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(237/300 words)Background: 20-30% of prisoners meet diagnostic criteria for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Methylphenidate reduces ADHD symptoms but effects in prisoners are uncertain due to 16 comorbid mental health and substance use disorders. Aim: To estimate the efficacy of an Osmotic-Release-Oral-System methylphenidate (OROS-methylphenidate) in reducing ADHD symptoms in young adult prisoners with ADHD. Methods: An 8-week parallel arm, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial of OROS-methylphenidate versus placebo in male prisoners (aged 16-25) meeting DSM-5 criteria for ADHD. Primary outcome was ADHD symptoms at 8-weeks using the investigator rated Connors Adult ADHD Rating Scale (CAARS-O). Thirteen secondary outcome measures included emotional dysregulation, mind-wandering, violent attitudes, mental health symptoms, and prison officer and educational staff ratings of behaviour and aggression.Findings: Mean CAARS-O at 8 weeks in the OROS-methylphenidate arm was estimated to be reduced 26 by 0.57 points relative to the Placebo arm (95% CI: -2.41 to 3.56) and non-significant. The responder rate, defined as a 20% reduction in CAARS-O scores was 48.3% for the OROS-methylphenidate arm28 and 47.9% for the placebo arm. No statistically significant trial arm difference were detected for any of the secondary outcomes. Mean final titrated dose was 53.8 mg in the OROS-methylphenidate arm.Conclusions: ADHD symptoms did not respond to OROS-methylphenidate in young adult prisoners. The findings do not support routine treatment with OROS-methylphenidate in this population. Further research is needed to evaluate effects of higher average dosing and adherence to treatment, multimodal treatments, and preventative interventions in the community.Trial registration: EudraCT Number 2015-004271-78; ISRCTN16827947. Database lock 27th August 2019

The vortex theory of the helium-4-type superfluid phase transition, in both the 3D-bulk form and 2D-film form, is herein explained and intuitively derived. New evidence is provided supporting the accuracy of the 3D vortex loop theory in equilibrium over all pressures up to the solidification point. We show that the 3D theory consistently describes, within about 200 μK below Tλ, the pressure dependence of the helium superfluid fraction, heat capacity, vortex-loop core diameter, smallest-loop energy, and universal quantity X, which relates to an algebraic combination of the superfluid-fraction and specific-heat critical amplitudes. We suggest that the smallest vortex loops of the theory, with size on the order of angstroms, may be crude approximations for rotons. We also present a new exact analytic solution for the 2D non-equilibrium dynamics of vortex pairs in rapid temperature quenches.

To what extent does immigration affect the economic institutions in destination countries? While there is much evidence that economic institutions in developed nations are either unaffected or improved after immigration, there is little evidence of how immigration affects the economic institutions of developing countries that typically have weaker institutions. Using the Synthetic Control Method, this study estimates a significant and long-lasting positive effect on Jordanian economic institutions from the surge of refugees from the First Gulf War. The surge of refugees to Jordan in 1990–1991 was massive and equal to 10 percent of Jordan's population in 1990. Importantly, these refugees were able to have a large and direct impact on Jordanian economic institutions because they could work, live, and vote immediately upon entry due to a quirk in Jordanian law. The refugee surge was the main mechanism by which Jordan's economic institutions improved in the decades that followed.

Care Programme Approach (CPA) report. This is not an actual CPA, but is a sample CPA report based on â real lifeâ cases. (DOCX 12 kb)

This study describes the demographic, admission and diagnostic characteristics of a group of 204 subjects from the Royal Edinburgh Hospital who received exit diagnoses according to the functional psychoses over the 2 year period 1993 - 1994. In total, 737 admissions were analysed using the OPCRIT computer program (McGuffin et al, 1991 ), and diagnoses were analysed in accordance with a number of operational criteria. The main results are summarised as follows: 1. Subjects with schizophrenia had by far the highest mean admission length per year, and almost twice the total length of admission than other subjects, and the demographic results confirmed the socially catastrophic nature of the condition. 2. The results of the diagnostic spread confirmed that considerable diagnostic differences between different sets of operational criteria are common. 3. There was an increase in the frequency of diagnosis of schizophrenia from initial episode across all admissions according to all sets of diagnostic criteria. 4. High levels of stability in the region of 80% were found for schizophrenia according to most sets of operational criteria, while the affective disorders displayed moderate stability levels which varied more widely between different sets of operational criteria. Other conditions, nonorganic psychotic disorders, delusional disorder, atypical psychosis and schizoaffective disorder displayed poor levels of stability. 5. More than 50% of subjects changed diagnosis between episodes one and five , confirming that diagnostic movement is common. According to clinical criteria, there was regular triangular movement between the diagnoses of depression, mania and bipolar disorder, and according to a11 sets of criteria there was considerable movement from 'no diagnosis' to a range of other psychiatric disorder. There was very Jittle movement away from a diagnosis of schizophrenia towards other major psychiatric disorder, but considerable early movement from other conditions towards more clearly defined diagnoses. The results confirmed some of the limitations of operational criteria, and the implications of the findings are discussed.