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We introduce a novel stakeholder-oriented framework that highlights variance in the application and expression of gender bias in the upper echelons. Directed by their relationship with the firm's leadership, we theorize that stakeholders' appraisals of top female leaders map onto a categorical and complex continuum. At the "categorical" end of this continuum, stakeholders neither have access nor are attentive to capability cues from the leader, increasing their reliance on stereotypes and gender biases in their leader evaluations. At the "complex" end of the continuum, stakeholders have access and are attentive to capability cues from the leader, decreasing their reliance on stereotypes and increasing their ability to accurately evaluate the leader. Between these ends, stakeholders evaluate female leaders by applying stereotypes and striving for accuracy to varying degrees. Each region on this continuum is linked to an array of behavioral responses, directed by stakeholders toward a target leader, that differ in valence and intensity. Our framework has significant implications for understanding a variety of social biases beyond gender, and enables the development of tailored strategies that can be used to facilitate accurate leader evaluations by all stakeholders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While prior research has gleaned important insight into consumers' social media engagement, an important literature-based tension exists that warrants further attention. On the one hand, females are increasingly empowered (e.g., through their rising spending power). On the other hand, advertising-based gender stereotypes persist, thus limiting female consumers' empowerment and decelerating advertising-based inclusion, equity, and diversity. Deploying regulatory mode theory, we propose that the adoption of a locomotion (vs. assessment) orientation, which emphasizes the initiation and continuation of the consumer's goal pursuit (vs. focusing on the individual's arrival at the "right" decision), respectively, can be leveraged to empower female consumers and boost their engagement with social media–based advertising. These predictions are tested across field studies 1a–1b and experiments 2–3. These findings can benefit marketers in developing effective communication strategies that resonate positively with female consumers, thus boosting their advertising-based inclusion, equity, and diversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When asked to draw a scientist, children typically draw a gender stereotypical male representation; however, research has not yet assessed these representations in terms of scientist stereotypical skin tone. The current study examined children's (N = 69, 66.7% female, Mage = 7.60, SD = 2.13) scientist perceptions by analyzing both the gender and skin tone of their scientist drawings as well as stereotypical features represented (lab coats, scientific instruments, etc.). This study also examined how these perceptions as reflected in the drawings were related to children's explicit gender stereotypes and their science growth mindset. Boys were less likely to draw a female scientist than were girls. Additionally, children with higher growth mindset were more likely to draw a female scientist. Lastly, with age, children were less likely to draw a female scientist, or a darker skin‐toned scientist as compared with a male or lighter skin‐toned scientist and were more likely to draw a scientist with stereotypical features. This study furthers our knowledge of children's perceptions about scientists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The film industry remains a male-dominated sector, particularly in managerial, creative, and technical positions. In this context, we explore the work of female directors in Spanish cinema concerning ETA terrorism (1977-2023) to observe and assess the contribution of women in a doubly masculine environment: film direction and terrorist violence. Within the framework of the so-called “battle of the narrative” and film and gender studies, and based on a qualitative methodology involving textual analysis of feature films and the study of existing literature, we trace the presence and voice of female directors. We investigate who they are, their number, and their contribution to cinema concerning ETA and Spanish cinema in general. We examine the stories, genres, and themes they choose and the perspectives from which they approach them. We consider both the form and contextual issues related to the production and reception of their works. The results show that female directors are a minority in films about terrorism in Euskadi. We conclude that their work can be seen as a disruption in an adverse environment. They prefer genres such as drama or documentary, focus on a human perspective, several depict real or based-on-true-events stories featuring strong, free female protagonists, and several works approach the stories of victims. They feature characters, predominantly female, who defy stereotypes. Overall, they contribute to the memory of past events with a critical view of violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We show that female directors are associated with higher equity undervaluation after controlling for the effects of female managers, firm performance, corporate governance, risk, dispersion in analysts' earnings forecasts, firm size, stock price informativeness, and earnings quality. This association is less pronounced after increased societal awareness of female directors. Our findings are robust to the use of alternative measures of key variables and various tests of endogeneity. We further find that female directors' committee membership, committee chair role, board tenure, and board experience are positively associated with equity undervaluation. Additional results show that female directors' age and ethnicity also impact equity undervaluation, and the undervaluation of female directors mostly occurs for firms operating in male‐dominated industries. Our results collectively suggest that investors' negative gender role stereotyping of female directors contributes to equity undervaluation of firms with female directors. Negative stereotyping of female directors is less pronounced after investors become more aware of the benefits of female directors. Therefore, our findings provide insights for policy makers and suggests that further increased awareness of the benefits of female directors is essential. Policy makers may also consider taking appropriate actions to further minimize gender stereotyping of female directors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we advance a more nuanced view of gender-based stereotypes about female chief executive officers (CEOs) to shed light on the divergent findings about outcomes associated with their firms' actions. We draw on gender stereotyping literature and its delineation between prescriptive and descriptive gender stereotypes— how women ought to be/act versus how they actually are/act—to theorize that not all female CEOs embody the same prescriptive feminine ideals and, thus, variance in how they are perceived may affect outcomes manifesting from certain firm actions. Specifically, we theorize that there also exists a "double-edged" sword among female CEOs such that the more a female CEO is seen as descriptively aligning with prescriptive ideals of feminine actions and perceptions, the stronger the associated outcomes for their firms will be, whether positive or negative. We test how perceptions of communality and attractiveness—the two most desirable prescriptive perceptions for how women ought to be—affect the corporate social responsibility (CSR) and irresponsibility (CSiR) to firm performance relationship, which align, or fail to align, respectively, with desirable prescriptive feminine actions of helping or hurting others and society. We find that the more a female CEO descriptively aligns with such communality and attractiveness prescriptions, the stronger the CSR and CSiR to firm performance relationship will be. The results of our study suggest that the gendered beliefs to which female CEOs are subjected are more nuanced and complex than the current literature explains, contributing to theory and practice alike. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the impact of math-gender stereotypes on students' academic performance using data from the China Education Panel Survey (CEPS), which surveyed nationally representative middle schools in China. Our sample comprises over 2000 seventh-grade students, with an average age of 13 and a standard deviation of 0.711. Among these students, 52.4% are male, and 47.6% are female. Employing a fixed effects model and instrumental variable, our findings are as follows. First, over half of the male students believe that boys are better at math than girls, and they also perceive that their parents and society hold the same belief. In contrast, fewer than half of the female students hold this belief or perception. Intriguingly, among these students, female math performance surpasses that of males. Second, stereotypes hinder female math performance, especially among low-achieving ones, while benefiting high-achieving male students. Finally, perceptions of societal stereotypes have the greatest effect on math performance, followed by self-stereotypes and perceptions of parental stereotypes. Understanding the implications of these findings highlights the importance of addressing math-gender stereotypes to promote equal participation and success for both genders in STEM fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Honor of Kings (HoK) is one of the most popular mobile games worldwide. To understand why players actively engage with digital games, it is essential to focus on their gaming motivations. However, no previous studies were found to have investigated the kinds and depth of players' motivations in this game. Moreover, the empirical research concerning the impact of stereotype threat and lift on players' motivations is scant. Thus, this pre-registered study aims to examine male and female players' gaming motivations in Honor of Kings and the effects of stereotypes on players' motivations. Methods: This study utilized Yee et al. (2012)'s motivational model. A 2 × 3 MANCOVA was performed for the outcome variables of achievement, social, and immersion motivations; with gender and stereotype activation (no activation, female, and male threat activation) as independent variables; and with age and gaming time as covariates (n = 421). Results: Contrary to prevalent perceptions, the results suggested females had higher achievement and immersion motivations, but lower social motivation than males in Honor of Kings. Unexpectedly, only females' immersion motivation was impaired under stereotype threat, and females demonstrated lower social motivation under stereotype lift. However, males were not affected by either stereotype threat or stereotype lift. Discussion: The results suggest that caution is needed for the assumption that male gamers are more achievement-oriented and females are more social-oriented because their motivations may vary depending on game genres. This study also found unexpected effects of stereotype threat and lift. Future research should further explore how to implement stereotype activation effectively to promote gender equality in gaming. Notably, this study only recruited participants from China due to the restrictions of recruitment channels. Future researchers are highly recommended to examine whether there are cross-cultural differences in the findings of this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Political leaders play a crucial role in shaping societal perceptions and citizens' expectations of gender roles. Through their self-presentation on social media, political leaders have the power to either reinforce or challenge existing gender stereotypes, thereby influencing how citizens perceive and interpret gender norms. However, research on how women and men politicians present themselves on social media is scarce. This comparative study contributes to remedying this research gap by content analysing the official Facebook and Instagram pages of 18 political leaders during the 2021 national election campaigns in Germany and Norway. In contrast to earlier research on gendered presentations of politicians in the news, we did not find strong evidence of gendered self-presentations in either country, neither in terms of personalisation nor in terms of gender issue ownership. This could be because gender roles in Germany and Norway have become more fluid, or because the successful politicians we have analysed have been successful due to their ability to "walk the double bind" of needing to conform to both masculine and feminine gender expectations. Our study calls for more comparative research into this field, including studies of lower profile politicians and politicians in countries with lower degrees of gender equality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to identify women's perceptions of the main reasons for discrimination at work. Furthermore, the aim is to analyse the effects of public working time policies on gender equality and their impact on discrimination at work and on women's career paths. This article presents a framework for the topic through an analysis of documents and literature, as well as an exploratory study carried out in Portugal. Working time policies since 2011 in Portugal are examined and through an empirical study, the impact of overtime on women's work and careers is analysed. The documentary analysis carried out in Portugal shows the difficulties women face in reconciling work with family and personal life. While most studies focus on job satisfaction and women's willingness to work long hours for better career progression, this paper examines gender discrimination at work associated with working time policies. Gender equality and women's empowerment are among the goals set by the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. This study, based on a survey completed by female employees, concludes that women feel discriminated against in their careers due not only to the persistence of gender stereotypes but also to long working hours. Studying women's perceptions of the reasons for discrimination at work, as well as the relationship between working time and equality at work, can be important for understanding the under-representation of women in leadership positions and can help enrich public policies in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gender segregation of occupations and entire industries is widespread. The segregation could be the result of perceived job-specific productivity differences between men and women. It could also result from the belief that homogeneous teams perform better or from in-group bias of male or female recruiters. We investigate these explanations in two samples: students and personnel managers. The subjects bet on the productivity of teams that are homogeneous with respect to gender at the outset and then either remain homogeneous or become diverse. The teams work on tasks that differ with respect to gender stereotypes. We obtain similar results in both samples. Women are picked more often for the stereotypically female task, and men are picked more often for the stereotypically male task. Subjects believe that gender-diverse teams perform better, especially in the task with complementarities, and they display an own-gender bias. Elicited expectations about the bets of others reveal that subjects expect the gender stereotypes of tasks but underestimate others' bets on diversity. This paper was accepted by Yan Chen, behavioral economics and decision analysis. Funding: The authors acknowledge financial support from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft [Excellence Cluster EXC 2035/1 "The Politics of Inequality" (to U. Fischbacher), CRC TRR 190 "Rationality and Competition" (to D. Kübler), and the Excellence Cluster EXC 2055 "Contestations of the Liberal Script" (to D. Kübler)] and from Tamkeen [NYU Abu Dhabi Research Institute Award CG005 (to R. Stüber)]. Supplemental Material: The data files and online appendix are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2023.4943. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the wide adoption of digital voice assistants (DVAs), interactions with technology have also changed our perceptions, highlighting and reinforcing (mostly) negative gender stereotypes. Regarding the ongoing advancements in the field of human–machine interaction, a developed and improved understanding of and awareness of the reciprocity of gender and DVA technology use is thus crucial. Our work in this field expands prior research by including a nonbinary voice option as a means to eschew gender stereotypes. We used a between-subject quasi-experimental questionnaire study (female voice vs. male voice vs. nonbinary voice), in which n = 318 participants provided feedback on gender stereotypes connected to voice perceptions and personality traits. Our findings show that the overall gender perception of our nonbinary voice leaned towards male on the gender spectrum, whereas the female-gendered and male-gendered voices were clearly identified as such. Furthermore, we found that feminine attributes were clearly tied to our female-gendered voice, whereas the connection of masculine attributes to the male voice was less pronounced. Most notably, however, we did not find gender-stereotypical trait attributions with our nonbinary voice. Results also show that the likability of our female-gendered and nonbinary voices was lower than it was with our male-gendered voice, and that, particularly with the nonbinary voice, this likability was affected by people's personality traits. Thus, overall, our findings contribute (1) additional theoretical grounding for gender-studies in human–machine interaction, and (2) insights concerning peoples' perceptions of nonbinary voices, providing additional guidance for researchers, technology designers, and DVA providers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metaphor is a symbolic and indirect language that conveys concealed and supplementary meanings. Interpretive narratives may also exhibit gender metaphors and stereotypes. The work is founded on the interpretive accounts of three Persian interpretations of Rowz alJannan, Jala al-Azhan, and Manhaj al-Sadeghin in this research. This article has selected narratives that have employed gender metaphors or whose content is reminiscent of gender metaphors. Subsequently, the qualitative content analysis method has been employed to investigate the value of these metaphors and their correlation with gender stereotypes. Examples of gender metaphors in these narratives include “bed,” “Boyut,” “Atbah,” and “Denya.” While some of these metaphors have a positive connotation, others have a negative connotation. The most significant findings of this research are that the majority of negative metaphors about women are based on the role of a woman as a wife or sexual companion, which emphasizes her physical appearance. These metaphors are influenced by prevalent gender stereotypes that are detrimental. On the contrary, the majority of positive metaphors are centered on the role of the mother and the qualities of kindness, creation, origin, and commencement that are associated with the mother. In addition, this research demonstrates that the female body is depicted in two distinct ways: the “heavenly body” and the “infernal body.” The female heavenly body is a symbol of complete delight and benefit, while the female infernal body is a symbol of deception, sin, Satan, and adultery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gender gaps in spatial skills—a domain relevant to STEM jobs—have been hypothesized to contribute to women's underrepresentation in STEM fields. To study emerging adults' beliefs about skill sets and jobs, we asked college students (N = 300) about the relevance of spatial, mathematical, science and verbal skills for each of 82 jobs. Analyses of responses revealed four job clusters—quantitative, basic & applied science, spatial, and verbal. Students' ratings of individual jobs and job clusters were similar to judgments of professional job analysts (O*NET). Both groups connected STEM jobs to science, math, and spatial skills. To investigate whether students' interests in STEM and other jobs are related to their own self-concepts, beliefs about jobs, and spatial performance, we asked students in another sample (N = 292) to rate their self-concepts in various academic domains, rate personal interest in each of the 82 jobs, judge cultural gender stereotypes of those jobs, and complete a spatial task. Consistent with prior research, jobs judged to draw on math, science, or spatial skills were rated as more strongly culturally stereotyped for men than women; jobs judged to draw on verbal skills were more strongly culturally stereotyped for women than men. Structural equation modeling showed that for both women and men, spatial task scores directly (and indirectly through spatial self-concept) related to greater interest in the job cluster closest to the one O*NET labeled "STEM". Findings suggest that pre-college interventions that improve spatial skills might be effective for increasing spatial self-concepts and the pursuit of STEM careers among students from traditionally under-represented groups, including women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Starting from the diagnosis that prison life is (hyper-) masculinized, we propose a reflection on how, within the prison establishments, there is also space to resist gender stereotypes. Following, through empirical ethnographic research, an artistic intervention project with a group of about ten inmates based on contemporary dance, we intend to demonstrate, from a pragmatist and phenomenological sociological approach, how the body language of dance, the practice of inter-corporeality and the expressive stylization of the movement promote the reformulation of the conventions associated with the feminine stereotype in prisons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to propose a sentencing model with a gender perspective for judges, which contributes to guaranteeing the application of women's human rights and reducing errors in sentences, such as: revictimization, poor access to justice, discrimination, as well as gender stereotypes or prejudices that can affect judicial reasoning. The methodological design of this study is based on the qualitative paradigm based on the data collection technique and a descriptive legal content analysis of specialized guidelines in the doctrinal and normative field, as well as thirty sentences for gender-based crimes in the period 2020-2023 issued by the Judicial Branch of the State of Michoacán. As a result, a guide or model of sentencing in criminal matters is proposed so that judges can identify and apply it in cases where gender violence has been proven, this will make it possible to have a more precise and solid judgment in its argumentation, as well as to meet the main criteria for the protection of women's human rights before the corpus iuris of law on the matter [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Adolescents, particularly those aged 14 to 15 y, often begin exploring their sexuality, during which time they are more vulnerable to traditional influences and ideologies imposed by society. This study aimed to identify the association between more traditional attitudes toward women and sexual risk attitudes and behaviors in Peruvian adolescents. Materials and methods Cross-sectional study with data from the fifth round of the Young Lives study with 1860 adolescents aged 14 and 15 y. Population characteristics were described by relative frequencies and using chi-squared test with p-value. The 12 items of the Attitudes toward Women Scale for Adolescents instrument were analyzed by relative frequencies and mean with standard deviation. For further analysis, the values of the global scores of all participants were divided into two categories, using the median as the cutoff point, where the group with higher scores indicated that these adolescents had more traditional attitudes (or more gender stereotypes). More traditional attitudes were associated with sexual risk attitudes and behaviors, with crude prevalence ratio (PR) and then adjusted prevalence ratio (aPR) with 95% CI. The Universidad Privada de Tacna's ethics committee approved the research protocol. Results Adolescents with more traditional attitudes were more likely to have sexual risk attitudes compared to those with less traditional attitudes. In addition, adolescents with more traditional attitudes were 2.6 times more likely to have at least one sexual intercourse while drunk as compared to the reference group (95% CI: 1.43–4.74; p=0.002). Conclusions The expression of more traditional attitudes toward women was associated with sexual risk attitudes. However, there was no association with most of the sexual risk behaviors studied, except for the higher probability of having at least one sexual intercourse while drunk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using a controlled experiment, we study the dynamic effects of feedback on decision‐making across verbal skills and math. Before feedback, men are more optimistic about their performance and more willing to compete than women, especially in math. While feedback shifts individuals' beliefs and behavior, we see substantial persistence of gender gaps 1 week later. This is particularly true among individuals who receive negative feedback. Our results are not well‐explained by motivated reasoning; in fact, negative feedback is more likely to be recalled than positive feedback. Overall, our results highlight the challenges involved in overcoming gender gaps in dynamic settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this editorial of the monograph in Cognitive Sciences: Towards a Cross-cultural Perspective, a thematic review is presented, which accounts for the object of study, disciplines that underpin the interdisciplinary field of problems, and some current lines of research emerging in the field of study, among which four lines of work stand out. Firstly, studies linking cognitive or neurocognitive variables to the challenge of social diversity; secondly, studies examining the effect of cognition and neurophysiology on the formation of social stereotypes, gender; as well as on processes of discrimination or social and cultural inclusion; thirdly, works on the relationship between cognition and rurality; and finally, research that, from educational and social spheres, seeks to reconfigure the personal experience of social processes such as violence and territorial uprooting, towards new narratives of personal and social experience, which contribute to the sense of life of the individual and their community, as experiences that, although painful, can contribute to the relationship between memory and history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigates how gender role expectations and gender stereotypes affect a woman's decision to run for office in East Asian countries by using the World Values Survey and our original survey of MPs in Japan, Korea, and Taiwan. Our analysis confirms that female MPs in all three countries are less likely to propose their own candidacy and the private sphere appears to count more for female MPs than for male MPs iii their decision to run for office. Moreover, this article indicates that Japan appears to have the most strongly gendered division between public and private roles. Korea presents itself as a polarized society, as voters are sharply divided on their acceptance of women's leadership. In contrast, Taiwan has the lowest level of gender stereotyping. We argue that the active role of political parties can compensate for the negative impact of gender norms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This article discusses the role of teacher education in promoting gender equity in Turkey and the United States. It compares the perspectives of pre-service teachers from both countries and examines how their teacher education programs prepare them to be gender-sensitive in their practices. The research reveals that teacher education programs often lack sufficient content and structure to develop gender awareness among trainees, even in societies that have made progress in achieving gender equality. The study emphasizes the importance of addressing gender issues in teacher education to create a more egalitarian understanding of education. [Extracted from the article]

Patriarchal societies often obstruct girls' and women's access to education and career paths: this happened also in nineteenth century Germany, above all with members of middle-class families. Yet thanks to her determination and perseverance Fanny Mendelssohn overcame these obstacles and reached her professional objectives as a performer, conductor, composer, and organizer of musical events. Moreover, she published her works under her name (a goal rarely met by women in the same condition), obtaining wide recognition and success. For these reasons, Fanny Mendelssohn can be considered a model for all women striving for developing their talents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Educación XX1 is the property of Editorial UNED and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Mathematics anxiety, stemming from negative perceptions and feelings of tension among students, significantly impacts academic outcomes and attitudes at all ages, starting from Primary Education. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the existing scientific literature on mathematics anxiety in this context. A bibliometric analysis was developed using the Core Collection of the Web of Science database, resulting in 360 scientific publications. The distribution of publications by journal, institution, country, and authorship, as well as the temporal evolution of them and the co-occurrence of keywords, was analysed and visualised through the SciMAT and VosViewer software. Findings reveal a growing interest in mathematics anxiety within the scientific community, particularly concerning its correlation with gender stereotypes and students' mathematical perceptions at the primary level. Moreover, the distribution of publications highlights the United States as the primary contributor to this research, with a notable majority of distinguished female authors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Doxa Comunicación is the property of Fundacion Universitaria San Pablo - CEU and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Bias, particularly gender bias, is common in artificial intelligence (AI) systems, leading to harmful impacts that reinforce existing negative gender stereotypes and prejudices. Although gender mainstreaming is topical and fashionable in written discourse, it is yet to be thoroughly implemented in practice. While the clamour for AI regulation is commonplace globally, most government policies on the topic do not adequately account for gender inequities. In Africa, Egypt, Rwanda and Mauritius are at the forefront of AI policy development. By exploring these three countries as case studies, employing a feminist approach and using the African Union Strategy for Gender Equality & Women’s Empowerment for 2018–2028 as a methodological guide, this study undertakes a comparative analysis of the gender considerations in their policy approaches to AI. It found that a disconnect exists between gender equality/responsiveness and the AI strategies of these countries, showing that gender has yet to be mainstreamed into these policies. The study provides key recommendations that offer an opportunity for African countries to be innovative leaders in AI governance by developing even more robust policies compared with Western AI policies that fail to adequately address gender. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Eating disorder (ED) awareness is low. We assessed if ED symptom recognition, perceived need for treatment, perceived distress, perceived acceptability, and perceived prevalence differed depending on the gender of the individual with the ED. Methods: 276 community participants were randomly assigned to one of three gender conditions (female, male, and non-binary), read three vignettes describing three different individuals with ED symptoms [anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN), and binge eating disorder (BED)], and then answered a series of questions related to participants ED symptom recognition, perceived need for treatment, perceived distress associated with having ED symptoms, perceived acceptability (e.g., the extent to which it may not be too bad to have an ED), and perceived prevalence. Mixed ANOVAs and chi-square analyses were conducted to examine differences between groups. Results: There were no significant main effects of gender condition across the outcome variables. There were main effects of ED type for problem recognition, perceived need for treatment, perceived level of distress, and perceived prevalence, with participants being more likely to recognize a problem in the AN and BN vignettes than the BED vignettes, refer for treatment and rate a higher perceived level of distress in then AN vignette than the BN and BED vignettes, and perceive a higher prevalence rate in the BN vignette than the AN vignette. There was a significant gender by condition interaction for perceived prevalence, with participants rating a higher prevalence of AN in women and non-binary individuals than men and a higher prevalence of BN in women than non-binary individuals and men. Conclusion: These results highlight the importance of education on EDs and awareness that EDs can occur in any individual, regardless of their gender identification. Level of evidence: Level I, experimental study with randomization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of critical thinking is essential to the treatment of gender perspective in Primary Education. For this reason, this study focused on determining the critical ability of primary students depending on gender, analysing the possible connections between the participants' breadth of thought and spelling competence. The methodology was based on a humanistic–interpretative ad hoc approach to categorical organisation. A total of 636 Primary Education students from the Region of Murcia (Spain) participated in a field activity in which they created a written composition based on a pretext that contained an image showing a controversial gender situation; this illustration incited a critical response in the creation of each story. The compositions were analysed individually and qualitatively using the Atlas.Ti software (v.8.4). The most relevant results appear to prove the higher critical ability of the girls who participated in this study, and additionally show connections with the spelling competence of these students. However, the critical thinking and spelling values shown were still far from what would be expected of a developed society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The issue of sexual violence that this article was tasked to deal with is neither new nor devoid of a regulating legislative framework. Moreover, a number of scientists from diff erent countries and institutions of the world have devoted their works to the topic under discussion, which has repeatedly been subjected to discussions in the European Court of Human Rights, International Criminal Court, and ad hoc tribunals.

The importance of children’s literature in the development of gender roles and gender identity is widely acknowledged. In the mid twentieth century books were the primary medium for most children, and the popular British fiction of the period is often considered to present strong gender stereotypes, despite the enormous social changes taking place (World War II, the Women's Movement). This study builds on previous content analysis and small-scale linguistic analysis to explore the extent of such stereotyping. It uses two digitised corpora, one of adventure books aimed at girls and boys, and the other of books for girls, from the period 1930-1970. With the corpus linguistics software LancsBox it examines keywords of each corpus against the other, and further against a contemporary (1961) corpus of general English prose. It then looks at collocations of GIRL, BOY, WOMAN, MAN. While there are some distinctions between the two genres, there are also considerable similarities. Some gender stereotyping occurs in use of reporting verbs and physical description, but there is no clear polarisation of gender roles in the collocations, and females are referenced more frequently in the adventure texts than in general prose of the same period. This tends to support previous findings, that the popular children's literature of this period is more nuanced than is often assumed.

The aim of this research is to assess the existence or absence of differences in brand perceptions of users of an esports mobile app according to gender. In addition, it intends to discover the explanatory capacity of brand variables for the prediction of user loyalty, to understand how these variables influence perceptions according to gender, and to contribute to the creation of strategies more aligned with the interests and needs of each target audience. The study involved 1,668 users of an esports tournament mobile app. An online questionnaire created for this purpose was used to discover users' perceptions of brand awareness, corporate image, perceived quality, and loyalty. The data were analyzed by creating structural equation models according to gender. The study shows the absence of significant gender differences in the values of the brand variables, with higher means in the case of men. In addition, the important role of brand awareness, corporate image and perceived quality in understanding the loyalty of users of an esports app is confirmed for both genders, with differential aspects in the explanatory weight of some variables according to gender. This study analyses brand perception in mobile sports apps and its relationship to user loyalty, a context that has been little analyzed so far at the brand level. In addition, it does so from a gender perspective, contributing to elimination of existing barriers and stereotypes in the context of esports events by discovering possible differences that allow managers to address each target audience more effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Men who have sex with men are at increased risk of acquiring sexually transmitted infections. Although behavioral and contextual interventions have improved, infections are still spreading. A new focus is needed regarding the influence of sexual compulsivity and gender self-identification. The objective was to explore the relationship between SC and gender stereotype self-identification in MSM in Spain. A cross-sectional study based on an anonymous online survey of a sample of 881 MSM in Spain was performed. A validated Sexual Compulsivity Scale was applied as well as the Bem Sex Role Inventory to identify gender stereotype self-identification. A total of 87.5% of participants identified as gay, while 106 (12%) were sexually compulsive. The Bem Sex Role Inventory showed excellent reliability (0.92 Cronbach's alpha). Gender stereotype classification showed the undifferentiated category as predominant (n = 325; 36.9%). The androgynous category had higher scores on the Sexual Compulsivity Scale, while the feminine category had lower scores (p < 0.007). Those identifying as androgynous scored higher overall on the Sexual Compulsivity Scale (15; p < 0.001; [12–20]) and subscales ("Interference of sexual behavior" (5; p < 0.001; [4–7]) and "Failure to control sexual impulses" (9; p = 0.014; [7–12])). Education level, cohabitation, sexual role, and unprotected sexual practices are related to sexual compulsivity according to different gender stereotypes. Sexual compulsivity is related to gender stereotype self-identification in men who have sex with men. Specific sociodemographic, behavior, and sexual profiles exist for those at greater risk of sexually transmitted infection dissemination. The undifferentiated category is at greater risk of engaging in unprotected practices. New avenues of prevention that include these findings could shift heteronormative standards to better understand current trends in the sexual health of men who have sex with men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article centers on Justice Sandra Day O'Connor's profound impact on education and civic engagement, as recounted by Judge Michelle Friedland. It explores O'Connor's commitment to improving educational opportunities, particularly for marginalized communities, and her pioneering efforts in civic education through initiatives like iCivics. It underscored the importance of education in fostering democratic citizenship and dismantling gender stereotypes.

The study delved into the interplay between gender stereotypes and beliefs about ageing among the elderly population in Lagos State, Nigeria. As the global population ages, understanding the unique challenges and perspectives of older individuals is crucial for fostering a more inclusive and equitable society. The research employed a qualitative research approach to provide a comprehensive analysis. The primary objective was to examine how gender stereotypes and traditional beliefs shape the experiences and perceptions of ageing among older men and women in Lagos State. The data was collected through the qualitative research technique of In-depth Interview (IDI). The findings revealed a multifaceted landscape of gender stereotypes that significantly impact the ageing process. Across both genders, pervasive stereotypes of masculinity and femininity are evident in cultural narratives and societal expectations. Men are expected to embody strength and independence, while women are often associated with caregiving roles. These stereotypes, carried over from their younger years, affect the autonomy and well-being of older individuals, especially women. In Lagos State, respect for the elderly is deeply ingrained in the cultural fabric, with both men and women enjoying a revered status in their later years. However, the findings reveal that older women, due to prevailing gender stereotypes, often face more pronounced ageism, including diminished social status and limited decision-making power. The study also highlighted the adaptive strategies employed by older persons to navigate the complexities of gender stereotypes and cultural beliefs about ageing. This study contributes to the global discourse on ageing, gender, and culture, while also providing valuable insights for designing interventions that promote gender equity and healthy ageing for all. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Women's representation in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) is a powerful resource to motivate girls to study STEM degrees and fulfill the growing demands for professionals in these fields. From their youth, positive attitudes toward mathematics are characteristic of girls and boys who study STEM degrees. This research aims to identify the association between gender stereotypes and attitudes toward mathematics. The 6° grade generation from a middle school in Monterrey, Mexico, first answered tests on attitudes toward mathematics and gender stereotypes in mathematics. Afterwards, a sample group underwent a 4-week intervention during which students saw videos of STEM professionals and answered a questionnaire on student's self-perception in STEM careers. Finally, the tests were reapplied with a questionnaire on the use and ease of mathematics. Quasi-statistical and discourse analysis were used to obtain the results. These are presented through a model that highlights the mediating role that the mathematical self-concept and the interest/enjoyment for mathematics have in the association between gender stereotypes and attitudes toward mathematics. The role of gender on female's lower mathematical self-concept is also exposed, suggesting subsequent lines of research on improving self-concept as an approach to equitably increase students' interests in STEM degrees from their youth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents an interview study with seven newly-graduated male teachers in Icelandic compulsory schools. We interviewed them five times during their first two years of teaching. The focus is on the ways in which the gender of the novice teachers mattered in the expectations that they experienced and how these expectations interacted with the professional demands of being a teacher. The interviews reveal that hegemonic masculinity ideas have an impact on the minds of our interviewees as they experienced various expectations, based in such masculinity. The findings also suggest a tension between the expectations of men as natural disciplinarians and the professional induction of learning to become a teacher. Male-specific expectations included that the school as well as parents expected that the students had respect for them on the grounds that they were men. While such expectations gave some a head start with positional authority, it laid a burden on them as novices. Not all of our interviewees fitted the male-specific expectations, which supports the importance of breaking down gendered stereotypes. In recruiting teachers, regardless of gender, we need individuals able to perform professional practices of care and attention to detail in managing a classroom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Direito e Práxis is the property of Editora da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (EdUERJ) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Géneros: Multidisciplinary Journal of Gender Studies is the property of Generos: Multidisciplinary Journal of Gender Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Pelvic floor dysfunctions (PFD) are highly prevalent among females who do athletics, a sport requiring jumping, strength, and running. Although educational approaches are useful options, the educational need for this particular population remains unknown. The objective of the present study was to describe the level of knowledge regarding PFD and its relationship with symptomatology and gender stereotypes in female athletes in Spain. A total of 255 female athletes completed an anonymous online survey to explore their knowledge regarding urinary incontinence (UI), pelvic organ prolapse (POP), anal incontinence (AI), and sexual dysfunction (SexD), as well as their PFD symptoms and gender stereotyped beliefs related to sport. Educational level and sports characteristics (training volume, experience, and athletic modality) were also explored. Participants demonstrated a low level of knowledge in terms of POP (52.5%), AI (64.0%), and SexD (40%), but not for UI (70.8%). The proportion of PFD complaints was 63.5% for dyspareunia, 51.8% for urine leakage, 42.4% for pelvic pain, 17.3% for AI, and 9.0% for POP, with no associations with knowledge (p > 0.05). Lower knowledge about UI and SexD was related to greater gender stereotypes (p < 0.05) and rejection of professional healthcare (p = 0.010). As a conclusion, the level of knowledge about PFD was low in female athletes who train and compete in athletics in Spain, mainly with regard to sexual dysfunction. Although 63.5% of athletes had dyspareunia and 51.8% urinary leakages, symptomatology was not associated with level of knowledge. However, a lower level of knowledge was associated with more stereotyped beliefs and rejection of professional healthcare for PFD. These findings confirm the need to design appropriate educational interventions to disseminate information on all the types of PFD, particularly sexual contents. The potential influence of gender stereotypes makes it appropriate to include the gender perspective in these interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present contribution provides ratings for a database of gender stereotypically congruent, stereotypically incongruent, semantically correct, and semantically incorrect sentences in Polish and English. A total of 942 volunteers rated 480 sentences (120 per condition) in each language in terms of their meaningfulness, probability of use, and stereotypicality. The stimuli were highly controlled for their length and critical words, which were shared across the conditions. The results of the ratings revealed that stereotypically incongruent sentences were consciously evaluated as both less meaningful and probable to use relative to sentences that adhere to stereotype-driven expectations regarding males and females, indicating that stereotype violations communicated through language exert influence on language perception. Furthermore, the results yielded a stronger internalization of gender stereotypes among sex-typed individuals, thus pointing to the crucial role of gender schema in the sensitivity to gender stereotypical attributes. The ratings reported in the present article aim to broaden researchers' stimulus choices and allow for consistency across different laboratories and research projects on gender stereotype processing. The adaptation of this database to other languages or cultures could also enable a cross-cultural comparison of empirical findings on stereotype processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analyze the gender stereotypes present in the leaders of the Hospital Physiotherapy Units, determine the level of acceptance of female leadership and identify which factors influence these perceptions. Observational, descriptive, exploratory and cross-sectional study. The study subjects are the census of leaders of the Physiotherapy Units of public hospitals. The measurement instruments used are the Acceptance of Female Leadership Questionnaire (ACT-LM), and the sociodemographic and job-related variables. Most of the leaders of the hospital physiotherapy units were women (69.4%) physiotherapists. Gender stereotypes emerge in the dimension of Instrumental Characteristics, with respondents not fully agreeing that women were sufficiently competitive (18.7%) or ambitious (20.8%) to be successful in the world of work. These data were influenced by gender, showing that men have a higher regard for female leadership abilities than women themselves. In the dimension of Acceptance of Female Leadership, 17.4% of those surveyed did not fully agree that women can rise to the same extent as men. Most of the leaders of the physiotherapy units in public hospitals in Spain are women, this is reversed in favor of men in highly complex hospitals. The stereotype persists, especially among women, that they do not have enough ambition and competitiveness to succeed in the world of work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]