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An essential guide to the foundations, research and practices of community disaster resilience Framing Community Disaster Resilience offers a guide to the theories, research and approaches for addressing the complexity of community resilience towards hazardous events or disasters. The text draws on the activities and achievements of the project emBRACE: Building Resilience Amongst Communities in Europe. The authors identify the key dimensions of resilience across a range of disciplines and domains and present an analysis of community characteristics, networks, behaviour and practices in specific test cases. The text contains an in-depth exploration of five test cases whose communities are facing impacts triggered by different hazards, namely: river floods in Germany, earthquakes in Turkey, landslides in South Tyrol, Italy, heat-waves in London and combined fluvial and pluvial floods in Northumberland and Cumbria. The authors examine the data and indicators of past events in order to assess current situations and to tackle the dynamics of community resilience. In addition, they put the focus on empirical analysis to explore the resilience concept and to test the usage of indicators for describing community resilience. This important text: * Merges the forces of research knowledge, networking and practices in order to understand community disaster resilience * Contains the results of the acclaimed project Building Resilience Amongst Communities in Europe - emBRACE * Explores the key dimensions of community resilience * Includes five illustrative case studies from European communities that face various hazards Written for undergraduate students, postgraduates and researchers of social science, and policymakers, Framing Community Disaster Resilience reports on the findings of an important study to reveal the most effective approaches to enhancing community resilience. The emBRACE research received funding from the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme FP7/200

An essential guide to the foundations, research and practices of community disaster resilience Framing Community Disaster Resilience offers a guide to the theories, research and approaches for addressing the complexity of community resilience towards hazardous events or disasters. The text draws on the activities and achievements of the project emBRACE: Building Resilience Amongst Communities in Europe. The authors identify the key dimensions of resilience across a range of disciplines and domains and present an analysis of community characteristics, networks, behaviour and practices in specific test cases. The text contains an in-depth exploration of five test cases whose communities are facing impacts triggered by different hazards, namely: river floods in Germany, earthquakes in Turkey, landslides in South Tyrol, Italy, heat-waves in London and combined fluvial and pluvial floods in Northumberland and Cumbria. The authors examine the data and indicators of past events in order to assess current situations and to tackle the dynamics of community resilience. In addition, they put the focus on empirical analysis to explore the resilience concept and to test the usage of indicators for describing community resilience. This important text: * Merges the forces of research knowledge, networking and practices in order to understand community disaster resilience * Contains the results of the acclaimed project Building Resilience Amongst Communities in Europe - emBRACE * Explores the key dimensions of community resilience * Includes five illustrative case studies from European communities that face various hazards Written for undergraduate students, postgraduates and researchers of social science, and policymakers, Framing Community Disaster Resilience reports on the findings of an important study to reveal the most effective approaches to enhancing community resilience. The emBRACE research received funding from the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme FP7/200

Community resilience has become an important concept for characterising and measuring the abilities of populations to anticipate, absorb, accommodate, and recover from the effects of a hazardous event in a timely and efficient manner. Many conceptual and empirical studies have shown that communities are an important scale and setting for building resilience that can enhance both individual/household and wider population‐level outcomes. The literature reviews at the early stages of the project aimed at providing a point of reference for the development of the emBRACE resilience framework. The emBRACE resilience framework conceptualises community resilience as a set of intertwined components in a three‐layer framework. The proposed three‐layered and tripartite framework for characterising community resilience is developed deductively by considering theoretical approaches of resilience from various disciplinary backgrounds and state of the art research. The result is a theory‐ informed heuristic that guides empirical research as well as practical disaster management and community development.

The level of community is considered to be vital for building disaster resilience. Yet, community resilience as a scientific concept often remains vaguely defined and lacks the guiding characteristics necessary for analysing and enhancing resilience on the ground. The emBRACE framework of community resilience presented in this paper provides a heuristic analytical tool for understanding, explaining and measuring community resilience to natural hazards. It was developed in an iterative process building on existing scholarly debates, on empirical case study work in five countries and on participatory consultation with community stakeholders where the framework was applied and ground-tested in different contexts and for different hazard types. The framework conceptualizes resilience across three core domains: (i) resources and capacities, (ii) actions and (iii) learning. These three domains are conceptualized as intrinsically conjoined within a whole. Community resilience is influenced by these integral elements as well as by extra-community forces comprising disaster risk governance and thus laws, policies and responsibilities on the one hand and on the other, the general societal context, natural and human-made disturbances and system change over time. The framework is a graphically rendered heuristic, which through application can assist in guiding the assessment of community resilience in a systematic way and identifying key drivers and barriers of resilience that affect any particular hazard-exposed community.

Increasingly, citizens are being asked to take a more active role in disaster risk reduction (DRR), as decentralization of hazard governance has shifted greater responsibility for hazard preparedness actions onto individuals. Simultaneously, the taxonomy of hazards considered for DRR has expanded to include medical and social crises alongside natural hazards. Risk perception research emerged to support decision-makers with understanding how people characterize and evaluate different hazards to anticipate behavioral response and guide risk communication. Since its inception, the risk perception concept has been incorporated into many behavioral theories, which have been applied to examine preparedness for numerous hazard types. Behavioral theories have had moderate success in predicting or explaining preparedness behaviors; however, they are typically applied to a single hazard type and there is a gap in understanding which theories (if any) are suited for examining multiple hazard types simultaneously. This paper first reviews meta-analyses of behavioral theories to better understand performance. Universal lessons learnt are summarized for survey design. Second, theoretically based preparedness studies for floods, earthquakes, epidemics, and terrorism are reviewed to assess the conceptual requirements for a ‘multi-hazard’ preparedness approach. The development of an online preparedness self-assessment and learning platform is discussed.

Many climate change adaptation efforts aim to address the implications of potential changes in the frequency, intensity, and duration of weather and climate events that affect the risk of extreme impacts on human society. That risk is determined not only by the climate and weather events (the hazards) but also by the exposure and vulnerability to these hazards. Therefore, effective adaptation and disaster risk management strategies and practices also depend on a rigorous understanding of the dimensions of exposure and vulnerability, as well as a proper assessment of changes in those dimensions. This chapter aims to provide that understanding and assessment, by further detailing the determinants of risk as presented in Chapter 1. The first sections of this chapter elucidate the concepts that are needed to define and understand risk, and show that risk originates from a combination of social processes and their interaction with the environment (Sections 2.2 and 2.3), and highlight the role of coping and adaptive capacities (Section 2.4). The following section (2.5) describes the different dimensions of vulnerability and exposure as well as trends therein. Given that exposure and vulnerability are highly context-specific, this section is by definition limited to a general overview (a more quantitative perspective on trends is provided in Chapter 4). A methodological discussion (Section 2.6) of approaches to identify and assess risk provides indications of how the dimensions of exposure and vulnerability can be explored in specific contexts, such as adaptation planning, and the central role of risk perception and risk communication. The chapter concludes with a cross-cutting discussion of risk accumulation and the nature of disasters.

The Zn rougher concentrate is reground with forged steel media before flotation with one stage of roughing and scavenging and three stages of cleaning to obtain a final concentrate grading more than 50% Zn. After regrinding sphalerite flotation was seriously affected by the high pulp temperature which may occur during the summer months. Mineral recoveries were significantly reduced at pulp temperatures above 60 degrees C and elevated CuSO4 concentrations or reduced pH alone did not result in an appreciable increase in Zn recovery. However, a combination of these two, such as a decrease in pH from 11.5 to 10.8 and an increase in CuSO4 dosage from 400 to 800 g/t, reduced Zn depression at high pulp temperature. At pulp temperatures below 45 degrees C the negative effect of pulp temperature on recoveries was minimal. Flotation tests and solution/surface analyses were carried out to study the causes for poor sphalerite flotation at high pulp temperature after regrinding. The results showed that the decrease in recovery was associated with variations in the surface species on the mineral particles in response to the increased pulp temperature, including collector desorption and superficial oxidation to form Pb/Zn oxide/hydroxides on the particles., The Zn rougher concentrate is reground with forged steel media before flotation with one stage of roughing and scavenging and three stages of cleaning to obtain a final concentrate grading more than 50% Zn. After regrinding sphalerite flotation was seriously affected by the high pulp temperature which may occur during the summer months. Mineral recoveries were significantly reduced at pulp temperatures above 60 degrees C and elevated CuSO4 concentrations or reduced pH alone did not result in an appreciable increase in Zn recovery. However, a combination of these two, such as a decrease in pH from 11.5 to 10.8 and an increase in CuSO4 dosage from 400 to 800 g/t, reduced Zn depression at high pulp temperature. At pulp temperatures below 45 degrees C the negative effect of pulp temperature on recoveries was minimal. Flotation tests and solution/surface analyses were carried out to study the causes for poor sphalerite flotation at high pulp temperature after regrinding. The results showed that the decrease in recovery was associated with variations in the surface species on the mineral particles in response to the increased pulp temperature, including collector desorption and superficial oxidation to form Pb/Zn oxide/hydroxides on the particles.

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The underground Neves Corvo Cu-Sn mine, Portugal, currently uses a conventional wet tailings impoundment. An evaluation was carried out of 24 tailings disposal alternatives using a cost-effective and easily implemented bench-scale geochemical screening programme conducted on site. The tailings are pyrite-rich and highly acid-generating, and particular emphasis was placed on monitoring likely indicators of sulphide oxidation under the various simulated disposal scenarios. Dependent parameters investigated included moisture content, use of alkaline additives (lime, cement), use of a bactericide and agitation. Response parameters included paste pH, specific conductivity and temperature as indicators of oxidation. The results indicate that a number of relationships exist between the geochemical stability of the samples (sulphide oxidation) and their characteristics. A limited number of tailings mixtures were selected for further long-term testing in field weathering cells to aid in the identification of the optimal mix design for future tailings disposal., The underground Neves Corvo Cu-Sn mine, Portugal, currently uses a conventional wet tailings impoundment. An evaluation was carried out of 24 tailings disposal alternatives using a cost-effective and easily implemented bench-scale geochemical screening programme conducted on site. The tailings are pyrite-rich and highly acid-generating, and particular emphasis was placed on monitoring likely indicators of sulphide oxidation under the various simulated disposal scenarios. Dependent parameters investigated included moisture content, use of alkaline additives (lime, cement), use of a bactericide and agitation. Response parameters included paste pH, specific conductivity and temperature as indicators of oxidation. The results indicate that a number of relationships exist between the geochemical stability of the samples (sulphide oxidation) and their characteristics. A limited number of tailings mixtures were selected for further long-term testing in field weathering cells to aid in the identification of the optimal mix design for future tailings disposal.

Purpose: To compare inhibition of HIV replication, improvements in CD4+ T-cell counts, metabolic parameters, and body shape changes after 2 years of assigned therapy in OzCombo patients. Method: Study participants were those who were recruited into the open-label OzCombo 1 (1996/1997) and OzCombo 2 (1997/1998) trials. Patients in OzCombo 1 were randomized to receive indinavir in combination with zidovudine+lamivudine (AZT+3TC; n = 35), stavudine (d4T)+3TC (n = 34), or d4T+didanosine (ddI) (n = 37). OzCombo 2 patients were randomized to the same nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) backbones with nevirapine (n = 20, 22, 23, respectively). The mean time-weighted changes from baseline in CD4 T-cell count/mL, HIV RNA (log copies/mL plasma), and proportions with detectable viral load (<500 copies plasma HIV RNA/mL) between NRTI arms over 2 years were compared by formal meta-analysis. A cross-sectional study of metabolic and body shape complications was also undertaken. Results: For the comparison of d4T+3TC and d4T+ddI to AZT+3TC, mean differences in time-weighted change from baseline in CD4 T-cell count/wL and log copies HIV RNA/mL adjusted for baseline CD4+ T-cell and HIV RNA counts were: m44 (p = .08) and m14 (p = .56) cells/wL and m0.1 (p = .40) and m0.1 (p = .6) copies/mL. Odds ratios for detectable viral load in the last study quarter were 0.6 (p = .44) and 1.0 (p = .95). The mean percent leg fat was lower in the d4T+3TC and d4T+ddI than the AZT+3TC arm (mean difference 5.1% [p = .07] and 7.6% [p = .02], respectively). Conclusion: For all regimens, virological control and immunological response were maintained over 2 years. Regimens containing d4T and particularly d4T+ddI were significantly associated with increased peripheral fat loss compared with AZT+3TC.

Successful separation of unwanted elements in production of base metal concentrates depends heavily on the determination of the relationships between the occurrence of the minor components and their carriers, and of the mechanisms of surface interactions between these carrier minerals and reagent solutions. Surface and bulk characterisation of mineral samples was performed using IR reflectance methods, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and electron microprobe techniques. Pure and industrial samples of chalcopyrite, pyrite, sphalerite and galena were used, with adsorption of amyl xanthate. Flotation was carried out in a laboratory cell and at industrial scale. Selected results of the mineral surface characterisations are presented relevant to selective flotation. Using the results, modifications were tested on industrial-scale circuits for the flotation of chalcopyrite: thickener bypassing and increase in reducing conditions in the conditioning part of the circuit. A reduction in antimony recovery from 22% to 12% was achieved., Successful separation of unwanted elements in production of base metal concentrates depends heavily on the determination of the relationships between the occurrence of the minor components and their carriers, and of the mechanisms of surface interactions between these carrier minerals and reagent solutions. Surface and bulk characterisation of mineral samples was performed using IR reflectance methods, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and electron microprobe techniques. Pure and industrial samples of chalcopyrite, pyrite, sphalerite and galena were used, with adsorption of amyl xanthate. Flotation was carried out in a laboratory cell and at industrial scale. Selected results of the mineral surface characterisations are presented relevant to selective flotation. Using the results, modifications were tested on industrial-scale circuits for the flotation of chalcopyrite: thickener bypassing and increase in reducing conditions in the conditioning part of the circuit. A reduction in antimony recovery from 22% to 12% was achieved.

Studies state Road Fund tax structures, like studies of state General Funds, tend to focus on a state's current tax structure compared to surrounding states and identifying possible tax changes that may make a tax system simpler, more equitable, more administratively efficient, more competitive or more "adequate." In conducting such analysis. the inherent trade-offs among these accepted tax principles becomes apparent. Efforts to increase competitiveness may impact the adequacy of a tax system. Likewise, tax legislation intended to enhance tax administration efficiency may impact the equity of a state's Road Fund tax structure. Such tradde-offs associated with conflicting tax change or modernization goals has limited tax system changes ro reforms.