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2. Cytotoxicity and antioxidant potential of dichloromethane and ethyl acetate extracts of Morinda morindoïdes leaves.

Author

TANOH, Aya Honorine, KPOROU, Kouassi Elisée, BRION, Anaïs, SEGUIN, Cendrine, KITCHLER, Antoine, FRISCH, Benoit, and FOURNEL, Sylvie

Subjects
ETHYL acetate, CYTOTOXINS, COLORECTAL cancer, CANCER-related mortality, CELL lines
Abstract

The incidence of cancer and related mortality are on the rise worldwide, and this requires the search for new plant-based medicines. In this study, the antioxidant potential and cytotoxic activity against HCT-116 cell line were evaluated. Dichloromethane and ethyl acetate extracts of M. morindoïdes were prepared by maceration and evaluated for some biological properties. Cytotoxicity was assessed according to MTS method on the cancer line HCT-116 (colorectal carcinoma) using doxorubicin as reference. Antioxidant potential was carried out by DPPH and ABTS tests. Tri-phytochemistry was carried out from coloring and precipitation tests. On HCT-116 cell line, extracts demonstrated dose-response activity. The lowest IC50 value was obtained with the acetate extract with an IC50= 16.38 ± 0.2 µg/mL. IC50 values for antioxidant activities were evaluated at 39.70 ± 1.7 µg/mL and at 57.65 ± 4.3µg/mL by DPPH and ABTS test respectilly. Finally, phytochemical screening showed presence of polyphenols, flavonoids and quinone. M. morindoides ethyl acetate extract showed the best cytotoxicity and antioxidant activities. Therefore, it should be an interesting source for discovery of new compounds for colorectal cancer treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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3. Gut Dysbiosis during Influenza Contributes to Pulmonary Pneumococcal Superinfection through Altered Short-Chain Fatty Acid Production

Author

Sencio, Valentin, Barthelemy, Adeline, Tavares, Luciana P., Machado, Marina G., Soulard, Daphnée, Cuinat, Céline, Queiroz-Junior, Celso Martins, Noordine, Marie-Louise, Salomé-Desnoulez, Sophie, Deryuter, Lucie, Foligné, Benoit, Wahl, Céline, Frisch, Benoit, Vieira, Angelica T., Paget, Christophe, Milligan, Graeme, Ulven, Trond, Wolowczuk, Isabelle, Faveeuw, Christelle, Le Goffic, Ronan, Thomas, Muriel, Ferreira, Stéphanie, Teixeira, Mauro M., and Trottein, François

Published
2020
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8. A mouse model of MSU-induced acute inflammation in vivo suggests imiquimod-dependent targeting of Il-1β as relevant therapy for gout patients

Author

Mariotte, Alexandre, De Cauwer, Aurore, Po, Chrystelle, Abou-Faycal, Chérine, Pichot, Angélique, Paul, Nicodème, Aouadi, Ismael, Carapito, Raphael, Frisch, Benoit, Macquin, Cécile, Chatelus, Emmanuel, Sibilia, Jean, Armspach, Jean-Paul, Bahram, Seiamak, and Georgel, Philippe

Subjects
Inflammation, Mice, Knockout, Imiquimod, Gout, Administration, Topical, Injections, Subcutaneous, Interleukin-1beta, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Antioxidants, Uric Acid, Disease Models, Animal, Mice, Adjuvants, Immunologic, Acute Disease, Animals, Cytokines, Research Paper
Abstract

Rationale: The role of Monosodium Urate (MSU) crystals in gout pathophysiology is well described, as is the major impact of IL-1β in the inflammatory reaction that constitutes the hallmark of the disease. However, despite the discovery of the NLRP3 inflammasome and its role as a Pattern Recognition Receptor linking the detection of a danger signal (MSU) to IL-1β secretion in vitro, the precise mechanisms leading to joint inflammation in gout patients are still poorly understood. Methods: Acute urate crystal inflammation was obtained by subcutaneous injections of MSU crystals in mice. Symptoms were followed by scoring, cytokine quantification by ELISA and western blot, gene expression by RT-qPCR and RNAseq; Magnetic Resonance Imaging was also used to assess inflammation. Results: We provide an extensive clinical, biological and molecular characterization of an acute uratic inflammation mouse model which accurately mimics human gout. We report the efficacy of topical imiquimod treatment and its impact on Interferon-dependent down modulation of Il-1β gene expression in this experimental model. Conclusion: Our work reveals several key features of MSU-dependent inflammation and identifies novel therapeutic opportunities for gout patients.

Published
2020

11. NLRP3- and AIM2-autonomy in a mouse model of MSU crystal-induced acute inflammation in vivo highlights imiquimod-dependent targeting of Il-1E expression as relevant therapy for gout patients

Author

Mariotte, Alexandre, De Cauwer, Aurore, Po, Chrystelle, Abou-Fayçal, Cherine, Pichot, Angélique, Paul, Nicodème, Aouadi, Ismael, Carapito, Raphael, Frisch, Benoit, Macquin, Cécile, Chatelus, Emmanuel, Sibilia, Jean, Armspach, Jean-Paul, Bahram, Seiamak, Georgel, Philippe, Frisch, Benoit, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles (ICSN), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC), Equipe 2 - Bases Moléculaires de la Progression des Cancers du Poumon, Inserm U823, Institut d'oncologie/développement Albert Bonniot de Grenoble (INSERM U823), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-CHU Grenoble-EFS-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-CHU Grenoble-EFS-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Equipe Plate-forme GENOMAX (Inserm U1109), Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire OMICARE-Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Immuno-Rhumatologie Moléculaire, Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Immuno-Rhumatologie Moléculaire, Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Conception et application de molécules bioactives (CAMB), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Service de Rhumatologie, Les Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg (HUS)-Centre National de Référence pour les Maladies Systémiques Autoimmunes Rares, Rhumatologie, CHU Strasbourg, Laboratoire des sciences de l'ingénieur, de l'informatique et de l'imagerie (ICube), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Strasbourg (INSA Strasbourg), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Nationale du Génie de l'Eau et de l'Environnement de Strasbourg (ENGEES)-Réseau nanophotonique et optique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Matériaux et nanosciences d'Alsace (FMNGE), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ICube Laboratory, University of Strasbourg, CNRS, France, Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire OMICARE-Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA), École Nationale du Génie de l'Eau et de l'Environnement de Strasbourg (ENGEES)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Strasbourg (INSA Strasbourg), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Les Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg (HUS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Matériaux et Nanosciences Grand-Est (MNGE), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Réseau nanophotonique et optique, and Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
[SDV.IMM] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Immunology, [SDV.IMM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Immunology
Abstract

L'article est publié dans la revue sous le titre définitif :"A mouse model of MSU-induced acute inflammation in vivo suggests imiquimod-dependent targeting of Il-1β as relevant therapy for gout patients"; International audience; The role of Monosodium Urate (MSU) crystals in gout pathophysiology is well described, as is the major impact of IL-1 in the inflammatory reaction that constitutes the hallmark of the disease. However, despite the discovery of the NLRP3 inflammasome and its role as a Pattern Recognition Receptor linking the detection of a danger signal (MSU) to IL-1 secretion in vitro, the precise mechanisms leading to joint inflammation in gout patients are still poorly understood. Here, we provide an extensive clinical, biological and molecular characterization of the acute uratic inflammation mouse model induced by subcutaneous injection of MSU crystals, which accurately mimics human gout. Our work reveals several key features of MSU-dependent inflammation and identifies novel therapeutic opportunities, among which the use of topical application of imiquimod to promote interferon-dependent anti-inflammatory action maybe relevant. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. (which was not peer-reviewed) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity.

Published
2020

13. A mouse model of MSU-induced acute inflammation in vivo suggests imiquimod-dependent targeting of Il-1 beta as relevant therapy for gout patients

Author

Mariotte, Alexandre, de Cauwer, Aurore, Po, Chrystelle, Abou-Faycal, Cherine, Pichot, Angelique, Paul, Nicodème, Aouadi, Ismaïl, Carapito, Raphael, Frisch, Benoit, Macquin, Cecile, Chatelus, Emmanuel, Sibilia, Jean, Armspach, Jean-Paul, Bahram, Seiamak, Georgel, Philippe, univOAK, Archive ouverte, Immuno-Rhumatologie Moléculaire, Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Laboratoire des sciences de l'ingénieur, de l'informatique et de l'imagerie (ICube), École Nationale du Génie de l'Eau et de l'Environnement de Strasbourg (ENGEES)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Strasbourg (INSA Strasbourg), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Les Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg (HUS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Matériaux et Nanosciences Grand-Est (MNGE), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Réseau nanophotonique et optique, Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Conception et application de molécules bioactives (CAMB), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Strasbourg (INSA Strasbourg), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Nationale du Génie de l'Eau et de l'Environnement de Strasbourg (ENGEES)-Réseau nanophotonique et optique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Matériaux et nanosciences d'Alsace (FMNGE), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Chimie des Systèmes Fonctionnels, and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
[SDV.BBM] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, [SDV.BBM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Sciences du Vivant [q-bio]/Biochimie, Biologie Moléculaire
Abstract

Rationale : The role of Monosodium Urate (MSU) crystals in gout pathophysiology is well described, as is the major impact of IL-1β in the inflammatory reaction that constitutes the hallmark of the disease. However, despite the discovery of the NLRP3 inflammasome and its role as a Pattern Recognition Receptor linking the detection of a danger signal (MSU) to IL-1β secretion in vitro, the precise mechanisms leading to joint inflammation in gout patients are still poorly understood. Methods : Acute urate crystal inflammation was obtained by subcutaneous injections of MSU crystals in mice. Symptoms were followed by scoring, cytokine quantification by ELISA and western blot, gene expression by RT-qPCR and RNAseq; Magnetic Resonance Imaging was also used to assess inflammation. Results : We provide an extensive clinical, biological and molecular characterization of an acute uratic inflammation mouse model which accurately mimics human gout. We report the efficacy of topical imiquimod treatment and its impact on Interferon-dependent down modulation of Il-1β gene expression in this experimental model. Conclusion : Our work reveals several key features of MSU-dependent inflammation and identifies novel therapeutic opportunities for gout patients.

Published
2020
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17. Relationship between the agonist activity of synthetic ligands of TRAIL-R2 and their cell surface binding modes

Author

Chekkat, Neila, primary, Lombardo, Caterina M., additional, Seguin, Cendrine, additional, Lechner, Marie-Charlotte, additional, Dufour, Florent, additional, Nominé, Yves, additional, De Giorgi, Marcella, additional, Frisch, Benoit, additional, Micheau, Olivier, additional, Guichard, Gilles, additional, Altschuh, Danièle, additional, and Fournel, Sylvie, additional

Published
2018
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19. Spleen-Resident CD4+ and CD4− CD8α− Dendritic Cell Subsets Differ in Their Ability to Prime Invariant Natural Killer T Lymphocytes

Author

Bialecki, Emilie, primary, Macho Fernandez, Elodie, additional, Ivanov, Stoyan, additional, Paget, Christophe, additional, Fontaine, Josette, additional, Rodriguez, Fabien, additional, Lebeau, Luc, additional, Ehret, Christophe, additional, Frisch, Benoit, additional, Trottein, François, additional, and Faveeuw, Christelle, additional

Published
2011
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20. Spleen-Resident CD4+ and CD4- CD8α- Dendritic Cell Subsets Differ in Their Ability to Prime Invariant Natural Killer T Lymphocytes.

Author

Bialecki, Emilie, Fernandez, Elodie Macho, Ivanov, Stoyan, Paget, Christophe, Fontaine, Josette, Rodriguez, Fabien, Lebeau, Luc, Ehret, Christophe, Frisch, Benoit, Trottein, François, and Faveeuw, Christelle

Subjects
T cells, LYMPHOID tissue, DENDRITIC cells, GERM cells, CELL differentiation, MORPHOGENESIS
Abstract

One important function of conventional dendritic cells (cDC) is their high capacity to capture, process and present Ag to T lymphocytes. Mouse splenic cDC subtypes, including CD8α+ and CD8α- cDC, are not identical in their Ag presenting and T cell priming functions. Surprisingly, few studies have reported functional differences between CD4- and CD4+ CD8α- cDC subsets. We show that, when loaded in vitro with OVA peptide or whole protein, and in steady-state conditions, splenic CD4- and CD4+ cDC are equivalent in their capacity to prime and direct CD4+ and CD8+ T cell differentiation. In contrast, in response to α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer), CD4- and CD4+ cDC differentially activate invariant Natural Killer T (iNKT) cells, a population of lipid-reactive non-conventional T lymphocytes. Both cDC subsets equally take up α-GalCer in vitro and in vivo to stimulate the iNKT hybridoma DN32.D3, the activation of which depends solely on TCR triggering. On the other hand, and relative to their CD4+ counterparts, CD4- cDC more efficiently stimulate primary iNKT cells, a phenomenon likely due to differential production of co-factors (including IL-12) by cDC. Our data reveal a novel functional difference between splenic CD4+ and CD4- cDC subsets that may be important in immune responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2011
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21. Exogenous Activation of Invariant Natural Killer T Cells by α-Galactosylceramide Reduces Pneumococcal Outgrowth and Dissemination Postinfluenza

Author

Christelle Faveeuw, Christophe Paget, Adeline Barthelemy, François Trottein, Josette Fontaine, Maya Hassane, Benoît Frisch, Béatrice Heurtault, Stoyan Ivanov, Centre d’Infection et d’Immunité de Lille - INSERM U 1019 - UMR 9017 - UMR 8204 (CIIL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Lille] (CHRU Lille)-Université de Lille-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut Pasteur de Lille, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Lille] (CHRU Lille), Université Libanaise, Conception et application de molécules bioactives (CAMB), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Pasteur de Lille, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Lille-Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Lille] (CHRU Lille)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Frisch, Benoit

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Time Factors, 030106 microbiology, Galactosylceramides, Biology, medicine.disease_cause, Lymphocyte Activation, Microbiology, Virus, Pneumococcal Infections, 03 medical and health sciences, Mice, [SDV.IMM.VAC] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Immunology/Vaccinology, Orthomyxoviridae Infections, Virology, medicine, Influenza A virus, Animals, Administration, Intranasal, [SDV.MP.VIR] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, Natural killer T cell, medicine.disease, [SDV.MP.BAC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Bacteriology, QR1-502, 3. Good health, Vaccination, Pneumococcal infections, Pneumonia, Disease Models, Animal, 030104 developmental biology, Treatment Outcome, Immunology, Pneumococcal pneumonia, [SDV.MP.VIR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, Natural Killer T-Cells, [SDV.MP.BAC] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Bacteriology, [SDV.IMM.VAC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Immunology/Vaccinology, Cell activation, Research Article
Abstract

Influenza A virus infection can predispose to potentially devastating secondary bacterial infections. Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are unconventional, lipid-reactive T lymphocytes that exert potent immunostimulatory functions. Using a mouse model of postinfluenza invasive secondary pneumococcal infection, we sought to establish whether α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer [a potent iNKT cell agonist that is currently in clinical development]) could limit bacterial superinfection. Our results highlighted the presence of a critical time window during which α-GalCer treatment can trigger iNKT cell activation and influence resistance to postinfluenza secondary pneumococcal infection. Intranasal treatment with α-GalCer during the acute phase (on day 7) of influenza virus H3N2 and H1N1 infection failed to activate (gamma interferon [IFN-γ] and interleukin-17A [IL-17A]) iNKT cells; this effect was associated with a strongly reduced number of conventional CD103+ dendritic cells in the respiratory tract. In contrast, α-GalCer treatment during the early phase (on day 4) or during the resolution phase (day 14) of influenza was associated with lower pneumococcal outgrowth and dissemination. Less intense viral-bacterial pneumonia and a lower morbidity rate were observed in superinfected mice treated with both α-GalCer (day 14) and the corticosteroid dexamethasone. Our results open the way to alternative (nonantiviral/nonantibiotic) iNKT-cell-based approaches for limiting postinfluenza secondary bacterial infections., IMPORTANCE Despite the application of vaccination programs and antiviral drugs, influenza A virus (IAV) infection is responsible for widespread morbidity and mortality (500,000 deaths/year). Influenza infections can also result in sporadic pandemics that can be devastating: the 1918 pandemic led to the death of 50 million people. Severe bacterial infections are commonly associated with influenza and are significant contributors to the excess morbidity and mortality of influenza. Today’s treatments of secondary bacterial (pneumococcal) infections are still not effective enough, and antibiotic resistance is a major issue. Hence, there is an urgent need for novel therapies. In the present study, we set out to evaluate the efficacy of α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer)—a potent agonist of invariant NKT cells that is currently in clinical development—in a mouse model of postinfluenza, highly invasive pneumococcal pneumonia. Our data indicate that treatment with α-GalCer reduces susceptibility to superinfections and, when combined with the corticosteroid dexamethasone, reduces viral-bacterial pneumonia.

Published
2016
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