tropicales. ABSTRACT Tropics harbour the greatest biodiversity in the planet but are still largely unknown. Among these remote areas, there are the Tepuyes of Nangaritza Valley, in the Zamora Chinchipe province, southeastern Ecuador. They constitute isolated mountainous systems with great biological importance and high levels of endemicity. Therefore, the main objective of this study was the elaboration of the first catalogue of epiphytic lichens from several Tepuyes in the Nangaritza Valley. Two expeditions were carried out in two Tepuyes, between 900 and 2000 m of altitude, approximately 1,000 samples of lichens where collected at different habitats: piemontane wet forest, lower montane wet forest, dwarf forest, and paramillo. We identified 174 lichen species, belonging to 57 genera and 26 families. We found thirteen new records for South America, 64 for Ecuador, and 132 for the Zamora Chinchipe province. New chemotypes for species belonging to the Cladoniaceae family were found. Lichens with a crustose growth-form were the most abundant with around 40 % of the total richness, being Graphidaceae the richest family (27 species). Lichen species with green algae as photobiont were dominant, and especially those with Trenthepholia (66 species). This catalogue is a first approximation to the knowledge of the diversity of lichens from the Tepuyes of the Nangaritza Valley, and the high number of new records indicates a lack of knowledge of the biodiversity from these tropical forests.

Ocellularia (Graphidaceae) is a genus of crustose lichens comprising c.200 species, four known from Australia and New Zealand. Based on recent collections from northern North Island, we describe a ...

Herpothallon purpureum Aptroot & M.F. Souza, sp. nov. (Fig. 1G, H) Foliicolous sterile Herpothallon with thallus grey mottled with purple, containing chiodectonic acid, surrounded by a dark purple prothallus line, pseudoisidia globose, 0.1-0.2 mm diam. and high, purple, in dense clusters. MYCOBANK. — MB839447. TYPE. — Brazil, Paraná, Guaraqueçaba, Tagaçaba Porto da Linha, road PR- 405 km 36.2, at right side of road, in chácara (property of Donald Schause), 14.X.2020, alt. 155 m, on dead palm frond, M.F. Souza & A. Aptroot 264 (holo-, CGMS; iso-, ABL). CHEMISTRY. — Thallus C-, UV-, P-, K+ blood red, with chiodectonic acid, demonstrated in tlc. DESCRIPTION Thallus epiphyllous and hypophyllous, grey mottled with purple, concentrically streaked with paler and darker patches, dull, floccose, easily removed from the substratum, covering an area of up to 6 cm diam., surrounded by a c. 0.5 mm wide dark purple prothallus line. Lower surface dark, purple, with red pigment in addition to the purple colour. Algae trentepohlioid, orange, c. 10-15 µm diam. Pseudoisidia present in the central part of the thallus, globose, 0.1-0.2 mm diam. and high, purple, in dense clusters. Soralia, ascomata and pycnidia not observed., Published as part of Aptroot, André & Souza, Maria Fernanda, 2021, New crustose lichens from a tropical coastal area in Paraná (Brazil), pp. 191-197 in Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (12) on pages 192-194, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2021v42a12, http://zenodo.org/record/7815207

We studied the genus Chapsa in China based on morphological characteristics, chemical traits and molecular phylogenetic analysis. One species new to science (C. murioelongata M.Z. Dou & M. Li) and two records new to China were found (C. wolseleyana Weerakoon, Lumbsch & Lücking and C. niveocarpa Mangold). Chapsa murioelongatasp. nov. is characterised by its lobed thalline margin, orange discs with white pruina, clear hymenium, and submuriform and long ascospores. Chapsa wolseleyana was recombined into Astrochapsa based on phenotypic traits. Sequences of this species are for the first time reported here and phylogenetic analyses of three loci (mtSSU, ITS and nuLSU) supported the position of this species within Chapsa. A key for the Chapsa species known in China is provided.

Genus Leptotrema van Achterberg, 1988 Leptotrema van Achterberg, 1988, Zool. Verh. Leiden, 247: 42; Chen & Wu, 1994, China Agric. Press, Fuzhou: 94; Belokobylskij, 1998, Key Insects Russ. Far East, Dal’nauka, Vladivostok: 219; Wharton, 2002, Invertebr. Syst., 16: 56 (as synonym of Dinotrema); Braod et al., 2016, Biodivers. Data J., 4: 33 (as subgenus of Dinotrema); Zhu et al. 2017b, Zookeys, 772: 64 (TS: Aspilota dentifemur Stelfox, 1943). Leptotrema bovefemora (Bhat, 1980) Aspilota bovefemora Bhat, 1980b, Orient. Insects, 13(3–4): 376. Dinotrema bovefemora: Fischer, 1994b, Linzer biol. Beitr., 26(1): 214. Leptotrema bovefemora: Braet & van Achterberg, 2014, Zootaxa, 3869(2): 194. TL: Ahla, Himachal Pradesh; TD: FSCA. Distribution: India *: Himachal Pradesh (Ahla); North-West Himalaya., Published as part of Singh, Longjam Roni Kumar, Chandra, Kailash & Gupta, Devanshu, 2021, Catalogue of Indian Alysiinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), pp. 81-100 in Zootaxa 5020 (1) on page 89, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5020.1.4, http://zenodo.org/record/5223010, {"references":["van Achterberg, C. (1988) The genera of the Aspilota - group and some descriptions of fungicolous Alysiini from The Netherlands (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Alysiinae). Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden, 247, 1 - 88.","Chen, J. - H. & Wu, Z. - S. (1994) The Alysiini of China: (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Alysiinae). China Agricultural Press, Fuzhou, 218 pp. [in Chinese with summary in English]","Belokobylskij, S. A. (1998) Tribe Alysiini. In: Ler, P. A. (Ed.), Key to the Insects of Russian Far East. Dal'nauka, Vladivostok, pp. 163 - 298. [in Russian]","Wharton, R. A. (2002) Revision of the Australian Alysiini (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Invertebrate Systematics, 16, 7 - 105. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / it 01012","Zhu, J. - C., van Achterberg, C. & Chen, X. - X. (2017 b) An illustrated key to the genera and subgenera of the Alysiini (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Alysiinae), with three genera new for China. ZooKeys, 722, 37 - 79. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 722.14799","Bhat, S. (1980 b) Studies on the genus Aspilota Foerster (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Oriental Insects, 13 (3 - 4), 365 - 381. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00305316.1979.10433630","Fischer, M. (1994 b) Uberarbeitung von indischen Arten der Aspilota - Gruppe. (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Alysiinae). Linzer Biologische Beitrage, 26 (1), 195 - 247.","Braet, Y. & van Achterberg, C. (2014) A new genus and two new species of Alysiinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) from Papua New Guinea. Zootaxa, 3869 (2), 189 - 197. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3869.2.9"]}

Glyphis batuana Hardini, Kasiamdari & Purnomo sp. nov. is a new species of lichenized fungus found on the bark of the Frangipani tree (Plumeria sp.). The new species from Batuan village (Gianyar districts), Bali Island, Indonesia is described and illustrated. It is characterized by its lirelliform, unbranched ascomata, entire labia, black, open disc with brown pruina, completely carbonized excipulum, 8-spored asci with 8-10 locular ascospores, and lack of secondary substances. A key to species of Glyphis Ach. in Indonesia is provided. Three new records of Graphis Adans., namely G. conferta Zenker, G. immersella Mull. Arg. and G. nilgiriensis Adaw. & Makhija are also reported.

In this study, host plant - lichen specificity was investigated. Data was collected from 1000m2sampling plots at each of four locations with an established 50m x 20m plot at each site. Forty-one trees from across five species were examined using (10cm by 50cm) ladder quadrats on tree trunks (N, S, E, W) at 150cm height. A total of 14978 individual lichens were identified that yielded 10 families, 13 genera and 18 species.Swietenia mahagonishowed the highest average corticolous lichen species composition, followed byTerminalia catappaandMelicoccus bijugalesrespectively.Cocos nuciferahad a higher average species recorded thanMangifera indica. Crustose lichens were the most prominent corticolous lichens observed (61%) with the most individuals in Graphidaceae and Arthoniaceae. Foliose lichens (28%) showed the most abundance in Parmeliaceae, Caliciaceae and Collemataceae. Of the taxa recorded, 22.2% were restricted to specific trees.C. parasitica,H. laevigata,U. cornutawere restricted toS. mahagoni.D. applanatawas restricted toC. nucifera. 22.2% of recorded species were found on all of the tree hosts that were examined.Bacidia laurocerasi,Flavoparmelia caperata,Flavoparmelia sorediansandGraphina anguina.S. mahagonihosted 88.9% of all recorded species.Swietenia mahagonishowed the highest average of recorded corticolous lichen species of all host trees with 7.58.Mangifera indicashowed the lowest average with 4. The maximum number of species (10) was recorded on oneS. mahagonitree

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF SCHISTOPHORON 1. Ascospores muriform, ≥15.0 Μm long; psoromic acid present................. S. muriforme Weerakoon & Aptroot — Ascospores transversely septate or submuriform, ≤15.0 Μm long; psoromic acid absent............................... 2 2. Ascospores transversely septate; lichexanthone present or secondary substances absent................................ 3 — Ascospores transversely septate to submuriform; stictic and norstictic acid present...................................... 4 3. Ascospores transversally 1-septate; lichexanthone present; ascomata orange pruinose; prothallus orange-brown...................................................................................................... S. aurantiacum Aptroot & Sipman — Ascospores transversally 2-3 septate; secondary substances absent; ascomata epruinose; prothallus brown................................................................................................................................................... S. variabile Tibell 4. Ascomata constricted at the base, 0.4-0.9 mm long, 0.3-0.6 mm high; ascospores 11-15 × 6-8 Μm, submuriform (2-3 transverse and 1 longitudinal septa)................................................................................... S. tenue Stirt. — Ascomata not constricted at the base, 0.5-2.0 mm long, 0.25-0.4 mm high; ascospores submuriform (1 transverse and 1 longitudinal septum), (6-)7-9(-10) × 6-8 Μm..................... S. indicum Kr.P.Singh & Swarnalatha, Published as part of Torres, Jean Marc, Spielmann, Adriano Afonso, Aptroot, André, Cardoso, Karen Fernandes & Honda, Neli Kika, 2020, The lichen genus Schistophoron Stirt. (Ascomycetes, Graphidaceae) in Brazil with a world key to the species, pp. 211-217 in Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (13) on page 216, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2020v41a13, http://zenodo.org/record/7814980

The genus Schistophoron Stirt. is reported for the first time from Brazil, based on collections from Mato Grosso do Sul State. Two species, S. indicum Kr.P.Singh & Swarnalatha, and S. tenue Stirt., were found, both of which are described and illustrated. In addition, a brief characterization of the other know species, with their geographic distribution, a comparative table and a world key are provided to facilitate their identification.

Schistophoron muriforme Weerakoon & Aptroot Phytotaxa 280 (2): 158 (2016). — Type: Sri Lanka. Morningside: on bark of tree, 24.IV.2015, G. Weerakoon Mo12A (holo-, PD[PD]; iso-, F[F]), fide Weerakoon & Aptroot (2016). NOTES Schistophoron muriforme has a pale yellowish to white thallus with a diffuse brown prothallus, sessile, elliptical or lirelliform or branched ascomata, globose to ellipsoid, large (15.0-30.0 × 15.0-18.0 Μm) muriform (3-7 × 2-4 septate) ascospores, and contains psoromic acid (Weerakoon & Aptroot 2016). Schistophoron muriforme is the only known species in the genus that produces psoromic acid and has muriform ascospores. Known distribution: Only known from Sri Lanka (Weerakoon & Aptroot 2016). Schistophoron tenue Stirt. Report and Transactions of the Glasgow Society of Field Naturalists 4: 165 (1876). — Type: West Africa. Bonny River: Grant s.n., fide Tibell (1996). SPECIMEN EXAMINED. — Brazil. Mato Grosso Do Sul: Jardim, Camping Seu Assis, 21°25’14.2”S, 56°23’16.7”W, 230 m elev., corticicolous, in riparian forest, Prata river, more or less shaded, 04.VI.2010. A.A. Spielmann et al. 5368 (CGMS). KNOWN DISTRIBUTION. — Previously reported in Africa from Cameroon [wrongly reported as Nigeria by Tibell (1981)], Ivory Coast (Tibell 1981) and Nigeria (Stirton 1876), in America from the Galápagos Islands (Weber 1976, 1981, 1986; Elix & McCarthy 1998), French Guiana, Guatemala (Tibell 1996), Argentina (Ferraro & Michlig 2011), Peru and Venezuela (Tibell 1982), and in Asia from India (Awasthi 1991). It is the first report from Brazil., Published as part of Torres, Jean Marc, Spielmann, Adriano Afonso, Aptroot, André, Cardoso, Karen Fernandes & Honda, Neli Kika, 2020, The lichen genus Schistophoron Stirt. (Ascomycetes, Graphidaceae) in Brazil with a world key to the species, pp. 211-217 in Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (13) on page 214, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2020v41a13, http://zenodo.org/record/7814980, {"references":["WEERAKOON G. & APTROOT A. 2016. - Nine new lichen species and 64 new records from Sri Lanka. Phytotaxa 280 (2): 152 - 162. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 280.2.5","TIBELL L. 1996. - Caliciales. Flora Neotropica 69: 1 - 78.","TIBELL L. 1981. - Notes on Caliciales III. Some species from Africa. The Lichenologist 13 (2): 161 - 165. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0024282981000200","STIRTON J. 1876. - Foreign lichens. Report and Transactions of the Glasgow Society of Field Naturalists 4: 165 - 168.","WEBER W. 1976. - Lichenes exsiccati, distributed by the University of Colorado, schedae ad fasc. 12 - 13. Boulder, University of Colorado. No. 466 - 520.","WEBER W. 1981. - Lichenes Exsiccati, distributed by the University of Colorado Museum, Boulder, fasc. 1 - 15, nos 1 - 600, 1961 - 1979. Mycotaxon 13 (1): 85 - 104.","WEBER W. 1986. - The Lichen Flora of the Galapagos Islands, Ecuador. Mycotaxon 27: 451 - 497.","ELIX J. A. & MCCARTHY P. M. 1998. - Catalogue of the Lichens of the Smaller Pacific Islands. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 70: 1 - 361.","FERRARO L. I. & MICHLIG A. 2011. - Nuevos registros de microliquenes para el norte de Argentina. Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 82: 739 - 746.","TIBELL L. 1982. - Caliciales of Costa Rica. The Lichenologist 14 (4): 219 - 254. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0024282982000449","AWASTHI D. D. 1991. - A key to the microlichens of India, Nepal and Sri Lanka. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 40: 1 - 337."]}

Schistophoron indicum Kr.P.Singh & Swarnalatha Lichenologist 43 (3): 209 (2011). — Type: India. Arunachal Pradesh: East Siang district, Gette Basti, alt. c. 500-700 m, 8.I.1983, K. P. Singh 2858 (holo-, BSA[BSA]; iso-, ASSAM [ASSAM]), fide Singh & Swarnalatha (2011). SPECIMEN EXAMINED. — Brazil. Mato Grosso Do Sul:Porto Murtinho, Fazenda Paleati, 21º34’56.02”S, 57º46’44.93”W, 95 m elev., corticolous, on tree trunk, footpath edge, open forest, slightly shaded, 21.IX.2011, A. A. Spielmann et al. 9546 (CGMS). KNOWN DISTRIBUTION. — Previously reported from East India (Singh & Swarnalatha 2011). Is the first report from Brazil., Published as part of Torres, Jean Marc, Spielmann, Adriano Afonso, Aptroot, André, Cardoso, Karen Fernandes & Honda, Neli Kika, 2020, The lichen genus Schistophoron Stirt. (Ascomycetes, Graphidaceae) in Brazil with a world key to the species, pp. 211-217 in Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (13) on page 213, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2020v41a13, http://zenodo.org/record/7814980, {"references":["SINGH K. P. & SWARNALATHA G. 2011. - A new species of Schistophoron from India. The Lichenologist 43 (3): 209 - 212. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0024282910000800"]}

Schistophoron aurantiacum Aptroot & Sipman Bibliotheca Lichenologica 96: 22 (2007). — Type: Costa Rica. Puntarenas: Parque Nacional Carara (Area de Conservación Pacífico Central), 60 km WSW of San Jose on road from Orotina to Quepos, trail from visitor’s center to Quebrada Bonita, 9°47’N, 84°35’W, 100 m elev., lowland moist forest zone: partly disturbed primary forest along stream with dense Erythrochiton gymnanthus understory, on bark (stem) in clearing, 18.VII.2002, H. Sipman 48386d (holo-, B[B]; iso-, INBio[INBio]), fide Aptroot & Sipman (2007). KNOWN DISTRIBUTION. — Only known from Costa Rica (Aptroot & Sipman 2007). NOTES This species is characterized by the white thallus with an orange hue, orange-brown prothallus, sessile and elliptical to shortly lirelliform, partially orange pruinose ascomata with carbonized wall, and grey to blackish-brown, uniseptate and ellipsoid (10-12 × 5-7 Μm) ascospores (Aptroot & Sipman 2007). Schistophoron aurantiacum has lichexanthone in the thallus, being UV+ deep yellow and an orange, K+ deep violet red anthraquinone in the ascoma wall, thallus and especially the prothallus (Aptroot & Sipman 2007). This is the only known species in the genus with lichexanthone,and the only one with an anthraquinone., Published as part of Torres, Jean Marc, Spielmann, Adriano Afonso, Aptroot, André, Cardoso, Karen Fernandes & Honda, Neli Kika, 2020, The lichen genus Schistophoron Stirt. (Ascomycetes, Graphidaceae) in Brazil with a world key to the species, pp. 211-217 in Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (13) on page 212, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2020v41a13, http://zenodo.org/record/7814980, {"references":["APTROOT A. & SIPMAN H. J. M. 2007. - A new Schistophoron (Graphidaceae) from Costa Rica, in FRISCH A., LANGE U. & STAIGER B. (eds), Lichenologische Nebenstunden - Contributions to lichen taxonomy and ecology in honour of Klaus Kalb. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 96: 21 - 24."]}

Schistophoron variabile Tibell Lichenologist 14 (4): 242 (1982). — Type: Costa Rica. Prov. Limón: 1 km north-west of Pto. Limón, 10°00’N, 83°02’W, on coconut palms in rather open stand close to the shore, 1979, Tibell 8514 (holo-, UPS[UPS]), fide Tibell (1982). KNOWN DISTRIBUTION. — Reported from Costa Rica and the Galapagos Islands (Tibell 1982, 1996). NOTES Schistophoron variabile has a white thallus with brown prothallus, sessile and subcircular to elliptical ascomata, ellipsoid, 2-3 transversely septate ascospores with smooth walls and absence of secondary substances (Tibell 1982, 1996)., Published as part of Torres, Jean Marc, Spielmann, Adriano Afonso, Aptroot, André, Cardoso, Karen Fernandes & Honda, Neli Kika, 2020, The lichen genus Schistophoron Stirt. (Ascomycetes, Graphidaceae) in Brazil with a world key to the species, pp. 211-217 in Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (13) on page 216, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2020v41a13, http://zenodo.org/record/7814980, {"references":["TIBELL L. 1982. - Caliciales of Costa Rica. The Lichenologist 14 (4): 219 - 254. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0024282982000449","TIBELL L. 1996. - Caliciales. Flora Neotropica 69: 1 - 78."]}

Societal Impact Statement Research and publication of the planet's remaining plant and fungal species as yet unknown to science is essential if we are to address the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 15 “Life on Land” which includes the protection of terrestrial ecosystems and halting of biodiversity loss. If species are not known to science, they cannot be assessed on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species and so the possibility to protect them from extinction is reduced. Furthermore, until species are known to science they cannot be fully scientifically evaluated for their potential as new foods, medicines, and products which would help address SDGs 1,2,3, and 8. Summary Scientific discovery, including naming new taxa, is important because without a scientific name, a species is invisible to science and the possibilities of researching its ecology, applications and threats, and conserving it, are greatly reduced. We review new scientific discoveries in the plant and fungal kingdoms, based largely on new names of taxa published in 2019 and indexed in the International Plant Names Index and Index Fungorum. Numbers of new species in both kingdoms were similar with 1942 new species of plant published and 1882 species of fungi. However, while >50% of plant species have likely been discovered, >90% of fungi remain unknown. This gulf likely explains the greater number of higher order taxa for fungi published in 2019: three classes, 18 orders, 48 families and 214 genera versus one new family and 87 new genera for plants. We compare the kingdoms in terms of rates of scientific discovery, globally and in different taxonomic groups and geographic areas, and with regard to the use of DNA in discovery. We review species new to science, especially those of interest to humanity as new products, and also by life‐form. We consider where future such discoveries can be expected. We recommend an urgent increase in investment in scientific discovery of plant and fungal species, while they still survive. Priorities include more investment in training taxonomists, in building and equipping collections‐based research centers for them, especially in species‐rich, income‐poor countries where the bulk of species as yet unknown to science are thought to occur.

Acanthotrema hancocki (Martin) (10. Acha; Figs. 1, 41���44) Diagnosis: Parthenitae. Colony comprised of active rediae, densely concentrated in snail gonad region. Rediae translucent white, grey, weak yellow, or colorless; ~ 500���1000 ��m long, elongate (length:width ~4:1 to 10:1), sausage-shaped. Cercaria. Body mostly translucent colorless; oculate; with oral sucker and no ventral sucker; with seven pairs of penetration glands, the bodies of which lie in a relatively compact cluster, anterior to the genital primordium and excretory bladder; body ~ 175 ��m long, much shorter than tail (Cercaria behavior: Fresh, emerged cercariae remain in water column, swim intermittently in short bursts, with periods of resting and slow sinking. Similar species: Acha is most reliably and readily distinguished from Euca [11] by the position of the penetration gland bodies, which are readily observable with flattened cercariae at 100x on a compound scope (and even sometimes at the dissection scope). Although Acha does have wider lateral tail fins than Euca on average, there appears to be overlap; so, tail fin width is not a consistently reliable distinguishing trait. Martin (1972) used the flame cell grouping to distinguish Acha from Euca (groups of 3 versus 2, respectively), but the flame cells are difficult to see, requiring leaving specimens on a slide for a while and 1000x magnification. Remarks: Martin (1950b) documented the life cycle and described this species (as Parastictodora hancocki). He described the mother sporocyst, rediae and cercariae from natural infections, and metacercariae and adults from experimentally infected second intermediate and final hosts. I suspect that cercariae of Acanthotrema hancocki were accidentally pooled with Euhaplorchis californiensis to comprise Maxon and Pequegnat���s (1949) Pleurolophocercous I and pooled with Phocitremoides ovale cercariae to comprise their Pleurolophocercous II. This species has also been referred to as Stictodora hancocki in ecological and evolutionary papers, but, since Lafuente et al. (2000), the appropriate genus has been Acanthotrema. Mature, ripe colonies comprise ~18% the soft-tissue weight of an infected snail (summer-time estimate derived from information in [Hechinger et al. 2009]). Acha infection causes (stolen) snail bodies to grow over 1.5x faster than uninfected snails (Hechinger 2010). This species has a caste of soldier rediae (Garcia-Vedrenne et al. 2017). Using Acha (reported as Euca, see Euca remarks) from Bolinas Lagoon (central California), Koprivnikar et al. (2010) performed laboratory experiments examining the effects of salinity, temperature, and pH on cercaria survivorship and activity., Published as part of Hechinger, Ryan F., 2019, Guide to the trematodes (Platyhelminthes) that infect the California horn snail (Cerithideopsis californica: Potamididae: Gastropoda) as first intermediate host, pp. 459-494 in Zootaxa 4711 (3) on page 478, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4711.3.3, http://zenodo.org/record/3586554, {"references":["Martin, W. E. (1972) An annotated key to the cercariae that develop in the snail Cerithidea californica. Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences, 71, 39 - 43.","Martin, W. E. (1950 b) Parastictodora hancocki n. gen., n. sp. (Trematoda: Heterophyidae). with observations on its life cycle. Journal of Parasitology, 36, 360 - 370. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3273472","Maxon, M. G. & Pequegnat, W. E. (1949) Cercariae from upper Newport Bay. Journal of Entomology and Zoology, 41, 30 - 55.","Lafuente, M., Roca, V. & Carbonell, E. (2000) Description of Acanthotrema armata n. sp. (Trematoda: Heterophyidae) from Larus audouinii (Aves: Laridae), with an amended diagnosis of the genus Acanthotrema Travassos, 1928. Systematic Parasitology, 45, 131 - 134. https: // doi. org / 10.1023 / A: 1006293611598","Hechinger, R. F., Lafferty, K. D., Mancini III, F. T., Warner, R. R. & Kuris, A. M. (2009) How large is the hand in the puppet? Ecological and evolutionary factors affecting body mass of 15 trematode parasitic castrators in their snail host. Evolutionary Ecology, 23, 651 - 667. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10682 - 008 - 9262 - 4","Hechinger, R. F. (2010) Mortality affects adaptive allocation to growth and reproduction: field evidence from a guild of body snatchers. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 10 (136), 1 - 14. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / 1471 - 2148 - 10 - 136","Garcia-Vedrenne, A. E., Quintana, A. C. E., DeRogatis, A. M., Dover, C. M., Lopez, M., Kuris, A. M. & Hechinger, R. F. (2017) Trematodes with a reproductive division of labour: heterophyids also have a soldier caste and early infections reveal how colonies become structured. International Journal for Parasitology, 47, 41 - 50. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ijpara. 2016.10.003","Koprivnikar, J., Lim, D., Fu, C. & Brack, S. H. M. (2010) Effects of temperature, salinity, and pH on the survival and activity of marine cercariae. Parasitology Research, 106, 1167 - 1177. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00436 - 010 - 1779 - 0"]}

Revision of lichen herbarium specimens at DUKE revealed a species of thelotremoid Graphidaceae new to science. Clandestinotrema carbonera sp. nov. is characterized by an olive-green thallus, dense cortex, the absence of a columella, ascospores 15–24 × 5.5–8.0 μm with 3–5 transverse septa (occasionally submuriform), and the presence of hypostictic acid as a major substance. At present the species is known only from the type locality, an area of montane cloud forest near Mérida, Venezuela. Interestingly, this species appears to have been discussed in the literature once before, as an unnamed ‘Thelotrema sp.’ which in the 1970s provided the first instance of hypostictic acid isolated from a lichen. The previous report of C. leucomelaenum from the same locality is shown to actually represent C. pauperius.

Petrescu, Iorgu (2018): On the Family Nannastacidae (Crustacea, Cumacea) from the Australian Museum Collection. Records of the Australian Museum 70 (1): 1-111, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.70.2018.1645, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.70.2018.1645

21 new records of lichens from the family Graphidoideae (Graphidaceae) for Colombia and seven for the state of Valle del Cauca are presented. These new reports correspond to the genera Ampliotrema, Chapsa, Gyrotrema, Myriotrema, Ocellularia, Stegobolus, Thelotrema, and Wirthiotrema. These records expand the list of known species for the country of Ampliotrema to 5, Chapsa to 14, Gyrotrema to 3, Myriotrema to 11, Ocellularia to 29, Stegobolus to 7, and to 2. All these species are conservation indicators for tropical humid forests, for they are found only in low elevation humid forests that are in very good state.

Hardini J, Kasiamdari RS, Santosa, Purnomo. 2018. Short Communication: New records of Graphis (Graphidaceae, Ascomycota) in Bali Island, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 19: 112-118. Graphis is a genus of the lichen family Graphidaceae, which is found living attached to Plumeria spp. trees as its substrate. The purpose of this study was to determine the species diversity of Graphis in Bali Island, Indonesia. This study was conducted between July 2014 and December 2014, at three locations, namely Denpasar City, Klungkung district, and Tabanan district, at the altitudes of 35 m, 69 m and 1269 m asl. respectively. Seven species were found as new records namely Graphis modesta, Graphis immersicans, Graphis palmicola, Graphis nana, Graphis dupaxana, Graphis maritima and Graphis subradiata.