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71 pages, photographs, Hi ha moments a la vida que et marquen. No saps ben bé per què ni com, però són breus espais de temps, de vegades potser només uns minuts o uns fins i tot segons, que mai oblidaràs. Una conversa, un somriure, una carícia, un entorn, una mirada... et queden marcats per sempre més a la memòria. En aquell moment no ho saps però molt temps després els recordaràs i sentiràs que han deixat petjada. Tot el teu món haurà canviat i tu ja no seràs la mateixa persona, però aquell moment màgic continuarà present en la teva ànima. [...]

Experimentació, descoberta, conceptuació i demostració o formalització. Aquestes són les quatre etapes que un bon recurs didàctic hauria de tenir. On ho fem? Com ho fem? Què utilitzem? Aquestes preguntes, entre d'altres, són el punt de partida del laboratori Maria Antònia Canals de l'Institut Baix a Mar. El laboratori és un espai on l'alumnat té disponiblematerial per experimentar. El laboratori és un espai on l'alumnat pot treballar conjuntament., Experimentation, discovery, conceptualization, and demonstration or formalization: these are the four stages that a good learning resource should have.Where do we do it? How dowe do it?What dowe use? These questions, among others, formed the starting point forMaria Antònia Canals' laboratory at the Institut Baix amar, a space where students havematerial available to experimentwith. The laboratory is a space where students canwork together.

Introducció La detecció precoç del càncer de mama (CM) s’ha demostrat com la millor estratègia per disminuir la seva mortalitat a llarg plaç i millorar-ne el pronòstic. Diferents estudis sobre l’efectivitat d’aquesta estratègia mostren una menor reducció de la mortalitat produint efectes adversos més freqüentment. Aquesta tesi es centra en l’avaluació dels determinants del CM dins el cribratge i els seus efectes adversos -els falsos positius (FP) i falsos negatius (FN). Objectius L’objectiu general és aprofundir en l’avaluació del cribratge poblacional del CM, concretament 1) quantificar el risc acumulat de detectar un càncer dins el cribratge durant 10 anys de participació i avaluar els seus factors associats; 2) quantificar el risc de tenir un càncer d’interval (CI) i avaluar els seus factors associats; 3) comparar diferents mètodes per estimar l’efecte d’un factor de risc en el risc de presentar un CM en les participants; 4) comparar les característiques biològiques dels CI amb les dels tumors detectats en les proves de cribratge. Mètodes En el primer objectiu, estudiem la taxa de detecció en el cribratge amb la cohort retrospectiva del projecte RAFP. Estimem la relació entre la taxa de detecció i les característiques del protocol de les mamografies i les de la dona amb mètodes de supervivència en temps discret. En el segon objectiu, estudiem la taxa de CI dins la cohort retrospectiva del projecte INCA. Estimem la relació entre la taxa de CI i de detecció amb els factors de risc segons les característiques del protocol i les de la dona amb un model de Cox amb riscos proporcionals i competitius específics per causa. En el tercer objectiu, comparem els models anteriors amb un model multi-estat basat en un procès de Markov. Per a comparar-los, utilitzem la simulació i l’apliquem a la població catalana del projecte INCA. En el quart objectiu, dissenyem un cas-control dels càncers detectats en el cribratge i els CI del projecte INCA. Els CI s’han classificat radiològicament (verdaders intervals, FN, tumors ocults i signes mínims). Utilitzem un model multinomial per estudiar les diferències entre ells i els detectats en el cribratge. Resultats 1) El risc acumulat de detectar en el cribratge durant 10 anys és d’entre 11,11 i 16,71 per cada 1.000 participants segons les variables del protocol. Usar doble lectura i dues projeccions és l’estratègia que detecta més. 2) Tenir un resultat FP previ és el principal factor de risc per als CI, especialment pels FN. Les característiques de les dones associades a CM són factors de risc independentment de la via diagnòstica. 3) Els models multi-estat i de Cox estimen correctament l’efecte del FP amb l’aparició del CM. Els models multi-estat permeten estimar les transicions de no càncer a estadi preclínic i de preclínic a clínic. 4) Les variables de protocol estan associades amb la detecció en el cribratge i no amb els CI. Per fenotips tenim dos grups els veritables intervals i signes mínims; i els FN i tumors ocults -semblants als detectats en el cribratge. Conclusions Un millor coneixement dels efectes adversos del cribratge de CM ha de permetre millorar-lo. Els factors de risc del CI són els mateixos que els dels detectats en el cribratge. Per subtipus, tenim una divisió entre veritables intervals i signes mínims; i FN i tumors ocults. Els models multi-estat permeten modelar la història natural del CM i incloure les participacions en el cribratge dins el model per avaluar millor l’efecte de les variables., Introduction Early detection of breast cancer (BC) has been shown to be the best strategy to reduce long-term mortality and improve its prognosis. The effectiveness of this strategy in reducing mortality has been proven lower and its adverse effects more frequent than initially expected. This thesis focuses on the evaluation of determinants of BC detection in the screening and its adverse effects -false positives (FP) and false negatives (FN). Objectives This thesis aims to improve knowledge on the evaluation of population-based breast cancer screening programmes, specifically by 1) quantifying the accumulated risk of detecting cancer in the screening during 10 years of participation and evaluating its associated factors; 2) quantifying the risk of having interval cancer (IC) and evaluating its associated factors; 3) comparing different methods to estimate the effect of a risk factor on the risk of presenting a BC in the participants; 4) comparing the biological characteristics of IC with those of the tumours detected in the screening tests. Methods In the first objective, we studied the screening detection rate with the retrospective cohort of the RAFP project. We estimated the relationship between the detection rate and the characteristics of the mammography protocol and those of the women, with survival methods in discrete-time. In the second objective, we studied the IC rate with the retrospective cohort of the INCA project. We estimated the relationship between the rate of IC and BC detection with the risk factors according to the characteristics of the protocol and those of the women, using a Cox model with proportional and cause-specific competitive risks. In the third objective, we compared the previous models with a multi-state model based on a Markov process. We used the simulation and applied it to the Catalan population of the INCA project. In the fourth objective, we designed a case-control of the cancers detected in the screening and the IC of the INCA project. IC were classified radiologically (true intervals, FN, occult tumours and minimal signs). We used a multinomial model to study the differences between IC subtypes and BC detected in the screening. Results 1) The accumulated risk of detecting BC in the screening during 10 years was between 11.11 and 16.71 per 1,000 participants according to the variables of the protocol. The use of double reading and two projections was the strategy that detected more cases of BC. 2) Having a prior FP result was the main risk factor for IC, especially for FN. The women’s characteristics associated with BC were risk factors regardless of the detection mode. 3) The multi-state and Cox models correctly estimated the effect of the FP on the appearance of the BC. The multi-state models allowed estimating the transitions from no cancer to preclinical stage and from preclinical to clinical. 4) Protocol variables were associated with detection in screening and not with IC. For phenotypes, we have two groups: the true intervals and minimum signs; and FN and occult tumours - similar to those detected in screening. Conclusions Improved knowledge of the adverse effects of the BC screening could promote its prevention. IC risk factors were the same as those detected in screening. By subtype, we had a division between true intervals and minimal signs; and FN and occult tumours. The multi-state models allowed modelling of the natural history of the BC and including BC screening in the model to better evaluate the effect of the variables.

Since the mid-1980s, physical oceanographers at the Institute of Marine Sciences have been involved in the use of Lagrangian drifters as a complementary technology for their oceanographic research. As Lagrangian observations became more feasible, these researchers continued developing their own drifters in what was to be the seed of current technological activities at the Physical and Technological Oceanography Department. In this paper we overview the work done during the last 30 years with special focus on Lagrangian developments from the initial activities to the latest developments. In addition to basic oceanography research applications, Lagrangian technological developments include prototypes for measuring surface and subsurface ocean properties, for tracking purposes in search and rescue operations and pollution events, and for monitoring ice motion and thickness in the Arctic. The paper emphasizes original and unpublished technical aspects related to the latest developments., Desde mediados de la década de los 80, los oceanógrafos físicos en el Instituto de Ciencias del Mar se involucraron en el uso de boyas Lagrangianas como una tecnología complementaria para su investigación oceanográfica. A medida que las observaciones Lagrangianas se volvieron más factibles, los investigadores continuaron desarrollando sus propios flotadores en lo que se convirtió en la semilla de las actuales actividades tecnológicas llevadas a cabo en el Departamento de Oceanografía Física y Tecnológica. En este artículo se presenta una visión general del trabajo realizado durante los últimos 30 años, con especial énfasis en el uso de flotadores a la deriva y desarrollos propios desde su inicio hasta las aplicaciones más recientes. Además de estudios básicos de investigación oceanográfica, los desarrollos tecnológicos llevados a cabo incluyen prototipos para medir las propiedades superficiales y sub-superficiales, para tareas de seguimiento en operaciones de búsqueda y rescate y eventos de contaminación marina o para monitorizar el grosor de la capa de hielo y su movimiento en el Ártico. En este trabajo se hace hincapié en aspectos técnicos originales e inéditos relacionados con los últimos desarrollos.

IV Encuentro Oceanografía Física Española, celebrado del 20 al 22 de julio de 2016 en Alicante, España.-- 3 pages, 1 figure, Satellite-tracked drifting buoys are useful for sampling sea-surface currents. Standard drifting buoys have drogues centred at a depth of 15 m, a fundamental element that guarantees that the direct wind force on the buoy is much smaller than the drag on the anchor. When a drifter loses its drogue, it no longer becomes a good tracker of the surface currents, hence the relevance of identifying when this happens. Here we propose a spectral-based approach to analyse drifter velocity data so as to detect when a drifter loses its drogue without the need of concurrent wind data. The method, applied to data obtained during the SPURS 2013 cruise, shows a substantial increase in the band-passed velocity energy at the time the drifter loses its drogue, as deduced with an independent method that considers the temporal change of the correlation between wind and positioning data. The results are very promising, pointing at a new method that can detect drogue loss from a relatively simple analysis of positioning data, This research has been supported by the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad of the Spanish Government through project VA-DE-RETRO (CTM2014-56987-P). Ignasi Vallès has been funded through a FPI contract of the Ministerio de Competitividad y Economía. The drifter data was obtained following deployments during the SPURS cruise, in the frame of the MIDAS-6 (AYA2010-22062-C05-01) project, financed by the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad of the Spanish Government

Trabajo presentado en la International Conference on Coastal Engineering, celebrado en Estambul, Turquía, del 17 al 22 de julio de 2016

2016 European Space Agency (ESA) Living Planet Symposium, 9-13 May 2016, Prague, Czech Republic, More than six years have been spent since the launch, on November 2, 2009, of the European Space Agency¿s (ESA) Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) satellite carrying a microwave synthetic aperture radiometer working at 1.4 GHz. The aim of the mission is to provide Sea Surface Salinity and Soil Moisture observations, with a spatial resolution of 30-50 km, and an accuracy suited for climate studies. Starting from L1brightness temperature (TB) observations, experimental Sea Surface Salinity (SSS) and Soil Moisture (SM) maps are being developed and progressively distributed at the Barcelona Expert Center (BEC). Data are distributed in NetCDF format using THREDDS and maps are served through a Web Map Service (ncWMS), both at the BEC distribution data website (http://cp34-bec.cmima.csic.es/). BEC ocean products are experiencing a great evolution thanks to the introduction of new key algorithms at different levels of the processing chain. At level 1, nominal TBs are replaced by the nodal sampled ones. Nodal sampling is a new image reconstruction technique that reduces tsidelobes and ripples that associated to abrupt changes in TB (see [1,2]). At level 2, systematic biases are removed by referring them to SMOS-derived climatologies. As a result, the new maps present a sharp reduction of the land-sea contamination. At level 3, the correlations of the optimal interpolation algorithm have been improved such that the resulting maps show a more coherent spatial structure at all the scales. Finally, at level 4, the spatial and temporal resolutions have been increased by means of multifractal synergy techniques, which allow generating global daily SMOS SSS maps (see [3,4]). Besides, all these improvements allow the production of a new SSS product fitted to polar regions. Surface density products are now also available in our website. For land applications, high resolution maps (1km at Iberian Peninsula) are produced using reliable non-remote sensing auxiliary parameters so that now these products are weather-independent and with full spatial coverage. That allows the generation of a new product focused on the fire forest risk prediction. Finally, new cryospheric sea ice concentration products have been developed following the methodology described in [5]. In summary, the new generation of BEC products, to be distributed soon, represent a real leap forward in quality that will enable a new generation of geophysical studies

XXXII Trobades Científiques de la Mediterrània, Planeta Oceà - Planet Ocean, celebradas del 5 al 7 de octubre de 2016 en Maó, Menorca.-- Homenatge als Drs. Marta Estrada, Jordi Font i Jordi Salat, pioners de l'oceanografia mediterrània moderna. A tribute to Drs. Marta Estrada, Jordi Font and Jordi Salat, pioneers of modern Mediterranean oceanography.-- 1 page, Henry Stommel, físico estadounidense considerado padre de la oceanografía física, predijo, después de toda una vida dedicada a estudiar las causas del movimiento de las aguas de la corteza terrestre, que el océano lo acabarían estudiando robots tele‐dirigidos. Hoy en día hemos llegado a ese punto que predecía Stommel. En el ICM‐CSIC de Barcelona en el marco de distintos proyectos se ha diseñado y construido una boya para medir salinidad y temperatura en la superficie del mar. El conjunto incorpora un instrumento comercial de prestaciones altamente contrastadas (SBE37SI) que se alimenta registrando un dato cada hora. Durante la campaña conjunta con la NASA que se llevó a cabo durante el mes de marzo del año 2013 se largaron, entre otros trabajos de registro de datos oceanográficos como el CTD ondulante, 50 boyas de deriva instrumentadas en superficie. De estas 50 boyas, 40 eran parte de la aportación de los Estados Unidos al estudio del máximo salino del centro sub‐tropical del Atlántico Norte, siendo las diez restantes la aportación española. En este póster se presenta, a modo de historia gráfica, las dispares ubicaciones a las que han llegado tres de estas boyas que han estado trabajando en aguas oceánicas durante tres años, a pesar de haber sido largadas en la misma ubicación

XXXII Trobades Científiques de la Mediterrània, Planeta Oceà - Planet Ocean, celebradas del 5 al 7 de octubre de 2016 en Maó, Menorca.-- Homenatge als Drs. Marta Estrada, Jordi Font i Jordi Salat, pioners de l'oceanografia mediterrània moderna. A tribute to Drs. Marta Estrada, Jordi Font and Jordi Salat, pioneers of modern Mediterranean oceanography.-- 1 page, Vull aprofitar aquesta presentació que se m'ha convidat a fer per compartir amb els assistents el què, el com i el perquè de la meva vida professional. He tingut la sort, i en molts aspectes també la desgràcia, de ser un dels primers científics que s'ha dedicat a la recerca en oceanografia física al nostre país, i en el marc d'una institució prou especial com és el CSIC. Això ha implicat un munt de circumstàncies que han fet que la meva trajectòria no s'assembli gaire a la que estan seguint actualment els joves investigadors que s'inicien o que ja s'han consolidat en aquest àmbit de l'oceanografia a casa nostra. Des de ser autodidacta en molts aspectes a haver treballat, sovint en situacions força estrafolàries, amb persones de perfils diversos i no‐físics que m'han ajudat o directament enfrontat a reptes que m'han fet saltar endavant de formes no sempre previsibles (en aquest sentit vull parlar especialment d'Antoni Ballester). Des d'haver tardat tretze anys entre acabar la carrera i presentar una tesi, feta pràcticament sense director, a haver obtingut una plaça del CSIC sis mesos després de la tesi i sense cap contrincant a l'oposició. Una llicenciatura en l'especialitat de física teòrica, i sense haver estudiat res relacionat amb el mar o ni tant sols amb les ciències de la Terra, que després em va dur a dedicar‐me a l'oceanografia. En els últims quaranta anys he estat treballant principalment en la física de la Mediterrània i cada vegada més en l'observació de l'oceà des de l'espai, havent arribat a trobar‐me de protagonista en la primera missió de satèl∙lit a nivell mundial que ha estat capaç de mesurar la salinitat superficial del mar. Tot això espero que serveixi per ajudar a completar la visió de què han estat aquests anys en que l'oceanografia física ha començat a caminar en el nostre país, i també per recordar errors i circumstàncies esperpèntiques que esperem que ja no es tornin a produir tot i la situació prou trista i inadmissible en que es troba la recerca pública a l'estat i concretament al CSIC. Situació que esperem que pugui capgirar‐se aviat tot dient adéu a unes estructures i model de gestió obsolets i bastint un futur clarament millor

21 pages, 16 figures, In this tecnical note we analyze two different approaches for salinity retrieval in SMOS: the standard Bayesian approach and a new not-Bayesian approach. In both cases systematic, a bias correction based on SMOS-based climatologies is applied. The performance of both approaches are analysed and discussed

Kerr, Y. ... et. al.-- 2015 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2015), Remote Sensing: Understanding the Earth for a Safer World, 26-31 July 2015, Milan, Italy

Mecklenburg, S. ... et. al.-- 2015 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2015), Remote Sensing: Understanding the Earth for a Safer World, 26-31 July 2015, Milan, Italy

2015 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2015), Remote Sensing: Understanding the Earth for a Safer World, 26-31 July 2015, Milan, Italy

2nd SMOS Science Conference, 25-29 May 2015, Madrid), Spain

European Geosciences Union General Assembly 2015 (EGU2015), 12-17 April 2015, Vienna, Austria.-- 1 page, Quantification of air-sea exchange fluxes of energy, moisture, momentum and gases require in situ-measurements of the near-surface layer of the ocean. In the framework of the Salinity Processes in the Upper Ocean Regional Study (SPURS) project, we participated in two cruises to the North Atlantic Salinity Maximum (NASM) region. Observations in the upper ocean are obtained with the Air Sea Interaction Profiler (ASIP), which is an upwardly-rising microstructure instrument designed to study processes in the mixing layer of the ocean. ASIP operates autonomously for up to two days, obtaining undisturbed profiles within the water column from depth to the immediate surface. During the SPURS experiment, ASIP was deployed on several occasions, resulting in a total of over 1000 profiles of the ocean surface boundary layer. ASIP is equipped with microstructure sensors for temperature (FP07), conductivity (SBE07), shear, accurate C-T sensors, a PAR and an oxygen sensor. The high resolution temperature profiles obtained, combined with information on local meteorological variables, allow for an accurate study of the temporal and vertical variability of diurnal warming of the upper ocean boundary layer. Characteristics of the measured diurnal warming at the ocean surface and at specific depth levels are compared to physics-based models of near-surface warming. Mixing rates in the upper ocean are determined from the turbulent dissipation rate, calculated from profiles of the turbulent shear. This information is used to quantify variability between the modeled and observed diurnal warming signal

[ES] El presente proyecto se basa en proponer diversas líneas de actuación para crear un espacio recreativo y turístico en el paraje natural del Termet de Vila-real. El propósito de este trabajo es realizar un estudio de todas las posibilidades turísticas y lúdicas que ofrece, además de habilitar y facilitar el turismo en la zona. Con las propuestas se pretende recuperar y dinamizar el espacio para uso y disfrute tanto de los visitantes como la población, además de crear puestos de trabajo.También se desea conseguir un aumento del número de visitantes al municipio y concienciar a la población de todo el patrimonio que tiene a su alcance., The project is based on the idea of creating a recreational and tourist area in the natural place of the Termet in Vila-Real. The purpose is to make a study of all tourist possibilities it offers, moreover to enabling and facilitating the tourism. With the proposals that next appear is tried to recover and invigorate the area to use and enjoyment of visitors as well as the population. It is desirable to obtain an increase of the number of visitors to the municipality (approximately 6.000 visitors) and to make aware the population of all the heritage that it has to its disposal.

2015 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2015), Remote Sensing: Understanding the Earth for a Safer World, 26-31 July 2015, Milan, Italy

La figura i l'obra de l'anarquista catalanista Josep Llunas i Pujals, poeta, narrador, teòric de la literatura, teòric anarquista i periodista, són completament desconegudes en l'actualitat. La meva tesi doctoral intenta fer l'edició actualitzada de la seva obra completa i l'estudi d'aquesta, així com de la seva publicació La Tramontana. Alhora, constata l'existència d'una literatura obrera en català durant el segle XIX que respon a un programa estètic anomenat “literatura obrerista” creat teòricament per Llunas que coincidia amb les característiques de l'estètica anarquista europea del moment i utilitzava la literatura popular catalana com a forma d'arribar al públic obrer anarquista. Llunas desenvolupa una estètica obrerista a la qual intenta sumar la intel·lectualitat del moment i, en no aconseguir-ho, opta per una construcció autònoma que compta amb eines pròpies com els certàmens socialistes i l'extensió de les seves idees a través de publicacions, narracions i poemes que acompanyen els textos periodístics i teòrics més ideològics. La poesia resultat d'aquests plantejament es pot dividir en poesia d'entreteniment i poesia obrerista. La segona posa sempre el contingut damunt de la forma i té una intenció bàsicament doctrinària, d'enfrontament a la classe burgesa i de construcció d'un sentit de classe que serveixi els obrers per fer la revolució social., La figura y la obra del anarquista catalanista Josep Llunas i Pujals, poeta, narrador, teórico de la literatura, teórico anarquista y periodista, son completamente desconocidas en la actualidad. Mi tesis doctoral intenta hacer la edición actualizada de su obra completa y el estudio de ésta, así como de su publicación La Tramontana. A la vez, constata la existencia de una literatura obrera en catalán durante el siglo XIX que responde en un programa estético denominado “literatura *obrerista” creado teóricamente por Llunas que coincidía con las características de la estética anarquista europea del momento y utilizaba la literatura popular catalana como forma de llegar al público obrero anarquista. Llunas desarrolla una estética obrerista a la cual intenta sumar la intelectualidad del momento y, al no conseguirlo, opta por una construcción autónoma que cuenta con herramientas propias como los certámenes socialistas y la extensión de sus ideas a través de publicaciones, narraciones y poemas que acompañan los textos periodísticos y teóricos más ideológicos. La poesía resultante de estos planteamiento se puede dividir en poesía de entretenimiento y poesía obrerista. La segunda pone siempre el contenido encima de la forma y tiene una intención básicamente doctrinaria, de enfrentamiento a la clase burguesa y de construcción de un sentido de clase que sirva los obreros para hacer la revolución social., This thesis examines the work of Josep Llunas i Pujals, an anarchist and Catalan nationalist poet, narrator, journalist, and a literature and anarchist theorist whose work still remains completely unknown. This dissertation presents an updated edition of the study of Llunas’ complete oeuvre and of his publication “La Tramontana”. By examining his life works, this thesis confirms the existence of a XIX century Catalan working-class literature which is linked to an aesthetic literature movement called “workerist literature” created theoretically by Llunas. These literary productions meet the characteristics of the European anarchist aesthetic of those times in conjunction with the Catalan popular literature as a means to reaching the working-class anarchist target audience. Josep LLunas, not succeeding in his intention to engage his contemporary intelligentsia to the development of a workerist aesthetic movement, develops an autonomous strategy. He thereafter organized socialist events and spread his ideas through publications, narrations and poems that were supported by theoretical and journalists texts with more profound ideological content. The poems he wrote resulting from this approach can be classified into two types, entertainment and workerist poetry. In the latter, content takes precedence over form and has the doctrinal aim of both confronting the bourgeoisie and constructing a sense of social class to entice the working class go towards a social revolution.

2nd SMOS Science Conference, 25-29 May 2015, Madrid), Spain.-- 1 page

Tots estem limitats pel temps i l’espai. Tot passa molt ràpid. I a molts els hi falta temps. De fet el tempsi l’espai constitueixen els eixos majors que articulen l’existència humana. Perquè l’home es un ésser espai-temps, posseeix uns desitjos d’eternitat en el seu cor. Pel cristianisme el temps cronològic no queda anul·lat, sinó que en ell s’hi fa present el temps teològic (el Kairos de sant Pau, el temps de Déu). Les festes de l’Any Litúrgic volen obrir el temps dels homes sobre l’Avui de Déu (l’Hodie). El temps en la Litúrgia troba la seva arrel en el Misteri Pasqual de Crist, Senyor del temps, Principi i Fi, Alfa i Omega. Així l’Any Litúrgic construeix la relació entre temps i eternitat.

55 Conference Estuarine Coastal Sciences Association (ECSA 55), Unbounded boundaries and shifting baselines: Estuaries and coastal seas in a rapidly changing world, 6-9 September 2015, London, In what degree nearshore plankton communities constitute an independent and distinct assemblage from shelf assemblages is a challenging question. Obvious physical and chemical differences exist among both systems but, also, important exchange and interdependencies are depicted by physical forcing. Clues to answer this question can be inferred by analyzing the degree of similarity between both systems and their respective biological communities. We analyze similarities between samples collected in nearshore and shelf waters in Palma Bay during a sampling period extending from April to September 2014. Strong differences between plankton structure at both sites are interpreted on the basis of physical and chemical variations at each site and on the degree of exchange induced by coastal currents and thermocline erosion

The Climate Symposium 2014, 13-17 October 2014, Darmstadt, Germany.-- 1 page, On November 2, 2009 the European Space Agency’s (ESA) launched the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) satellite carrying onboard a microwave synthetic aperture radiometer operating at 1.4 GHz. The mission's goal is to provide Sea Surface Salinity and Soil Moisture observations, with a spatial resolution of 30-50 km, and a required accuracy suitable for climate studies. The SMOS Barcelona Expert Center (BEC) develops and distributes sea surface salinity (SSS) and soil moisture (SM) maps in NetCDF format at http://cp34-bec.cmima.csic.es/. For ocean applications the following SSS products are being served at spatial resolution of 0.25 degrees: · Level 3 maps derived from spatial and temporal weighted averages of level 2 SSS data. Three- and nine-day average maps for every 3 days are available. · Level 3 maps derived from optimal interpolation of level 2 SSS data. Nine-day maps for every 3 days are available. · Level 4 maps from SMOS SSS fused with remote sensing SST. Nine-day maps for every 3 days. · Daily Singularity Exponents products obtained by applying singularity analysis on OSTIA SST products (http://myocean.eu/) are also served. L3 and L4 maps are validated with near-surface measurements provided by Argo profilers, and their expected accuracy is 0.2-0.4 depending on processing level and the region of interest. For land applications, a downscaling algorithm which combines SMOS with MODIS VIS/IR satellite data into 1km SM maps has been implemented at SMOS-BEC. High resolution (1 km) soil moisture maps are derived with this technique over the Iberian Peninsula and are distributed through SMOS-BEC maps server web page in near real time (delay < 6h). Moreover, soil moisture level 3 products are computed by monthly, seasonal and annual temporal averages of level 2 soil moisture data at 0.25º spatial resolution

4th International Symposium on Recent Advances in Quantitative Remote Sensing (RAQRS'IV), 22-26 September 2014, Torrent, Valencia, Spain.-- 2 pages, Soil moisture observations are expected to play an important role in monitoring global climate trends. However, measuring soil moisture is challenging because of its high variability; point-scale in situ measurements are scarce being remote sensing the only practical means to obtain regional- and global-scale soil moisture estimates. The ESA’s Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) is the first satellite mission ever designed to measuring the Earth’s surface soil moisture at daily time scales with an unprecedented level of accuracy. Since its launch in November 2009, significant efforts have been dedicated to validate, and finetune, the retrieval algorithms so that SMOS-derived soil moisture estimates meet the standards required for a wide variety of applications. The SMOS Barcelona Expert Center (BEC) is distributing daily, monthly, seasonal and annual temporal averages of 0.25° global soil moisture maps, which have proved useful for assessing drought conditions and monitoring water stress. These products include a downscaling algorithm to combine SMOS and NASA’s Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data into fine-scale (< 1km) soil moisture estimates, which permits extending the applicability of the data to regional and local studies. These soil moisture products can also be a useful tool to monitor the effectiveness of land restoration management practices. The aim of this work is to assess the reliability of novel global SMOS-derived soil moisture products produced at BEC. The analysis includes determination of variability at seasonal and interannual scales, focusing on six target regions representative of arid, semi-arid, sub-humid and humid areas across global land biomes. In addition, the dry-normal-humid ranges from SMOS products are being generated to provide maps of their spatial and temporal distribution. These soil moisture climatologies are further used for analyzing the anomalies during the four-year of SMOS in orbit

Annual Meeting Circumnavigation Expedition Malaspina 2010: Global Change and Biodiversity Exploration of the Global Ocean, 15-19 September 2014, Barcelona

IV Congress of Marine Sciences, 11-13 June 2014, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria.-- 1 page, Continuous measurements of the thermohaline fields were carried out between March 22nd and April 8th on the Spanish research vessel B/O Sarmiento de Gamboa in the framework of the SPURS (Salinity Processes in the Upper ocean Regional Study) project focused on the processes responsible for the formation and maintenance of the salinity maximum associated to the North Atlantic subtropical gyre. The high spatio-temporal resolution scanning of the first 300 meters of the water column was performed with a towed undulating platform SeaSoar, equipped with two CTDs, and sensors of dissolved oxygen, fluorescence and turbidity. The obtained data allowed determining the 3D temperature and salinity fields characterized by high inhomogeneity. Various relatively fresh and warm, and salty and relatively cold waters were observed to intruded into the Surface Maximum Salinity water mass. The 3D distribution of Turner Angle values allows to detect the areas of small-scale mixing activity and helps to better understanding the interrelation between differently transformed water masses inside the sampled area

European Geosciences Union General Assembly 2014 (EGU2014), 27 april - 2 may 2014, Vienna, Austria.-- 1 page, Mesoscale activity is expected to contribute to transport salt horizontally out of the region of maximum salinity of the North Atlantic subtropical gyre. Using in situ and satellite observations, we investigate the contribution of mesoscale activity to the salinity budget in the central part of the subtropical gyre. Surface current data originate from close to 150 surface drifters deployed for SPURS, as well as satellite altimetry from Aviso products, and salinity data originate mostly from Argo floats, over 100 drifters and thermosalinographs, in particular from the SSS observing system ships Coriolis and Toucan (www.legos.obs-mip.fr/fr/soa/ore-sss/distribution). The period investigated is from 2011 to 2013. Near 30ºN, north of the subtropics, as well as near 20ºN, SMOS data indicate significant meridional transport, despite the large noise on the data, and the filtering of the smaller scales (100 km) of the transport. Closer to the core of the subtropical gyre, we find evidence in the drifter data of significant meridional transport, but that is highly irregular in time, as it seems associated with a few specific events. Whether this is due to the inhomogneous and Lagrangian nature of the sampling is discussed. We also check the budget at a smaller spatial scale using a dedicated meso-scale cruise (Strasse) in August 2012

European Geosciences Union General Assembly 2014 (EGU2014), 27 april - 2 may 2014, Vienna, Austria.-- 1 page, The European Space Agency’s Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) satellite was launched in 2009 and, for the first time, provides measurements of sea surface salinity on a global scale. Ocean salinity is a key parameter for climate change, being closely associated with the global hydrological cycle and an important driver in determining overall ocean circulation. This makes the advent of satellite measurements of salinity a significant advance. During the Salinity Processes in the Upper Ocean Regional Study (SPURS) field experiments, in September 2012 and March 2013, a variety of in-situ platforms were deployed with the purpose of validating the salinity observations from SMOS. One of these platforms was the Air-Sea Interaction Profiler, a microstructure profiler which provides high-resolution profiles of salinity, temperature and turbulence right up to the surface. This last capability is crucial. Most oceanic microstructure profilers operate when travelling downwards, and are therefore unable to accurately observe the layer of the ocean immediately below the surface. It is this top layer, approximately 1 cm in thickness, which satellites observe. In contrast, ASIP is upwardly-rising, allowing it to sample the same part of the water column as satellites, such as SMOS. This is important since large thermal and haline stratifications can develop close to the surface, particularly under conditions of strong evaporation. Although sea surface salinity in the open ocean is largely determined by the balance between evaporation and precipitation, the effects of various vertical mixing processes also contribute. ASIP is extremely well-suited to understanding the impact of these on differences between ASIP and SMOS, and some results are also presented here which demonstrate the important effect of such processes

17th Ocean Sciences Meeting, 23-28 February 2014, Honolulu, Hawaii USA, The subtropical North Atlantic exhibits the saltiest surface waters of the open ocean, the sea surface salinity maximum (sss-max). Eventually that water is exported towards the Equator as a subsurface salinity maximum (s-max), forming the lower limb of the shallow overturning circulation (SOC). Climatologically the sss-max in the winter, coinciding with the deepest mixed layer, is too salty and cold compared to the s-max. Towed CTD measurements during the field program SPURS (March/April 2013) within the center of the sss-max reveal several fresh and warm anomalies, which deviate strongly from the climatological conditions in the sss-max. Source regions for the anomalies are found in the south and west, collocated to areas of elevated Eddy Kinetic Energy and strong lateral gradients in salinity. Regional model output produces an abundance of fresh features similar in space and time scales. It is hypothesized that a surface layer rich in meso-scale activity, in an otherwise very quiescent mean flow is predominantly responsible for setting mixed layer characteristics in the sss-max, which translate to s-max characteristics, hence influence the variability of the SOC

Participación en la jornada del Institut d'Estudis Catalans (IEC) que, junto con otros debates preliminares, sirvió para confeccionar el informe Una mar de canvis : Recomanacions per a una gestió sostenible del medi marí i costaner del Consell Assessor per al Desenvolupament Sostenible (CADS), Col·lecció Informes del CADS 3 (2020) ISBN: 9788439399919

IV Congress of Marine Sciences. Encuentro de la Oceanografía Física Española (EOF 2014), 11-13 June 2014, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria.-- 1 page, SMOS (Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity), launched on November 2, 2009, is the first satellite mission addressing sea surface salinity measurements from space. Its unique payload is MIRAS (Microwave Imaging Radiometer using Aperture Synthesis), a new two-dimensional interferometer designed by the European Space Agency (ESA) and operating at the microwave L-band. In this presentation we address the quality of the salinity products now being operationally delivered, following algorithm improvements achieved from the analysis of four years of data. The pioneer nature of this mission, both from the technological and data processing points of view, implies many challenges and several issues that are still being addressed by the SMOS team. These are mainly related to low level data processing (instrument calibration stability, interferometric image reconstruction, contamination from external radiation) but also to the retrieval of salinity from radiometric measurements, with the need to correct for other geophysical effects as the impact of sea surface roughness in ocean L-band emission. Detailed analysis of the SSS fields retrieved by SMOS (reprocessed according to the present stage of algorithms development), and comparison to other data sources like the Argo array of profiling floats or ship data, evidence that in tropical/subtropical regions, provided that large scale seasonal biases are removed, the precision of SMOS salinity at monthly/100km scale is 0.2, while in some regions the results are degraded due to geophysical unfavourable conditions (cold waters where the brightness temperature sensitivity to salinity in smaller, difficult roughness correction under high or very low winds, impact of land or RFI contamination). Some examples will be presented of the use of SMOS salinity data in different oceanographic applications where the available in situ data have too coarse spatial or temporal resolution or do not provide information on salinity in the very top ocean layer

This paper focuses on the forecast of the hourly water demand data of distinct pressure floors of the Barcelona water transport network. Several methods to forecast the hourly water demand are studied and compared with the aim of being applied for the operational control of the Barcelona water transport network. The short-term forecast of the intraday series has a main feature: the double periodicity (daily and hourly). To address this issue several extensions of the classical time-series forecasting methods are proposed: seasonal ARIMA, structural models and the exponential methods without external information. The paper focuses on the daily and hourly forecasts. In the hourly forecast, the exponential smoothing method is the most accurate. On the hand, the seasonal ARIMA and the exponential smoothing are similar in the daily time scale.

European Space Agency (ESA) Living Planet Symposium, 9-13 September 2013, Edinburgh, The Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) mission, launched on 2 November 2009, is the European Space Agency's (ESA) second Earth Explorer Opportunity mission. The scientific objectives of the SMOS mission directly respond to the current lack of global observations of soil moisture and ocean salinity, two key variables used in predictive hydrological, oceanographic and atmospheric models. SMOS observations also provides information on the characterisation of ice and snow covered surfaces and the sea ice effect on ocean-atmosphere heat fluxes and dynamics, which affects large-scale processes of the Earth's climate system. This paper will provide an overview on the various aspects of the SMOS mission, such as 1. The performance of the mission after 4 years in orbit: The SMOS mission has been in routine operations since May 2010, following the successful completion of the 6-months commissioning phase. SMOS has so far provided very reliable instrument operations, data processing and dissemination to users. 2. An overview on the SMOS data products: SMOS provides continuously level 1 (brightness temperature) and level 2 (soil moisture and ocean salinity) to its scientific user community since summer 2010. SMOS also provides brightness temperature data (level 1 data) to ECMWF in near-real time (NRT), who assimilates the data into their forecasting system. New services have been established to deliver a tailored NRT data product via the WMO's GTS and EUMETSAT's EUMETCast data dissemination systems to other operational agencies. This will open up new operational applications for SMOS data. New data products are under development, responding to the requirements of the science community in particular in the area of hydrology, climate, land use and ship routing, namely a frozen soil indicator, data products for freeze/thaw periods, sea ice thickness and vegetation water content. 3. An overview on the SMOS data quality and the overall validation approach: SMOS data products are continuously improved and approach the scientific mission objectives. The paper will provide an overview on the MIRAS instrument performance, including the instrument calibration and level 1 brightness temperature data processing, as well as on the achieved quality for the level 2 data. 4. The RFI status: SMOS was the first satellite mission operating in the protected L-Band at the time. Even though the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) Resolution 750 (World Radiocommunications Conference (WRC)-12) was adopted to protect the passive L-Band (1400-1427 MHz), in which SMOS operates, and ITU Radioregulation footnote 5.340 prohibits all emissions in this band, strong interference sources have been detected worldwide. The majority of RFI sources can be found in Southern Europe, China, Southern Asia and the Middle East. The paper will provide an update on progress made with regards to the RFI status and its effect on the data

2nd International Ocean Research Conference, One planet one ocean, 17-21 November 2014, Barcelona, Spain, Global monitoring of the world oceans is a key element to understand large scale processes and to provide operational information for forecasting phenomena of huge societal impact like El Niño-Southern Oscillation. Satellite remote sensing has been providing some of this information (sea surface temperature, colour, height and winds) for more than three decades, but one variable was missing to complete the full picture: sea surface salinity. Ocean salinity plays a fundamental role in the global water cycle and in linking the Earth climate to ocean circulation, and the lack of global and regular salinity coverage was known to be a major issue for an efficient development of operational oceanography. To overturn the technical difficulties in designing a satellite system able to remotely measure salinity, the European Space Agency proposed and tested a new instrument concept: microwave interferometric radiometry that had been used in radioastronomy at much larger scale. This effort led to the proposal and implementation of the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) satellite mission. SMOS was launched in November 2009 and, after successfully addressing many issues related to the innovative technological and scientific approach, is now offering the international research and applications community a valuable operational sea surface salinity data provision at resolution and accuracy adequate for ocean large scale and climatic studies. Several examples will be shown to evidence that SMOS can provide information not achieved by in situ measurement systems due to its high temporal coverage and spatial resolution