45 results on '"Foulsham T"'
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2. Social and non-social gaze cueing in autism spectrum disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and a comorbid group
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Seernani, D. Ioannou, C. Damania, K. Hill, H. Foulsham, T. Smyrnis, N. Biscaldi, M. Klein, C.
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genetic structures ,mental disorders ,behavioral disciplines and activities - Abstract
Recent trends in literature, along with the changes to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM), make it imperative to study Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) together, in order to better understand potential aetiological commonalities between these highly comorbid disorders. The present study examines social cueing, a highly studied construct in ASD, and intra-subject variability (ISV), a potential endophenotype of ADHD, in four groups of typically developing (TD), ADHD, ASD- (ASD without ADHD), ASD+ (ASD with ADHD) participants (N = 85) aged 10–13 years. Results showed that social cueing is intact in the ‘pure’ ASD group when task expectations are clear. The ADHD group showed faster saccadic reaction times, no increased ISV and a pattern of viewing comparable to the TD group. However, the ASD + group showed a differences in processing style and ISV. A secondary analysis gives evidence of non-additive effects of the ASD and ADHD factors. © 2021
- Published
- 2021
3. Visual search in ADHD, ASD and ASD + ADHD: overlapping or dissociating disorders?
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Seernani, D. Damania, K. Ioannou, C. Penkalla, N. Hill, H. Foulsham, T. Kingstone, A. Anderson, N. Boccignone, G. Bender, S. Smyrnis, N. Biscaldi, M. Ebner-Priemer, U. Klein, C.
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mental disorders ,behavioral disciplines and activities - Abstract
Recent debates in the literature discuss commonalities between Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) at multiple levels of putative causal networks. This debate requires systematic comparisons between these disorders that have been studied in isolation in the past, employing potential markers of each disorder to be investigated in tandem. The present study, choose superior local processing, typical to ASD, and increased Intra-Subject Variability (ISV), typical to ADHD, for a head-to-head comparison of the two disorders, while also considering the comorbid cases. It directly examined groups of participants aged 10–13 years with ADHD, ASD with (ASD+) or without (ASD−) comorbid ADHD and a typically developing (TD) group (total N = 85). A visual search task consisting of an array of paired words was designed. The participants needed to find the specific pair of words, where the first word in the pair was the cue word. This visual search task was selected to compare these groups on overall search performance and trial-to-trial variability of search performance (i.e., ISV). Additionally, scanpath analysis was also carried out using Recurrence Quantification Analysis (RQA) and the Multi-Match Model. Results show that only the ASD− group exhibited superior search performance; whereas, only the groups with ADHD symptoms showed increased ISV. These findings point towards a double dissociation between ASD and ADHD, and argue against an overlap between ASD and ADHD. © 2020, The Author(s).
- Published
- 2021
4. Studying global processing in autism and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder with gaze movements: The example of a copying task
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Seernani, D. Ioannou, C. Damania, K. Spindler, K. Hill, H. Foulsham, T. Smyrnis, N. Bender, S. Fleischhaker, C. Biscaldi, M. Ebner-Priemer, U. Klein, C.
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genetic structures ,mental disorders ,behavioral disciplines and activities - Abstract
Recent discussions in the literature, along with the revision of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) (American Psychiatric Association 2013), suggest aetiological commonalities between the highly comorbid Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Addressing this discussion requires studying these disorders together by comparing constructs typical to each of them. In the present study, we investigate global processing, known to be difficult for participants with ASD, and Intra-Subject Variability (ISV), known to be consistently increased in participants with ADHD, in groups, aged 10-13 years, with ADHD (n = 25), ASD without comorbid ADHD (ASD-) (n = 13) and ASD with ADHD (ASD+) (n = 18) in comparison with a typically developing group (n = 22). A Copying task, typically requiring global processing and in this case particularly designed using equally complex stimuli to also measure ISV across trials, was selected. Oculomotor measures in this task proved to be particularly sensitive to group differences. While increased ISV was not observed in the present task in participants with ADHD, both ASD groups looked longer on the figure to be drawn, indicating that global processing takes longer in ASD. However, the ASD+ group fixated on the figure only between drawing movements, whereas the ASD- group did this throughout the drawing process. The present study provides evidence towards ASD and ADHD being separate, not-overlapping, disorders. Since the pure ASD- group was affected more by central coherence problems than the ASD + group, it may suggest that neuropsychological constructs interact differently in different clinical groups and sub-groups. © 2020 Seernani et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
- Published
- 2020
5. Studying global processing in autism and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder with gaze movements: The example of a copying task
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Seernani, D., primary, Ioannou, C., additional, Damania, K., additional, Spindler, K., additional, Hill, H., additional, Foulsham, T., additional, Smyrnis, N., additional, Bender, S., additional, Fleischhaker, C., additional, Biscaldi, M., additional, Ebner-Priemer, U., additional, and Klein, C., additional
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- 2020
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6. Scanpath analysis of expertise and culture in teacher gaze in real-world classrooms
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McIntyre, N.A. and Foulsham, T.
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InformationSystems_MODELSANDPRINCIPLES ,ComputingMethodologies_IMAGEPROCESSINGANDCOMPUTERVISION ,ComputingMilieux_COMPUTERSANDEDUCATION - Abstract
Humans are born to learn by understanding where adults look. This is likely to extend into the classroom, making teacher gaze an important topic for study. Expert teacher gaze has mainly been investigated in the laboratory, and has focused mostly on one cognitive process: teacher attentional (i.e., information-seeking) gaze. No known research has made direct cultural comparisons of teacher gaze or successfully found expert–novice differences outside Western settings. Accordingly, we conducted a real-world study of expert teacher gaze across two cultural settings, exploring communicative (i.e., information-giving) as well as attentional gaze. Forty secondary school teachers wore eye-tracking glasses, with 20 teachers (10 expert; 10 novice) from the UK and 20 teachers (10 expert; 10 novice) from Hong Kong. We used a novel eye-tracking scanpath analysis to ascertain the importance of expertise and culture, individually and as a combination. Attentional teacher scanpaths were significantly more similar within than across expertise and expertise + culture sub-groups; communicative scanpaths were significantly more similar within than across expertise and culture. Detailed analysis suggests that (1) expert teachers refer back to students constantly through focused gaze during both attentional and communicative gaze and that (2) expert teachers in Hong Kong scan students more than experts do in the UK.
- Published
- 2018
7. Information acquisition differences of experienced and novice time trial cyclists
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Boya, M, Foulsham, T, Hettinga, F, Parry, D, Williams, EL, Jones, HJ, Sparks, A, Marchant, D, Ellison, P, Bridge, CA, McNaughton, L, and Micklewright, D
- Published
- 2017
8. Eye movements and their functions in everyday tasks
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Foulsham, T, primary
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- 2014
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9. Eye fixations in video: Quantifying the effects of meaning and action on inter-observer convergence
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Foulsham, T., primary and Grenfell-Essam, R., additional
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- 2014
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10. Great expectations guide eye movements in real-world scenes
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Foulsham, T., primary
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- 2013
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11. Monsters are people too
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Levy, J., primary, Foulsham, T., additional, and Kingstone, A., additional
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- 2013
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12. The Collaborative Lecture Annotation System (CLAS): A New TOOL for Distributed Learning
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Risko, E. F., primary, Foulsham, T., additional, Dawson, S., additional, and Kingstone, A., additional
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- 2013
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13. Fishing for faces: Looking behaviour inside and outside the lab
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Blagrove, E., primary, Foulsham, T., additional, Watson, D., additional, Payne, L., additional, and Kingstone, A., additional
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- 2012
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14. Hide and Seek: The Ultimate Mind Game
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Anderson, G., primary, Nasiopoulos, E., additional, Foulsham, T., additional, Chapman, C., additional, and Kingstone, A., additional
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- 2012
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15. A new method for comparing scanpaths based on vectors and dimensions
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Dewhurst, R., primary, Jarodzka, J., additional, Holmqvist, K., additional, Foulsham, T., additional, and Nystrom, M., additional
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- 2011
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16. What is the shape of the visual information that drives saccades in natural images? Evidence from a gaze-contingent display
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Foulsham, T., primary, Teszka, R., additional, and Kingstone, A., additional
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- 2010
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17. Eye movements and saliency in a natural search task: evidence from visual agnosia
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Foulsham, T., primary, Barton, J., additional, Kingstone, A., additional, Dewhurst, R., additional, and Underwood, G., additional
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- 2010
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18. Gaze behaviour in the natural environment: Eye movements in video versus the real world
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Foulsham, T., primary, Walker, E., additional, and Kingstone, A., additional
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- 2010
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19. Eye movements and their functions in everyday tasks.
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Foulsham, T
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SACCADIC eye movements , *BODY movement , *COGNITIVE neuroscience , *HUMAN locomotion , *GAZE , *PHYSIOLOGY - Abstract
Human saccades and fixations have numerous functions in complex everyday tasks, which have sometimes been neglected in simple experimental situations. In this review I describe some of the characteristics of eye movement behaviour during real-world interactions with objects, while walking in natural environments and while holding a conversation. When performing real-world actions and walking around the world, we fixate relevant features at critical time points during the task. The eye movements between these fixations are planned and coordinated alongside head and body movements, often occurring a short time before the corresponding action. In social interactions, eye movements are both a mechanism for taking in information (for example, when looking at someone's face or following their gaze) and for signalling one's attention to another person. Thus eye movements are specific to a particular task context and subject to high-level planning and control during everyday actions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2015
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20. The effects of working memory load and ADHD-like traits on image viewing.
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Martinez Cedillo, A. P., Dent, K., and Foulsham, T.
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SHORT-term memory ,VISUAL memory ,COGNITIVE load ,IMAGE ,TASK performance - Abstract
Avoiding distractors is crucial for our daily lives. Load theory argues that high perceptual load facilitates distractor avoidance, while high cognitive load impedes distractor avoidance (see, Lavie, 2005). Difficulty in avoiding distractors is one of the key symptoms of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD; APA, 2013). In a series of experiments, we investigated visual attention during the viewing of complex scenes (featuring social and non-social objects), while manipulating Working Memory Load (WM) in a concurrent task. We also explored the relationship between these tasks and ADHD-like traits. Fixations during scene viewing were investigated with reference to objects of high and low saliency with social area (a person) also imbedded in the image. We tested the hypothesis that high WM load would lead to increased capture by the salient distractor. In contrast, attending to the social item might require more top-down resources and so be disrupted by WM load. The pattern of results suggests that during image viewing the social object was fixated to a greater degree than the other object (regardless of salience). While, there was a relationship between the degree of ADHD-like traits and performance on the memory task, WM load did not seem to affect scanning in scenes. Such findings suggest that top-down resources are not needed to attend to a social area in complex stimuli. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
21. Oculomotor Measures as Endophenotypes for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder.
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Seernani, D., Damania, K., Ioannou, C., Hill, H., Anderson, N., Boccignone, G., Foulsham, T., Bishof, W., Kingstone, A., Biscaldi, M., Ebner-Priemer, U., and Klein, C.
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ATTENTION-deficit hyperactivity disorder ,AUTISM spectrum disorders ,VISUAL perception ,BEHAVIOR disorders - Abstract
Background: Endophenotypes are intermediate variables in the hypothetical causal chain from observed behavior of a clinical disorder to its underlying genotype. Recent literature trends point to the potential etiological overlap between Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). The present study aims to systematically compare these groups, by studying the potential endophenotypes of ASD (local-global processing; social cueing) and ADHD (Intra-Subject Variability (ISV)) in tandem. Methods: Three tasks, namely visual search, copying down and gaze cueing were administered to directly examine ASD- (ASD without co-morbid ADHD), ADHD and ASD+ (ASD with co-morbid ADHD) groups, in comparison to a typically developing (TD) group (N=100). Step-by-step process analysis and scan-path models were employed to analyze the oculomotor and behavioural data collected. Results: Results from the visual search task show that groups with ADHD symptoms (ADHD and ASD+) have increased intra-subject variability, whereas only the ASD- group showed signs of superior performance. Fixation durations during the copying down task can differentiate ASD- and ADHD groups on the strategies used. The gaze cueing task, shows the ASD+ group to use different strategies as compared to TD, and have slower and more variable saccadic RTs as compared to ADHD and ASD-. Conclusion: The present study gives evidence for a double dissociation between ADHD and ASD when no comorbid symptoms are present, on paradigms of local-global processing and social cueing. Oculomotor paradigms and analysis have successfully teased apart this interaction in the present study and can aid greatly in the quest for these endophenotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
22. Editorial: Active Vision and Perception in Human-Robot Collaboration
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Dimitri Ognibene, Tom Foulsham, Letizia Marchegiani, Giovanni Maria Farinella, Ognibene, D, Foulsham, T, Marchegiani, L, and Farinella, G
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active vision ,Artificial Intelligence ,egocentric vision ,Biomedical Engineering ,Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry ,intention prediction ,social perception ,human-robot collaboration ,natural human-robot interaction ,ING-INF/05 - SISTEMI DI ELABORAZIONE DELLE INFORMAZIONI ,RC321-571 - Published
- 2022
23. Reading the room: Autistic traits, gaze behaviour, and the ability to infer social relationships.
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Forby L, Anderson NC, Cheng JT, Foulsham T, Karstadt B, Dawson J, Pazhoohi F, and Kingstone A
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- Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Social Interaction, Motivation, Peer Group, Autistic Disorder
- Abstract
Individuals high in autistic traits can have difficulty understanding verbal and non-verbal cues, and may display atypical gaze behaviour during social interactions. The aim of this study was to examine differences among neurotypical individuals with high and low levels of autistic traits with regard to their gaze behaviour and their ability to assess peers' social status accurately. Fifty-four university students who completed the 10-item Autism Quotient (AQ-10) were eye-tracked as they watched six 20-second video clips of people ("targets") involved in a group decision-making task. Simulating natural, everyday social interactions, the video clips included moments of debate, humour, interruptions, and cross talk. Results showed that high-scorers on the AQ-10 (i.e., those with more autistic traits) did not differ from the low-scorers in either gaze behaviour or assessing the targets' relative social status. The results based on this neurotypical group of participants suggest that the ability of individuals high in autistic traits to read social cues may be preserved in certain tasks crucial to navigating day-to-day social relationships. These findings are discussed in terms of their implications for theory of mind, weak central coherence, and social motivation theories of autism., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2023 Forby et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)
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- 2023
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24. Editorial: Active Vision and Perception in Human-Robot Collaboration.
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Ognibene D, Foulsham T, Marchegiani L, and Farinella GM
- Abstract
Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
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- 2022
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25. Theory of mind affects the interpretation of another person's focus of attention.
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Dawson J, Kingstone A, and Foulsham T
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- Adult, Female, Humans, Male, Attention, Eye Movements, Social Behavior, Theory of Mind
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People are drawn to social, animate things more than inanimate objects. Previous research has also shown gaze following in humans, a process that has been linked to theory of mind (ToM). In three experiments, we investigated whether animacy and ToM are involved when making judgements about the location of a cursor in a scene. In Experiment 1, participants were told that this cursor represented the gaze of an observer and were asked to decide whether the observer was looking at a target object. This task is similar to that carried out by researchers manually coding eye-tracking data. The results showed that participants were biased to perceive the gaze cursor as directed towards animate objects (faces) compared to inanimate objects. In Experiments 2 and 3 we tested the role of ToM, by presenting the same scenes to new participants but now with the statement that the cursor was generated by a 'random' computer system or by a computer system designed to seek targets. The bias to report that the cursor was directed toward faces was abolished in Experiment 2, and minimised in Experiment 3. Together, the results indicate that people attach minds to the mere representation of an individual's gaze, and this attribution of mind influences what people believe an individual is looking at., (© 2021. The Author(s).)
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- 2021
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26. Parent-reported social-communication changes in children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder during the COVID-19 pandemic in the UK.
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Morris PO, Hope E, Foulsham T, and Mills JP
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Introduction: The coronavirus pandemic has swept across the United Kingdom (UK). Given the ever-evolving situation, little is known about the repercussions of coronavirus and the subsequent lockdowns for children diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Therefore, this study explores the social-communicative impact of the first lockdown (March 2020 - July 2020) in the UK and the return to school period (September 2020 - October 2020), following prolonged disruption to routine, in children diagnosed with ASD. Methods : Parents of autistic children completed 2 separate online surveys following the first lockdown in the UK ( n = 176) and also when children returned to school following the summer break ( n = 54). Results : The results suggested that self-regulation skills ( p < .05) and co-operation skills ( p < .05) were most affected over the course of the lockdown. Children's physical activity levels were perceived to significantly increase during the return to school ( p < .0001), which was associated with better social-communication outcomes ( p < .05). Conclusion : Future work is needed to confirm and explore the findings. Such work could be implemented to protect and improve the social-communicative outcomes of autistic children., Competing Interests: All authors certify that they have no affiliations with or involvement in any organization or entity with any financial interest or non-financial interest in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript., (© 2021 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.)
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- 2021
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27. Turning the (virtual) world around: Patterns in saccade direction vary with picture orientation and shape in virtual reality.
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Anderson NC, Bischof WF, Foulsham T, and Kingstone A
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Research investigating gaze in natural scenes has identified a number of spatial biases in where people look, but it is unclear whether these are partly due to constrained testing environments (e.g., a participant with their head restrained and looking at a landscape image framed within a computer monitor). We examined the extent to which image shape (square vs. circle), image rotation, and image content (landscapes vs. fractal images) influence eye and head movements in virtual reality (VR). Both the eyes and head were tracked while observers looked at natural scenes in a virtual environment. In line with previous work, we found a bias for saccade directions parallel to the image horizon, regardless of image shape or content. We found that, when allowed to do so, observers move both their eyes and head to explore images. Head rotation, however, was idiosyncratic; some observers rotated a lot, whereas others did not. Interestingly, the head rotated in line with the rotation of landscape but not fractal images. That head rotation and gaze direction respond differently to image content suggests that they may be under different control systems. We discuss our findings in relation to current theories on head and eye movement control and how insights from VR might inform more traditional eye-tracking studies.
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- 2020
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28. Athlete-Opponent Interdependency Alters Pacing and Information-Seeking Behavior.
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Konings MJ, Foulsham T, Micklewright D, and Hettinga FJ
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- Adult, Attention, Cues, Exercise Test, Humans, Middle Aged, Athletic Performance physiology, Athletic Performance psychology, Bicycling physiology, Bicycling psychology, Competitive Behavior physiology, Decision Making, Information Seeking Behavior
- Abstract
Purpose: The influence of interdependency between competitors on pacing decision-making and information-seeking behavior has been explored. This has been done by only altering instructions, and thereby action possibilities, while controlling environment (i.e., competitor behavior) and exercise task., Methods: Twelve participants performed a 4-km time trial on a Velotron cycle ergometer in a randomized, counterbalanced order alone with no virtual opponent (NO), against a virtual opponent with no restrictions (low athlete-opponent interdependency [OP-IND]), or against a virtual opponent who the participant was permitted to overtake only once during the trial (high athlete-opponent interdependency [OP-DEP]). Information-seeking behavior was evaluated using an SMI eye tracker. Differences in pacing, performance, and information-seeking behavior were examined using repeated-measures ANOVA (P < 0.05)., Results: Neither mean power output (NO, 298 ± 35 W; OP-IND, 297 ± 38 W; OP-DEP, 296 ± 37 W) nor finishing time (NO, 377.7 ± 17.4 s; OP-IND, 379.3 ± 19.5 s; OP-DEP, 378.5 ± 17.7 s) differed between experimental conditions. However, power output was lower in the first kilometer of OP-DEP compared with the other experimental conditions (NO, 332 ± 59 W; OP-IND, 325 ± 62 W; OP-DEP, 316 ± 58 W; both P < 0.05), and participants decided to wait longer before they overtook their opponent (OP-IND, 137 ± 130 s; OP-DEP, 255 ± 107 s; P = 0.040). Moreover, total fixation time spent on the avatar of the virtual opponent increased when participants were only allowed to overtake once (OP-IND, 23.3 ± 16.6 s; OP-DEP, 55.8 ± 32.7 s; P = 0.002)., Conclusion: A higher interdependency between athlete and opponent altered pacing behavior in terms of in-race adaptations based on opponent's behavior, and it induced an increased attentional focus on the virtual opponent. Thus, in the context of exercise regulation, attentional cues are likely to be used in an adaptive way according to their availability and situational relevance, consistent with a decision-making framework based on the interdependence of perception and action.
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- 2020
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29. Reading and Misleading: Changes in Head and Eye Movements Reveal Attentional Orienting in a Social Context.
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Foulsham T, Gejdosova M, and Caunt L
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Social attention describes how observers orient to social information and exhibit behaviors such as gaze following. These behaviors are examples of how attentional orienting may differ when in the presence of other people, although they have typically been studied without actual social presence. In the present study we ask whether orienting, as measured by head and eye movements, will change when participants are trying to mislead or hide their attention from a bystander. In two experiments, observers performed a preference task while being video-recorded, and subsequent participants were asked to guess the response of the participant based on a video of the head and upper body. In a second condition, observers were told to try to mislead the "guesser". The results showed that participants' preference responses could be guessed from videos of the head and, critically, that participants spontaneously changed their orienting behavior in order to mislead by reducing the rate at which they made large head movements. Masking the eyes with sunglasses suggested that head movements were most important in our setup. This indicates that head and eye movements can be used flexibly according to the socio-communicative context.
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- 2019
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30. How task demands influence scanpath similarity in a sequential number-search task.
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Dewhurst R, Foulsham T, Jarodzka H, Johansson R, Holmqvist K, and Nyström M
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- Adult, Analysis of Variance, Female, Fixation, Ocular physiology, Humans, Male, Perceptual Masking physiology, Photic Stimulation methods, Young Adult, Attention physiology, Eye Movements physiology
- Abstract
More and more researchers are considering the omnibus eye movement sequence-the scanpath-in their studies of visual and cognitive processing (e.g. Hayes, Petrov, & Sederberg, 2011; Madsen, Larson, Loschky, & Rebello, 2012; Ni et al., 2011; von der Malsburg & Vasishth, 2011). However, it remains unclear how recent methods for comparing scanpaths perform in experiments producing variable scanpaths, and whether these methods supplement more traditional analyses of individual oculomotor statistics. We address this problem for MultiMatch (Jarodzka et al., 2010; Dewhurst et al., 2012), evaluating its performance with a visual search-like task in which participants must fixate a series of target numbers in a prescribed order. This task should produce predictable sequences of fixations and thus provide a testing ground for scanpath measures. Task difficulty was manipulated by making the targets more or less visible through changes in font and the presence of distractors or visual noise. These changes in task demands led to slower search and more fixations. Importantly, they also resulted in a reduction in the between-subjects scanpath similarity, demonstrating that participants' gaze patterns became more heterogenous in terms of saccade length and angle, and fixation position. This implies a divergent strategy or random component to eye-movement behaviour which increases as the task becomes more difficult. Interestingly, the duration of fixations along aligned vectors showed the opposite pattern, becoming more similar between observers in 2 of the 3 difficulty manipulations. This provides important information for vision scientists who may wish to use scanpath metrics to quantify variations in gaze across a spectrum of perceptual and cognitive tasks., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2018
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31. Stable individual differences predict eye movements to the left, but not handedness or line bisection.
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Foulsham T, Frost E, and Sage L
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- Adult, Attention, Humans, Individuality, Middle Aged, Young Adult, Functional Laterality physiology, Saccades physiology, Visual Perception physiology
- Abstract
When observers view an image, their initial eye movements are not equally distributed but instead are often biased to the left of the picture. This pattern has been linked to pseudoneglect, the spatial bias to the left that is observed in line bisection and a range of other perceptual and attentional tasks. Pseudoneglect is often explained according to the dominance of the right-hemisphere in the neural control of attention, a view bolstered by differences between left- and right-handed participants in both line bisection and eye movements. We re-examined this observation in eighty participants (half of whom reported being left handed) who completed a computerised line bisection task and viewed a series of images. We failed to replicate the previously-reported effect of handedness on eye movements in image viewing, with both groups showing a large average bias to the left on the first saccade. While there was a modest effect of handedness on line bisection, there was no correlation between the two tasks. Stable individual differences, as well as a shorter latency on the initial saccade, were robust predictors of an initial saccade to the left. Therefore, while there seems to be a reflexive and idiosyncratic drive to look to the left, it is not well accounted for by handedness and may have different mechanisms from other forms of pseudoneglect., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2018
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32. Information Acquisition Differences between Experienced and Novice Time Trial Cyclists.
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Boya M, Foulsham T, Hettinga F, Parry D, Williams E, Jones H, Sparks A, Marchant D, Ellison P, Bridge C, McNaughton L, and Micklewright D
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- Adult, Eye Movements physiology, Heart Rate physiology, Humans, Male, Perception physiology, Physical Exertion physiology, Task Performance and Analysis, Athletic Performance physiology, Athletic Performance psychology, Bicycling physiology, Bicycling psychology, Feedback, Psychological physiology
- Abstract
Purpose: To use eye-tracking technology to directly compare information acquisition behavior of experienced and novice cyclists during a self-paced, 10-mile (16.1 km) time trial (TT)., Method: Two groups of novice (n = 10) and experienced cyclists (n = 10) performed a 10-mile self-paced TT on two separate occasions during which a number of feedback variables (speed, distance, power output, cadence, HR, and time) were projected within their view. A large RPE scale was also presented next to the projected information and participants. Participants were fitted with a head-mounted eye tracker and HR monitor., Results: Experienced cyclists performed both TT quicker than novices (F1,18 = 6.8, P = 0.018) during which they primarily looked at speed (9 of 10 participants), whereas novices primarily looked at distance (6 of 10 participants). Experienced cyclists looked at primary information for longer than novices across the whole TT (24.5% ± 4.2% vs 34.2% ± 6.1%; t18 = 4.2; P < 0.001) and less frequently than novices during the last quarter of the TT (49 ± 19 vs 80 ± 32; t18 = -2.6; P = 0.009). The most common combination of primary and secondary information looked at by experienced cyclists was speed and distance, respectively. Looking at 10 different primary-secondary feedback permutations, the novices were less consistent than the experienced cyclists in their information acquisition behavior., Conclusions: This study challenges the importance placed on knowledge of the endpoint to pacing in previous models, especially for experienced cyclists for whom distance feedback was looked at secondary to, but in conjunction with, information about speed. Novice cyclists have a greater dependence on distance feedback, which they look at for shorter and more frequent periods than the experienced cyclists. Experienced cyclists are more selective and consistent in attention to feedback during TT cycling.
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- 2017
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33. The impact of facial abnormalities and their spatial position on perception of cuteness and attractiveness of infant faces.
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Lewis J, Roberson D, and Foulsham T
- Subjects
- Adult, Female, Hemangioma pathology, Humans, Infant, Linear Models, Male, Reproducibility of Results, Face abnormalities, Judgment, Visual Perception
- Abstract
Research has demonstrated that how "cute" an infant is perceived to be has consequences for caregiving. Infants with facial abnormalities receive lower ratings of cuteness, but relatively little is known about how different abnormalities and their location affect these aesthetic judgements. The objective of the current study was to compare the impact of different abnormalities on the perception of infant faces, while controlling for infant identity. In two experiments, adult participants gave ratings of cuteness and attractiveness in response to face images that had been edited to introduce common facial abnormalities. Stimulus faces displayed either a haemangioma (a small, benign birth mark), strabismus (an abnormal alignment of the eyes) or a cleft lip (an abnormal opening in the upper lip). In Experiment 1, haemangioma had less of a detrimental effect on ratings than the more severe abnormalities. In Experiment 2, we manipulated the position of a haemangioma on the face. We found small but robust effects of this position, with abnormalities in the top and on the left of the face receiving lower cuteness ratings. This is consistent with previous research showing that people attend more to the top of the face (particularly the eyes) and to the left hemifield.
- Published
- 2017
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- View/download PDF
34. Eye and head movements are complementary in visual selection.
- Author
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Solman GJ, Foulsham T, and Kingstone A
- Abstract
In the natural environment, visual selection is accomplished by a system of nested effectors, moving the head and body within space and the eyes within the visual field. However, it is not yet known if the principles of selection for these different effectors are the same or different. We used a novel gaze-contingent display in which an asymmetric window of visibility (a horizontal or vertical slot) was yoked to either head or eye position. Participants showed highly systematic changes in behaviour, revealing clear differences in the principles underlying selection by eye and head. Eye movements were more likely to move in the direction of visible information-horizontally when viewing with a horizontal slot, and vertically with a vertical slot. Head movements showed the opposite and complementary pattern, moving to reveal new information (e.g. vertically with a horizontal slot and vice versa). These results are consistent with a nested system in which the head favours exploration of unknown regions, while the eye exploits what can be seen with finer-scale saccades.
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. How the Eyes Tell Lies: Social Gaze During a Preference Task.
- Author
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Foulsham T and Lock M
- Subjects
- Adult, Eye Movement Measurements, Female, Humans, Male, Young Adult, Attention, Deception, Fixation, Ocular, Social Behavior, Social Perception, Theory of Mind
- Abstract
Social attention is thought to require detecting the eyes of others and following their gaze. To be effective, observers must also be able to infer the person's thoughts and feelings about what he or she is looking at, but this has only rarely been investigated in laboratory studies. In this study, participants' eye movements were recorded while they chose which of four patterns they preferred. New observers were subsequently able to reliably guess the preference response by watching a replay of the fixations. Moreover, when asked to mislead the person guessing, participants changed their looking behavior and guessing success was reduced. In a second experiment, naïve participants could also guess the preference of the original observers but were unable to identify trials which were lies. These results confirm that people can spontaneously use the gaze of others to infer their judgments, but also that these inferences are open to deception., (Copyright © 2014 Cognitive Science Society, Inc.)
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. Speaking and Listening with the Eyes: Gaze Signaling during Dyadic Interactions.
- Author
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Ho S, Foulsham T, and Kingstone A
- Subjects
- Adult, Attention, Auditory Perception, Female, Humans, Male, Speech, Young Adult, Eye Movements, Fixation, Ocular, Interpersonal Relations, Nonverbal Communication physiology
- Abstract
Cognitive scientists have long been interested in the role that eye gaze plays in social interactions. Previous research suggests that gaze acts as a signaling mechanism and can be used to control turn-taking behaviour. However, early research on this topic employed methods of analysis that aggregated gaze information across an entire trial (or trials), which masks any temporal dynamics that may exist in social interactions. More recently, attempts have been made to understand the temporal characteristics of social gaze but little research has been conducted in a natural setting with two interacting participants. The present study combines a temporally sensitive analysis technique with modern eye tracking technology to 1) validate the overall results from earlier aggregated analyses and 2) provide insight into the specific moment-to-moment temporal characteristics of turn-taking behaviour in a natural setting. Dyads played two social guessing games (20 Questions and Heads Up) while their eyes were tracked. Our general results are in line with past aggregated data, and using cross-correlational analysis on the specific gaze and speech signals of both participants we found that 1) speakers end their turn with direct gaze at the listener and 2) the listener in turn begins to speak with averted gaze. Convergent with theoretical models of social interaction, our data suggest that eye gaze can be used to signal both the end and the beginning of a speaking turn during a social interaction. The present study offers insight into the temporal dynamics of live dyadic interactions and also provides a new method of analysis for eye gaze data when temporal relationships are of interest.
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. Leftward biases in picture scanning and line bisection: a gaze-contingent window study.
- Author
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Foulsham T, Gray A, Nasiopoulos E, and Kingstone A
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Analysis of Variance, Female, Humans, Male, Photic Stimulation methods, Saccades physiology, Young Adult, Attention physiology, Visual Perception physiology
- Abstract
A bias for humans to attend to the left side of space has been reported in a variety of experiments. While patients with hemispatial neglect mistakenly bisect horizontal lines to the right of centre, neurologically healthy individuals show a mean leftward error. Here, two experiments demonstrated a robust tendency for participants to saccade to the left when viewing photographs. We were able to manipulate this bias by using an asymmetrical gaze-contingent window, which revealed more of the scene on one side of fixation-causing participants to saccade more often in that direction. A second experiment demonstrated the same change in eye movements occurring rapidly from trial to trial, and investigated whether it would carry over and effect attention during a line bisection task. There was some carry-over from gaze-contingent scene viewing to the eye movements during line bisection. However, despite frequent initial eye movements and many errors to the left, manual responses were not affected by this change in orienting. We conclude that the mechanisms underlying asymmetrical attention in picture scanning and line bisection are flexible and can be separated, with saccades in scene perception driven more by a skewed perceptual span., (Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. What affects social attention? Social presence, eye contact and autistic traits.
- Author
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Freeth M, Foulsham T, and Kingstone A
- Subjects
- Behavior, Female, Humans, Male, Video Recording, Attention physiology, Autistic Disorder physiopathology, Eye Movements physiology, Interpersonal Relations
- Abstract
Social understanding is facilitated by effectively attending to other people and the subtle social cues they generate. In order to more fully appreciate the nature of social attention and what drives people to attend to social aspects of the world, one must investigate the factors that influence social attention. This is especially important when attempting to create models of disordered social attention, e.g. a model of social attention in autism. Here we analysed participants' viewing behaviour during one-to-one social interactions with an experimenter. Interactions were conducted either live or via video (social presence manipulation). The participant was asked and then required to answer questions. Experimenter eye-contact was either direct or averted. Additionally, the influence of participant self-reported autistic traits was also investigated. We found that regardless of whether the interaction was conducted live or via a video, participants frequently looked at the experimenter's face, and they did this more often when being asked a question than when answering. Critical differences in social attention between the live and video interactions were also observed. Modifications of experimenter eye contact influenced participants' eye movements in the live interaction only; and increased autistic traits were associated with less looking at the experimenter for video interactions only. We conclude that analysing patterns of eye-movements in response to strictly controlled video stimuli and natural real-world stimuli furthers the field's understanding of the factors that influence social attention.
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. Social attention with real versus reel stimuli: toward an empirical approach to concerns about ecological validity.
- Author
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Risko EF, Laidlaw K, Freeth M, Foulsham T, and Kingstone A
- Abstract
Cognitive neuroscientists often study social cognition by using simple but socially relevant stimuli, such as schematic faces or images of other people. Whilst this research is valuable, important aspects of genuine social encounters are absent from these studies, a fact that has recently drawn criticism. In the present review we argue for an empirical approach to the determination of the equivalence of different social stimuli. This approach involves the systematic comparison of different types of social stimuli ranging in their approximation to a real social interaction. In garnering support for this cognitive ethological approach, we focus on recent research in social attention that has involved stimuli ranging from simple schematic faces to real social interactions. We highlight both meaningful similarities and differences in various social attentional phenomena across these different types of social stimuli thus validating the utility of the research initiative. Furthermore, we argue that exploring these similarities and differences will provide new insights into social cognition and social neuroscience.
- Published
- 2012
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40. The where, what and when of gaze allocation in the lab and the natural environment.
- Author
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Foulsham T, Walker E, and Kingstone A
- Subjects
- Female, Fixation, Ocular physiology, Humans, Male, Photic Stimulation methods, Videotape Recording, Walking, Attention physiology, Environment, Eye Movements physiology, Head Movements physiology, Visual Perception physiology
- Abstract
How do people distribute their visual attention in the natural environment? We and our colleagues have usually addressed this question by showing pictures, photographs or videos of natural scenes under controlled conditions and recording participants' eye movements as they view them. In the present study, we investigated whether people distribute their gaze in the same way when they are immersed and moving in the world compared to when they view video clips taken from the perspective of a walker. Participants wore a mobile eye tracker while walking to buy a coffee, a trip that required a short walk outdoors through the university campus. They subsequently watched first-person videos of the walk in the lab. Our results focused on where people directed their eyes and their head, what objects were gazed at and when attention-grabbing items were selected. Eye movements were more centralised in the real world, and locations around the horizon were selected with head movements. Other pedestrians, the path, and objects in the distance were looked at often in both the lab and the real world. However, there were some subtle differences in how and when these items were selected. For example, pedestrians close to the walker were fixated more often when viewed on video than in the real world. These results provide a crucial test of the relationship between real behaviour and eye movements measured in the lab., (Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Correlation and cause when inferring attentional guidance in the rainforest and beyond.
- Author
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Foulsham T
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. Potential social interactions are important to social attention.
- Author
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Laidlaw KE, Foulsham T, Kuhn G, and Kingstone A
- Subjects
- Autistic Disorder classification, Eye Movements, Female, Humans, Male, Time Factors, Video Recording, Young Adult, Attention, Autistic Disorder physiopathology, Interpersonal Relations, Social Behavior
- Abstract
Social attention, or how spatial attention is allocated to biologically relevant stimuli, has typically been studied using simplistic paradigms that do not provide any opportunity for social interaction. To study social attention in a complex setting that affords social interaction, we measured participants' looking behavior as they were sitting in a waiting room, either in the presence of a confederate posing as another research participant, or in the presence of a videotape of the same confederate. Thus, the potential for social interaction existed only when the confederate was physically present. Although participants frequently looked at the videotaped confederate, they seldom turned toward or looked at the live confederate. Ratings of participants' social skills correlated with head turns to the live, but not videotaped, confederate. Our results demonstrate the importance of studying social attention within a social context, and suggest that the mere opportunity for social interaction can alter social attention.
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. Asymmetries in the direction of saccades during perception of scenes and fractals: effects of image type and image features.
- Author
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Foulsham T and Kingstone A
- Subjects
- Eye Movements physiology, Humans, Mental Recall physiology, Pattern Recognition, Visual physiology, Photic Stimulation methods, Rotation, Saccades physiology, Visual Perception physiology
- Abstract
The direction in which people tend to move their eyes when inspecting images can reveal the different influences on eye guidance in scene perception, and their time course. We investigated biases in saccade direction during a memory-encoding task with natural scenes and computer-generated fractals. Images were rotated to disentangle egocentric and image-based guidance. Saccades in fractals were more likely to be horizontal, regardless of orientation. In scenes, the first saccade often moved down and subsequent eye movements were predominantly vertical, relative to the scene. These biases were modulated by the distribution of visual features (saliency and clutter) in the scene. The results suggest that image orientation, visual features and the scene frame-of-reference have a rapid effect on eye guidance., (Copyright 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. Turning the world around: patterns in saccade direction vary with picture orientation.
- Author
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Foulsham T, Kingstone A, and Underwood G
- Subjects
- Fixation, Ocular physiology, Humans, Mental Recall physiology, Orientation, Psychophysics, Reaction Time, Pattern Recognition, Visual physiology, Saccades physiology
- Abstract
The eye movements made by viewers of natural images often feature a predominance of horizontal saccades. Can this behaviour be explained by the distribution of saliency around the horizon, low-level oculomotor factors, top-down control or laboratory artefacts? Two experiments explored this bias by recording saccades whilst subjects viewed photographs rotated to varying extents, but within a constant square frame. The findings show that the dominant saccade direction follows the orientation of the scene, though this pattern varies in interiors and during recognition of previously seen pictures. This demonstrates that a horizon bias is robust and affected by both the distribution of features and more global representations of the scene layout.
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. What can saliency models predict about eye movements? Spatial and sequential aspects of fixations during encoding and recognition.
- Author
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Foulsham T and Underwood G
- Subjects
- Analysis of Variance, Cognition physiology, Fixation, Ocular physiology, Humans, Photic Stimulation, Task Performance and Analysis, Eye Movements physiology, Form Perception physiology, Pattern Recognition, Visual physiology, Semantics
- Abstract
Saliency map models account for a small but significant amount of the variance in where people fixate, but evaluating these models with natural stimuli has led to mixed results. In the present study, the eye movements of participants were recorded while they viewed color photographs of natural scenes in preparation for a memory test (encoding) and when recognizing them later. These eye movements were then compared to the predictions of a well defined saliency map model (L. Itti & C. Koch, 2000), in terms of both individual fixation locations and fixation sequences (scanpaths). The saliency model is a significantly better predictor of fixation location than random models that take into account bias toward central fixations, and this is the case at both encoding and recognition. However, similarity between scanpaths made at multiple viewings of the same stimulus suggests that repetitive scanpaths also contribute to where people look. Top-down recapitulation of scanpaths is a key prediction of scanpath theory (D. Noton & L. Stark, 1971), but it might also be explained by bottom-up guidance. The present data suggest that saliency cannot account for scanpaths and that incorporating these sequences could improve model predictions.
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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