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Florfenicol (Ff) is an antimicrobial agent belonging to the class amphenicol used for the treatment of bacterial infections in livestock, poultry, and aquaculture (animal farming). It inhibits protein synthesis. Ff is an analog of chloramphenicol, an amphenicol compound on the WHO essential medicine list that is used for the treatment of human infections. Due to the extensive usage of Ff in animal farming, zoonotic pathogens have developed resistance to this antimicrobial agent. There are numerous reports of resistance genes fromorganisms infecting or colonizing animals found in human pathogens, suggesting a possible exchange of genetic materials. One of these genes is floR, a gene that encodes for an eux pump that removes Ff from bacterial cells, conferring resistance against amphenicol, and is often associated with mobile genetic elements and other resistant determinants. In this study, we analyzed bacterial isolates recovered in rural Thailand from patients and environmental samples collected for disease monitoring. Whole genome sequencing was carried out for all the samples collected. Speciation and genome annotation was performed revealing the presence of the floR gene in the bacterial genome. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined for Ff and chloramphenicol. Chromosomal and phylogenetic analyses were performed to investigate the acquisition pattern of the floR gene. The presence of a conserved floR gene in unrelated Acinetobacter spp. isolated from human bacterial infections and environmental samples was observed, suggesting multiple and independent inter-species genetic exchange of drug-resistant determinants. The floR was found to be in the variable region containing various mobile genetic elements and other antibiotic resistance determinants; however, no evidence ofHGT could be found. The floR gene identified in this study is chromosomal for all isolates. The study highlights a plausible impact of antimicrobials used in veterinary settings on human health. Ff shares cross-resistance with chloramphenicol, which is still in use in several countries. Furthermore, by selecting for floR-resistance genes, we may be selecting for and facilitating the zoonotic and reverse zoonotic exchange of other flanking resistance markers between human and animal pathogens or commensals with detrimental public health consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Capsicum chinense es una especie de ají originario de Perú, considerado un símbolo culinario en la región de La Libertad, por sus características culinarias, como su aroma distintivo, alto picor, frutos uniformes, atractivo color y una resistencia significativa a plagas, además de requerir pocos cuidados durante su cultivo. Ante la necesidad de realizar investigaciones que favorezcan con el mejoramiento de especies cultivables, se planteó como objetivo de investigación determinar la correlación entre desarrollo del pimpollo floral y el estadio de uninucleado a binucleado en Capsicum chinense "ají mochero”. Esta actividad se llevó a cabo mediante la tinción de anteras de 200 capullos florales de ají mochero seleccionados al azar, con la colorante orceína acética. Los resultados revelaron que los pimpollos florales de Capsicum chinense "ají mochero" que están relacionados con la fase de microsporas uninucleadas tienen longitudes que oscilan entre 3,744 y 3,976 milímetros, con diámetros de 2,644 a 2,828 milímetros. De manera similar, los pimpollos florales asociados con la fase de microsporas binucleadas se encuentran en el rango de longitud de 4,674 a 4,917 milímetros y diámetros de 2,923 a 3,001 milímetros. Se concluye que existe una correlación positiva entre el desarrollo del pimpollo floral y el estadío a binucleado de C. chinense "ají mochero", por tanto, los pimpollos que poseen corola ligeramente más pequeña que el cáliz, son ideales para iniciar un proceso de androgénesis, el cual contribuiría con el mejoramiento genético de C. chinense al obtenerse líneas puras.

Florfenicol (Ff) is an antimicrobial agent belonging to the class amphenicol used for the treatment of bacterial infections in livestock, poultry, and aquaculture (animal farming). It inhibits protein synthesis. Ff is an analog of chloramphenicol, an amphenicol compound on the WHO essential medicine list that is used for the treatment of human infections. Due to the extensive usage of Ff in animal farming, zoonotic pathogens have developed resistance to this antimicrobial agent. There are numerous reports of resistance genes from organisms infecting or colonizing animals found in human pathogens, suggesting a possible exchange of genetic materials. One of these genes is floR, a gene that encodes for an efflux pump that removes Ff from bacterial cells, conferring resistance against amphenicol, and is often associated with mobile genetic elements and other resistant determinants. In this study, we analyzed bacterial isolates recovered in rural Thailand from patients and environmental samples collected for disease monitoring. Whole genome sequencing was carried out for all the samples collected. Speciation and genome annotation was performed revealing the presence of the floR gene in the bacterial genome. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined for Ff and chloramphenicol. Chromosomal and phylogenetic analyses were performed to investigate the acquisition pattern of the floR gene. The presence of a conserved floR gene in unrelated Acinetobacter spp. isolated from human bacterial infections and environmental samples was observed, suggesting multiple and independent inter-species genetic exchange of drug-resistant determinants. The floR was found to be in the variable region containing various mobile genetic elements and other antibiotic resistance determinants; however, no evidence of HGT could be found. The floR gene identified in this study is chromosomal for all isolates. The study highlights a plausible impact of antimicrobials used in veterinary settings on human health. Ff shares cross-resistance with chloramphenicol, which is still in use in several countries. Furthermore, by selecting for floR-resistance genes, we may be selecting for and facilitating the zoonotic and reverse zoonotic exchange of other flanking resistance markers between human and animal pathogens or commensals with detrimental public health consequences.

ABSTRACT: Objectives: The aim of this study was to characterize the floR-carrying plasmids originating from Glaesserella parasuis and Actinobacillus indolicus isolated from pigs with respiratory disease in China. Methods: A total of 125 G. parasuis and 28 A. indolicus strains collected between 2009 and 2022 were screened for florfenicol resistance. Characterization of floR-positive isolates and plasmids were determined by antimicrobial susceptibility testing, serotyping, multilocus sequence typing (MLST), conjugation and transformation assays, whole-genome sequencing (WGS), and phylogenetic analysis. Results: One A. indolicus and six G. parasuis were identified as positive for floR. The six G. parasuis were assigned to four different serovars, including serovars 6, 7, 9, and unknown. In addition to strain XP11, six floR genes were located on plasmids. The six floR-bearing plasmids could be transformed into Pasteurella multocida and divided into two different types, including ∼5000 bp and ∼6000 bp plasmids. The ∼5000 bp plasmids consisting of rep, lysR, mobB, and floR genes, exhibited high similarity among Pasteurellaceae bacteria. Furthermore, the ∼6000 bp plasmids, consisting of rep, lysR, mobC, mobA/L, and floR genes, showed high similarity between G. parasuis and Actinobacillus Spp. Notably, WGS results showed that the floR modules of the two types of plasmids could be transferred and integrated into the diverse Pasteurellaceae- origined plasmids. Conclusion: This study firstly reported the characterization of floR-carrying plasmids from A. indolicus and a non-virulent serovar of G. parasuis in pigs in China and elucidated the transmission mechanism of the floR resistance gene among the Pasteurellaceae family.

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Copyright of Revista Ciencia y Tecnología Agropecuaria is the property of Agrosavia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The structure and histochemistry of the floral nectary of Bauhinia monandra Kurz (Fabaceae) were investigated. Besides possessing medicinal properties, this tree is also used in the recovery of degraded areas and urban arborization. Nectaries samples were obtained from newly bloomed flowers. The nectary was located on the tubular hypanthium. This tube was partially coated by a nectary epidermis, whose cells had secretory features such as a relatively large nucleus, a dense cytoplasm, and small vacuoles. Subjacent to the nectary epidermis, there was a nectary parenchyma with eight to fifteen layers of cells which also have secretory features. Both the nectary epidermis and nectary parenchyma possessed starch grains. Subjacent to the nectary parenchyma passed collateral to amphicribral concentric vascular bundles constituted by more phloem than xylem. Although these vascular bundles did not emit terminations directed to the nectary parenchyma, the arrangement of the latter about the former suggests the supply of nectar precursors by the vascularisation. In the basal region of the hypanthium tube occurred modified stomata which were probably the main route of nectar release; and tector trichomes, possibly involved in the nectar retention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae and Pasteurella multocida are two important bacterial pathogens in swine industry. In the present study, resistance profiles of nine commonly used antibiotics of A. pleuropneumoniae and P. multocida isolates of swine origin from different regions of China were investigated by determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs). In addition, genetic relationship of the florfenicol-resistant A. pleuropneumoniae and P. multocida isolates was determined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). The genetic basis of florfenicol resistance in these isolates were explored by floR detection and whole genome sequencing. High resistance rates (>25%) of florfenicol, tetracycline and trimethoprim- sulfamethoxazole were observed for both bacteria. No ceftiofur- and tiamulin- resistant isolates were detected. Furthermore, all the 17 florfenicol-resistant isolates (nine for A. pleuropneumoniae and eight for P. multocida) were positive for floR gene. The presence of similar PFGE types in these isolates suggested that clonal expansion of some floR-producing strains occurred in the pig farms from same regions. WGS and PCR screening showed that three plasmids, named pFA11, pMAF5, and pMAF6, were the cargos of the floR genes in the 17 isolates. Plasmid pFA11 exhibited novel structure and carried several resistance genes, including floR, sul2, aacC2d, strA, strB, and blaROB − 1. Plasmids pMAF5 and pMAF6 were presented in A. pleuropneumoniae and P. multocida isolates from different regions, suggesting horizontal transfer of the two plasmids are important for the floR dissemination in these Pasteurellaceae pathogens. Further studies of florfenicol resistance and its transfer vectors in Pasteurellaceae bacteria of veterinary origin are warranted.

ABSTRACT: Identification and analysis of the antimicrobial resistance of Pasteurella aerogenes (P. aerogenes) isolated from poultry. For susceptibility testing in accordance with the CLSI, plasmids were extracted via alkaline lysis and transferred by CaCl2 treatment. Genomic DNA of a representative P. aerogenes isolate was subjected to whole genome sequencing. CCCP was utilized to determine whether SF190908 contains an efflux pump. The blaVEB gene was ligated with the pET-28 plasmid and transferred to Escherichia coli to verify it as an ESBL gene. SF190908 isolated from poultry was identified as P. aerogenes based upon biochemical and 16s rRNA results. The isolate showed high MIC values for eight antimicrobials. Sequencing results showed that the mobile element-mediated antimicrobial resistance gene cluster conferred antimicrobial resistance on the strain, and a single 5,105-bp plasmid, designated pRCAD0752PA-1, was isolated. Four antimicrobial resistance gene clusters were identified in the SF190908 chromosome; one antimicrobial resistance gene cluster carried the blaVEB gene, which was verified as ESBL according to the CLSI and was detected in Pasteurellaceae for the first time, to the best of our knowledge. The efflux pump may confer antimicrobial resistance to SF190908. P. aerogenes isolated from poultry showed resistance genes encoded in mobile elements that confer multi-antimicrobial resistance to SF190908. The antimicrobial-resistant plasmid pRCAD0752PA-1 was isolated in SF190908 and conferred resistance to florfenicol. This study indicates an urgent need to increase efforts to monitor the spread of P. aerogenes multi-antimicrobial-resistant strains and plasmids, especially in newly discovered at-risk species such as poultry.

Los productos poseen atributos tangibles e intangibles que influyen en las decisiones de consumo. En una encuesta, consumidores eligieron los 13 valores humanos más importantes y los 13 menos importantes, de una lista de 40. Calificaron la importancia de seis atributos tangibles del alcatraz y manifestaron la frecuencia de consumo de la flor. El análisis de escalamiento multidimensional se utilizó para identificar la estructura de valores humanos en consumidores. Los valores y los atributos tangibles fueron reducidos mediante análisis factorial. Se obtuvieron tres coeficientes de correlación: a) atributos tangibles y consumo; b) valores humanos y residuales de atributos tangibles, y consumo, y c) valores humanos y consumo. Se mostró una imagen de alcatraz a consumidores y se solicitó que mencionaran tres palabras que vinieran a su mente. Se aplicó la prueba de k de proporciones y el procedimiento de Marascuilo para las categorías de palabras afines. La influencia de valores humanos se dio principalmente por ruta directa, evidenciando la existencia de atributos intangibles, además de los tangibles, que influyen en decisión de consumo. El alcatraz posee mayor cantidad de significados psicológicos simbólicos (81.3 %), que utilitarios (18.7 %). La función psicológica simbólica incluye aspectos sensoriales, emocionales y afectivos. Los resultados podrían variar dentro de otros contextos culturales/regionales y con otras herramientas de investigación.

ABSTRACT: Bacterial antimicrobial resistance (AMR) continues to develop, with the horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) through plasmids playing a major role. Recently, the antimicrobial resistance of R. anatipestifer has become increasingly severe, jeopardizing the development of the poultry industry. In this study, we used PromethION to determine the whole genome sequence of R. anatipestifer RCAD0416, a multidrug-resistant isolate from China. We detected a plasmid in the isolate. We named the plasmid pRCAD0416RA-1; the plasmid was 37356 bp in size with 36 putative open reading frames and included the blaOXA-347, floR, tet(X), ermF, ereD, and AadS resistance genes. Most resistance genes might be obtained from R. anatipestifer HXb2. Mobile elements and floR might be transmitted by plasmid pB18–2 from Acinetobacter indicus, and the ICEPg6Chn1 mobile elements can be transmitted from Proteus genomosp. The plasmid pRCAD0416RA-1 was transferred to Escherichia coli K-12 × 7232 via electroporation. Subsequent antimicrobial sensitivity tests (AST) showed a noticeable levels of antimicrobial resistance to β-lactams (4–8 fold), tigecycline (8 fold), and florfenicol (8 fold). These types of antibiotics are in common clinical use. The purpose of this article is to elucidate the basic characteristics of pRCAD0416RA-1 and the level of resistance mediated by blaOXA-347, floR, and tet(X).

Products have tangible and intangible attributes that influence consumption decisions. In a consumer survey they chose the 13 most important human values and the 13 least important, from a list of 40; they rated the importance of six tangible attributes of the calla lily and expressed the frequency of consumption of the flower. Multidimensional scaling analysis was used to identify structure of human values in consumers. Tangible values and attributes were reduced by factor analysis. Three correlation coefficients were obtained: a) tangible attributes and consumption; b) human and residual values of tangible attributes, and consumption, and c) human values and consumption. Consumers were shown an image of a calla lily and asked to mention three words that came to mind. Proportions k test and Marascuilo procedure were applied to related word categories. Influence of human values occurred mainly via the direct route, evidencing the existence of intangible attributes, in addition to the tangible ones, that influence consumption decisions. The calla lily has a greater number of symbolic psychological meanings (81.3 %), than utilitarian (18.7 %). The symbolic psychological function includes sensory, emotional, and affective aspects. Results may vary within other cultural/regional contexts and with other research tools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bazı volkanik arazilerden çıkan kaynak sularında Flor düzeyinin yüksek olduğu ve bu suların Flor toksikasyonuna neden olduğu bilinmektedir. Doğubayazıt’ta Tendürek yanar dağının eteklerinden çıkan bazı kaynak sularında yüksek miktarda, Iğdır ve Kapadokya volkanik arazilerinde ise normal düzeyde Flor olduğu bilimsel çalışmalarla ortaya konmuştur. Bu araştırmada ise söz konusu bölgelerde bulunan kanyak sularının içme suyu olarak verildiği çiftlik hayvanlarının kemik Flor düzeylerini ne şekilde etkilediği karşılaştırmalı olarak ortaya kondu. Kemik, su ve idrar örneklerindeki Flor analizleri iyon ayrımı yapabilen elektrot (ISE) kurulu iyon metre yardımıyla yapıldı. Çiftlik hayvanlarının idrar ve kemik flor düzeyleri su örneklerine benzer bir seyir izledi. Doğubayazıt kemik ve idrar örneklerinin flor seviyeleri, Iğdır ve Kapadokya bölgelerine göre anlamlı derecede yüksek olduğu tespit edildi. Kemik Flor analiz sonuçlarını dış bakı kemik ve diş muayene bulguları da destekledi. Bu araştırmada analizi yapılan su, idrar ve kemik Flor düzeyleri arasında kuvvetli ilişkinin varlığı belirlendi. Flor düzeyi bakımından içme suyunun idrar ve kemik üzerinde çok kuvvetli etkiye sahip olduğu tespit edildi. Sonuç olarak, Doğubayazıt’ta Tendürek dağından köken alan Flor düzeyi yüksek suları içen çiftlik hayvanlarının kemiklerindeki Flor düzeyleri normalden yüksek tespit edildi. Bu durum içme suyu yolu ile şekillenen doğal Flor toksikasyonunun kemikler üzerinde Flor birikimine neden olduğunun kanıtı olarak değerlendirilebilir.

Objectives: Use of chloramphenicol or its veterinary analogue florfenicol can selectively favour antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Understanding how resistance is mobilised and disseminated among pathogens is vital in knowing how different bacterial taxa might serve as reservoirs of these genes for pathogenic bacteria. Methods: Bacterial isolates (n = 30) were selected on the basis of multidrug resistance and resistance to florfenicol from among 296 bacteria originally isolated from drinking water distribution systems in Southwestern Nigeria. Bacterial identification, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination for florfenicol, PCR detection of florfenicol resistance genes (floR, fexA and cfx) and sequence analysis were employed to characterise the isolates. Results: According to sequence data (16S rDNA, v2–v3 region), 30 strains were selected, includingPseudomonas spp. (43.3%), Serratia spp. (13.3%), Proteus spp. (26.7%), Acinetobacter spp. (13.3%) and Providencia rettgeri (3.3%). MICs ranged between >16 μg/mL and >1024 μg/mL. floR was the only resistance gene detected (11/30; 36.7%). The majority of floR-positive isolates (8/11; 72.7%) were Proteus spp. All floR sequences shared 100% identity and 1–2 synonymous substitutions relative to other published sequences. Conclusions: floR-positive strains in this study were originally selected randomly without antibiotics. Finding floR in four genera without selective enrichment is consistent with widespread distribution of this resistance trait in drinking water systems in Nigeria. Further work is needed to determine whether human and veterinary antibiotic use practices in Nigeria are contributing to proliferation of this important antibiotic resistance trait and to determine whether the presence of floR-producing strains is compromising human and animal health.

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı florid içerikli farklı restoratif materyallerin (Geleneksel cam iyonomer siman, İonofil U; Rezin modifiye cam iyonomer siman, Photac Fil Quick Aplicap; Cam hibrit restoratif materyal, Equia Forte; Cam karbomer, Glass Fil ve Giomer, Beautifil II) in vitro koşullarda florid salım özelliklerini ve floridle yeniden yüklenebilme kapasitelerini karşılaştırmaktır. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Restoratif materyallerinin her birinden 16 adet disk şeklinde örnekler hazırlanmış, örnekler, deney periyodu boyunca 5 ml deiyonize su içeren polietilen tüplerde, 37°C’de bekletilmiştir. Örneklerin florid salım konsantrasyonları 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 14, 21 ve 28. günlerde ölçülmüş, 28. günde örneklere 4 dakika boyunca 2 ml % 1,23’lük Asidüle fosfat florid jel (İonite) uygulanmıştır. Daha sonra, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 14, 21 ve 28. günlerde materyallerin florid salım konsantrasyonları ölçülerek, floridle yeniden yüklenebilme kapasiteleri değerlendirilmiştir. Bulgular: İonofil U’nun ilk iki gün boyunca istatistiksel olarak diğer materyallerden daha fazla miktarda florid salımı ve floridle yeniden yüklenebilme kapasitesi gösterdiği belirlenmiştir (p

Lisianthus es una planta ornamental, que en los últimos años adquirió una gran importancia en el mercado nacional e internacional por su belleza y variedad de colores, este cultivo tradicionalmente se establece en suelo y hay poca información en relación con sus hábitos de crecimiento y desarrollo en sistemas hidropónicos. El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo evaluar por medio de imágenes digitales el cambio en el color de las hojas y de las flores en el cultivo de lisianthus en hidroponía con diferentes soluciones nutritivas. Las soluciones nutritivas (SN) ensayadas en el cultivo fueron cuatro, como testigo fue la solución Steiner (SN1) y el resto de los tratamientos fueron soluciones modificadas, en la (SN2) se utilizó el doble de la concentración de la solución Steiner, mientras que la (SN3) fue adicionada con una cantidad elevada de K y la SN4 con una mayor cantidad de calcio (18 mEq L-1), se evaluó altura y número de hojas obteniendo en ambos una diferencia significativa en la SN1 con respecto a la SN4, en cuanto a las características fenotípicas de la hoja y flor mediante los valores de RGB el color de la hoja no se vio afectada por los tratamientos a partir de las modificaciones que se le realizaron a la solución Steiner, la variable R solo presentó diferencia significativa en la SN1 con respecto a la SN4 con mayor cantidad de calcio, sin embargo no ocurrió lo mismo para las demás variables y solo este fenómeno se presentó en el día 61 DDT, en cuanto al efecto de la solución nutritiva sobre el color de las flores, se encontró una diferencia significativa en las variables R en la solución 1 (Steiner) G hubo diferencia en la solución con concentraciones altas de potasio lo mismo ocurrió para las variables artificiales utilizadas.

Florfenicol (Ff) is an antimicrobial agent belonging to the class amphenicol used for the treatment of bacterial infections in livestock, poultry, and aquaculture (animal farming). It inhibits protein synthesis. Ff is an analog of chloramphenicol, an amphenicol compound on the WHO essential medicine list that is used for the treatment of human infections. Due to the extensive usage of Ff in animal farming, zoonotic pathogens have developed resistance to this antimicrobial agent. There are numerous reports of resistance genes from organisms infecting or colonizing animals found in human pathogens, suggesting a possible exchange of genetic materials. One of these genes is floR , a gene that encodes for an efflux pump that removes Ff from bacterial cells, conferring resistance against amphenicol, and is often associated with mobile genetic elements and other resistant determinants. In this study, we analyzed bacterial isolates recovered in rural Thailand from patients and environmental samples collected for disease monitoring. Whole genome sequencing was carried out for all the samples collected. Speciation and genome annotation was performed revealing the presence of the floR gene in the bacterial genome. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined for Ff and chloramphenicol. Chromosomal and phylogenetic analyses were performed to investigate the acquisition pattern of the floR gene. The presence of a conserved floR gene in unrelated Acinetobacter spp . isolated from human bacterial infections and environmental samples was observed, suggesting multiple and independent inter-species genetic exchange of drug-resistant determinants. The floR was found to be in the variable region containing various mobile genetic elements and other antibiotic resistance determinants; however, no evidence of HGT could be found. The floR gene identified in this study is chromosomal for all isolates. The study highlights a plausible impact of antimicrobials used in veterinary settings on human health. Ff shares cross-resistance with chloramphenicol, which is still in use in several countries. Furthermore, by selecting for floR -resistance genes, we may be selecting for and facilitating the zoonotic and reverse zoonotic exchange of other flanking resistance markers between human and animal pathogens or commensals with detrimental public health consequences., Competing Interests: LM and PB are employed, and BT was employed by A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs (A*IDL). The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Tan, Mohan, Watthanaworawit, Ngamprasertchai, Nosten, Ling and Bifani.)

Florfenicol is widely used to control respiratory diseases and intestinal infections in food animals. However, there are increasing reports about florfenicol resistance of various clinical pathogens. floR is a key resistance gene that mediates resistance to florfenicol and could spread among different bacteria. Here, we investigated the prevalence of floR in 430 Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from human clinical samples and identified three types of floR genes (designated floR, floR-T1 and floR-T2) in these isolates, with floR-T1 the most prevalent (5.3%, 23/430). FloR-T2 was a novel floR variant identified in this study, and exhibited less identity with other FloR proteins than FloRv. Moreover, floR-T1 and floR-T2 identified in P. aeruginosa strain TL1285 were functionally active and located on multi-drug resistance region of a novel incomplete Tn4371-like integrative and conjugative elements (ICE) in the chromosome. The expression of the two floR variants could be induced by florfenicol or chloramphenicol. These results indicated that the two floR variants played an essential role in the host’s resistance to amphenicol and the spreading of these floR variants might be related with the Tn4371 family ICE.

Florfenicol is widely used to control respiratory diseases and intestinal infections in food animals. However, there are increasing reports about florfenicol resistance of various clinical pathogens. floR is a key resistance gene that mediates resistance to florfenicol and could spread among different bacteria. Here, we investigated the prevalence of floR in 430 Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from human clinical samples and identified three types of floR genes (designated floR , floR-T1 and floR-T2) in these isolates, with floR-T1 the most prevalent (5.3%, 23/430). FloR-T2 was a novel floR variant identified in this study, and exhibited less identity with other FloR proteins than FloRv. Moreover, floR-T1 and floR-T2 identified in P. aeruginosa strain TL1285 were functionally active and located on multi-drug resistance region of a novel incomplete Tn 4371 -like integrative and conjugative elements (ICE) in the chromosome. The expression of the two floR variants could be induced by florfenicol or chloramphenicol. These results indicated that the two floR variants played an essential role in the host's resistance to amphenicol and the spreading of these floR variants might be related with the Tn 4371 family ICE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Florfenicol is a derivative of chloramphenicol that is used only for the treatment of animal diseases. A key resistance gene for florfenicol, floR, can spread among bacteria of the same and different species or genera through horizontal gene transfer. To analyze the potential transmission of resistance genes between animal and human pathogens, we investigated floR in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from patient samples. floR in human pathogens may originate from animal pathogens and would reflect the risk to human health of using antimicrobial agents in animals. Methods PCR was used to identify floR-positive strains. The floR genes were cloned, and the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined to assess the relative resistance levels of the genes and strains. Sequencing and comparative genomics methods were used to analyze floR gene-related sequence structure as well as the molecular mechanism of resistance dissemination. Results Of the strains evaluated, 20.42% (67/328) were resistant to florfenicol, and 86.96% (20/23) of the floR-positive strains demonstrated high resistance to florfenicol with MICs ≥512 μg/mL. Conjugation experiments showed that transferrable plasmids carried the floR gene in three isolates. Sequencing analysis of a plasmid approximately 125 kb in size (pKP18–125) indicated that the floR gene was flanked by multiple copies of mobile genetic elements. Comparative genomics analysis of a 9-kb transposon-like fragment of pKP18–125 showed that an approximately 2-kb sequence encoding lysR-floR-virD2 was conserved in the majority (79.01%, 83/105) of floR sequences collected from NCBI nucleotide database. Interestingly, the most similar sequence was a 7-kb fragment of plasmid pEC012 from an Escherichia coli strain isolated from a chicken. Conclusions Identified on a transferable plasmid in the human pathogen K. pneumoniae, the floR gene may be disseminated through horizontal gene transfer from animal pathogens. Studies on the molecular mechanism of resistance gene dissemination in different bacterial species of animal origin could provide useful information for preventing or controlling the spread of resistance between animal and human pathogens.

Introducción y objetivos: Las Sierras de Famatina son un área importante de endemismo, allí conviven dos representantes de Trichocereus, de los que se discute su identidad taxonómica. Trichocereus pseudocandicans es endémica, con flores coloridas y diurnas; mientras que, T. candicans presenta distribución más amplia, con flores blancas y nocturnas. Teniendo en cuenta estas diferencias, llevamos a cabo un estudio morfo-anatómico del perigonio, gineceo y fruto, realizando comparaciones cualitativas y cuantitativas. El objetivo es generar información novedosa para el género, aportar caracteres taxonómicos confiables y realizar inferencias sobre su biología reproductiva. M&M: Se realizaron preparados histológicos temporarios y permanentes de flores y frutos, utilizando técnicas clásicas. Se analizaron y compararon estadísticamente 43 variables morfo-anatómicas. Resultados: Las entidades presentan características morfo-anatómicas similares, pero se diferencian por el color del perigonio y el tamaño de las flores. Se destacan los siguientes caracteres: el estilo presenta canal estilar y tejido transmisor, el receptáculo y la pared del ovario son notoriamente diferentes pero íntimamente fusionados, incluso luego de la fecundación, óvulos circinótropos, entre otros. Solo el 27,9% de las variables analizadas resultaron con diferencias estadísticamente significativas, siendo las flores de T. candicans levemente mayores que las de T. pseudocandicans. Conclusiones: La similitud encontrada entre los taxones reafirma su alto grado de parentesco, siendo posible que T. pseudocandicans sea una subespecie o híbrido de T. candicans. Por otro lado, los rasgos florales diferentes podrían deberse a una alta variabilidad fenotípica, influenciada por las características particulares que presentan las Sierras de Famatina.

Florfenicol is a promising antibiotic for use in companion animals, especially as an alternative agent for infections caused by MDR bacteria. However, the emergence of resistant strains could hinder this potential. In this study, florfenicol resistance was investigated in a total of 246 MDR Enterobacterales obtained from canine and feline clinical samples in Greece over a two-year period (October 2020 to December 2022); a total of 44 (17,9%) florfenicol-resistant strains were recognized and further investigated. Most of these isolates originated from urine (41.9%) and soft tissue (37.2%) samples; E. coli ( n = 14) and Enterobacter cloacae ( n = 12) were the predominant species. The strains were examined for the presence of specific florfenicol-related resistance genes floR and cfr. In the majority of the isolates (31/44, 70.5%), the floR gene was detected, whereas none carried cfr. This finding creates concerns of co-acquisition of plasmid-mediated florfenicol-specific ARGs through horizontal transfer, along with several other resistance genes. The florfenicol resistance rates in MDR isolates seem relatively low but considerable for a second-line antibiotic; thus, in order to evaluate the potential of florfenicol to constitute an alternative antibiotic in companion animals, continuous monitoring of antibiotic resistance profiles is needed in order to investigate the distribution of florfenicol resistance under pressure of administration of commonly used agents.

Background and aims: Sierras de Famatina are an important area of endemism, where two representatives of Trichocereus coexist, whose taxonomic identity is discussed. Trichocereus. pseudocandicans is endemic, with colorful, diurnal flowers; while, T. candicans has a wider distribution, with white and nocturnal flowers. Taking these differences into account, we carried out a morpho-anatomical study of perigonium, gynoecium and fruit, making qualitative and quantitative comparisons. The objective is to generate new information for the genus, provide reliable taxonomic traits, and make inferences about its reproductive biology. M&M: We made temporary and permanent histological preparations of flowers and fruits, using classical techniques. In addition, we analyzed 43 morpho-anatomical variables, which were statistically compared. Results: The entities present similar morpho-anatomical traits but are differentiated by the color of the perigonium and the total size of the flowers. The following characters stand out: the style presents a stilar canal and transmitter tissue, the receptacle and the ovary wall are notoriously different but intimately fused, even after fertilization, circinate ovules, among others. Only 27.9% of the variables analyzed resulted in statistically significant differences, the flowers of T. candicans being slightly larger than those of T. pseudocandicans. Conclusions: The similarity found between the taxa reaffirms their high degree of kinship, and it is possible that T. pseudocandicans is a subspecies or hybrid of T. candicans. On the other hand, the different floral traits could be due to a high phenotypic variability, influenced by the particular characteristics of the Famatina Sierras. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacterial resistance to antibiotics has become an important concern for public health. This study was aimed to investigate the characteristics and the distribution of the florfenicol-related resistance genes in bacteria isolated from four farms. A total of 106 florfenicol-resistant Gram-negative bacilli were examined for florfenicol-related resistance genes, and the positive isolates were further characterized. The antimicrobial sensitivity results showed that most of them (100, 94.33%) belonged to multidrug resistance Enterobacteriaceae. About 91.51% of the strains carried floR gene, while 4.72% carried cfr gene. According to the pulsed-field gel electrophoresis results, 34 Escherichia coli were subdivided into 22 profiles, the genetic similarity coefficient of which ranged from 80.3 to 98.0%. The multilocus sequence typing (MLST) results revealed 17 sequence types (STs), with ST10 being the most prevalent. The genome sequencing result showed that the Proteus vulgaris G32 genome consists of a 4.06-Mb chromosome, a 177,911-bp plasmid (pG32-177), and a 51,686-bp plasmid (pG32-51). A floR located in a drug-resistant region on the chromosome of P. vulgaris G32 was with IS91 family transposase, and the other floR gene on the plasmid pG32-177 was with an ISCR2 insertion sequence. The cfr gene was located on the pG32-51 flanked by IS26 element and TnpA26. This study suggested that the mobile genetic elements played an important role in the replication of resistance genes and the horizontal resistance gene transfer.

Los problemas como el trabajo infantil (TI) requieren asumir una visión de mediano y largo plazo, que conlleve a la formulación de estrategias consensuadas entre diversos actores y donde la institucionalidad públicoprivada acompañe los procesos. El objetivo del artículo es exponer los desafíos para prevenir y erradicar el TI de manera articulada a partir de las acciones actuales de: el sector privado (cultivos agremiados a Asocolflores), el gobierno local y la escuela en tres departamentos (21 municipios) de Colombia. La metodología tuvo un abordaje mixto que incluyó revisión documental (planes de desarrollo local), aplicación de encuestas y entrevistas a jefes de talento humano de cultivos, y entrevistas a funcionarios del gobierno local y colegios públicos del área de influencia. Se encontró que las empresas se concentran en el cumplimiento normativo y no involucran su cadena productiva en las acciones contra el TI, lo que genera riesgos que pueden afectar la reputación del colectivo; los colegios y el gobierno local interpretan y actúan según la normativa nacional, pero existe desarticulación entre las acciones de estos tres actores y las familias.

En las Sierras de Calilegua reconocimos siete especies de Dioscorea como parte de su flora y una octava entidad que denominamos Dioscorea sp., la cual evidenció algunos caracteres morfológicos similares a D. glomerulata y D. haumanii, posibles progeni- tores de ésta, dado que comparten el área de distribución en zonas propicias para el fenómeno de hibridación. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue analizar la morfología floral y la morfoanatomía foliar de D. glomerulata, D. haumanii y Dioscorea sp. Se tra- bajó con material fresco y herborizado al que se aplicaron técnicas convencionales. Los resultados evidenciaron que los caracteres morfoanatómicos de Dioscorea sp. no son intermedios a los de sus probables progenitores. El análisis de componentes principales permitió agrupar a los individuos de cada entidad por separado. Por esta razón, podemos concluir que este estudio posiciona a Dioscorea sp. en un lugar estable e independiente.

La L-DOPA es uno de los metabolitos secundarios presentes en las leguminosas, como Mucuna pruriens y Vicia faba L., su contenido se puede ver afectado por el método de secado, variedad y estado de desarrollo de la planta. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar el efecto del método de secado por estufa y por liofilización en el contenido de compuestos fenólicos totales (CFT), de L-DOPA y de la actividad antioxidante en plántulas y en flor de dos variedades de haba. Dos variedades de haba, Diamante y Zac-22, se utilizaron como material vegetal, que fueron sembradas en condiciones de campo. Se obtuvieron plántulas a los 10, 15 y 20 días después de la emergencia (DDE) y flores durante el período de floración. Los tejidos se sometieron a dos métodos de secado, por estufa de aire forzado a 38 °C y por liofilización (-80 °C). El contenido de compuestos fenólicos totales (CFT) se determinó por el método de Folin-Ciocalteu y L-DOPA se analizó por HPLC. La actividad antioxidante se determinó frente al radical DPPH (CI50). Los resultados mostraron que el método de secado afectó la concentración de CFT, de L-DOPA y la actividad antioxidante. Las concentraciones más altas de CFT (118.67 mg·g-1 MS) y de L-DOPA (67.65 mg·g-1 MS) se detectaron en las muestras procesadas por secado en estufa. Las flores presentaron los contenidos más altos de CFT (142.19 mg·g-1 MS) y de L-DOPA (82.02 mg·g-1 MS) respecto a las plántulas. Mientas que en las plántulas a los 10 DDE, tuvieron en promedio la concentración mayor de CFT (110.12 mg·g-1 MS) y de L-DOPA (61.08 mg·g-1 MS). La actividad antioxidante se afectó particularmente por el método de secado en las plántulas, pero en las flores no mostraron variación. El secado por estufa favoreció la conservación de la actividad antioxidante de las plántulas (CI50, 119.93 µg·mL-1), respecto al método de secado por liofilización (CI50, 144.29 µg·mL-1).

Bacterial resistance to antibiotics has become an important concern for public health. This study was aimed to investigate the characteristics and the distribution of the florfenicol-related resistance genes in bacteria isolated from four farms. A total of 106 florfenicol-resistant Gram-negative bacilli were examined for florfenicol-related resistance genes, and the positive isolates were further characterized. The antimicrobial sensitivity results showed that most of them (100, 94.33%) belonged to multidrug resistance Enterobacteriaceae. About 91.51% of the strains carried floR gene, while 4.72% carried cfr gene. According to the pulsed-field gel electrophoresis results, 34 Escherichia coli were subdivided into 22 profiles, the genetic similarity coefficient of which ranged from 80.3 to 98.0%. The multilocus sequence typing (MLST) results revealed 17 sequence types (STs), with ST10 being the most prevalent. The genome sequencing result showed that the Proteus vulgaris G32 genome consists of a 4.06-Mb chromosome, a 177,911-bp plasmid (pG32-177), and a 51,686-bp plasmid (pG32-51). A floR located in a drug-resistant region on the chromosome of P. vulgaris G32 was with IS 91 family transposase, and the other floR gene on the plasmid pG32-177 was with an IS CR2 insertion sequence. The cfr gene was located on the pG32-51 flanked by IS 26 element and TnpA26. This study suggested that the mobile genetic elements played an important role in the replication of resistance genes and the horizontal resistance gene transfer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Terra Latinoamericana is the property of Sociedad Mexicana de la Ciencia del Suelo A.C. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Sociales is the property of Fondo Editorial Fundacion Universitaria Luis Amigo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Lilloa is the property of Fundacion Miguel Lillo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objectives: The aim of this study was to characterize the floR-carrying plasmids originating from Glaesserella parasuis and Actinobacillus indolicus isolated from pigs with respiratory disease in China., Methods: A total of 125 G. parasuis and 28 A. indolicus strains collected between 2009 and 2022 were screened for florfenicol resistance. Characterization of floR-positive isolates and plasmids were determined by antimicrobial susceptibility testing, serotyping, multilocus sequence typing (MLST), conjugation and transformation assays, whole-genome sequencing (WGS), and phylogenetic analysis., Results: One A. indolicus and six G. parasuis were identified as positive for floR. The six G. parasuis were assigned to four different serovars, including serovars 6, 7, 9, and unknown. In addition to strain XP11, six floR genes were located on plasmids. The six floR-bearing plasmids could be transformed into Pasteurella multocida and divided into two different types, including ∼5000 bp and ∼6000 bp plasmids. The ∼5000 bp plasmids consisting of rep, lysR, mobB, and floR genes, exhibited high similarity among Pasteurellaceae bacteria. Furthermore, the ∼6000 bp plasmids, consisting of rep, lysR, mobC, mobA/L, and floR genes, showed high similarity between G. parasuis and Actinobacillus Spp. Notably, WGS results showed that the floR modules of the two types of plasmids could be transferred and integrated into the diverse Pasteurellaceae- origined plasmids., Conclusion: This study firstly reported the characterization of floR-carrying plasmids from A. indolicus and a non-virulent serovar of G. parasuis in pigs in China and elucidated the transmission mechanism of the floR resistance gene among the Pasteurellaceae family., (Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

L-DOPA is one of the secondary metabolites present in legumes, such as Mucuna pruriens and Vicia faba L., its content can be affected by the method of drying, variety and stage of development of the plant. The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of drying method by stove and lyophilization on the content of total phenolic compounds (TPC), L-DOPA and antioxidant activity in seedling and flower of two varieties of broad bean. Two varieties of broad bean, Diamante and Zac-22, were used as plant material, which were sown under field conditions. Seedlings were obtained at 10, 15 and 20 days after the emergence (DAE), and flowers during the flowering period. The tissues were subjected to two drying methods, by forced air oven at 38 °C and by lyophilization (-80 °C). The content of total phenolic compounds (TPC) was determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method, and L-DOPA was analyzed by HPLC. The antioxidant activity was determined against the DPPH radical (IC50). The results showed that the drying method affected the concentration of TPC, L-DOPA and antioxidant activity. The highest concentrations of TPC (110.12 mg·g-1 DM) and L-DOPA (61.08 mg·g-1 DM) were detected in the samples processed by oven drying. Flowers had the highest content of TPC (142.19 mg·g-1 DM) and L-DOPA (82.02 mg·g-1 DM) compared to seedlings. While in the seedlings at 10 DAE had on average the highest concentration of TPC (110.12 mg·g-1 DM) and L-DOPA (61.08 mg·g-1 DM). The antioxidant activity was particularly affected by the drying method in the seedlings, but in the flowers, they did not show variation. The drying by stove favored the preservation of the antioxidant activity of the seedlings (IC50, 119.93 µg·mL-1), with respect to the drying method by lyophilization (IC50, 144.29 µg·mL-1). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills recently emerged as potential reservoirs of antibiotic resistance. However, little is known about the potentials of unsanitary landfill sites which are common in developing countries as reservoir of antibiotic resistance. In this study, we investigated the antibiotic resistance pattern and presence of selected resistance genes in bacteria from three MSW landfills in Ibadan, southwestern Nigeria. Methodology: Fifty six antibiotic- and metal-resistant bacteria isolated from leachate and leachate-contaminated surface and groundwater collected from three MSW landfills in Ibadan, Southwestern Nigeria, were searched for sulfonamides, florfenicol and beta-lactams resistance genes and integrons by PCR. Results: None of the 27 ß-lactamase genes tested was detected in the isolates. sul1, sul2 and floR were however detected in 12 (21.4%), 2 (3.6%) and 12 (21.4%) bacteria species identified as Alcaligenes faecalis, Advenella kashmirensis, Brevundimonas spp. and Ralstonia pickettii. The 12 bacteria carrying sul1/floR gene combination were also positive for class 1 integron. Analysis of the gene cassettes in the variable regions of the class 1 integrons (>1.5kb) of the 12 intl1-positive isolates revealed the presence of aadB and unknown genes. The deduced amino acid sequence of the unknown portion of the gene cassettes shared 42-65% identity with sequences of Class D ß- lactamase and OXA-2-like protein in the GenBank. Conclusions: Findings of this study suggest that the landfill ecosystem is a potential site for the evolution of novel resistance genes and are hence important reservoir of antibiotic resistant bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad is the property of Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Instituto de Biologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

An updated checklist of Malpighiaceae from the Chapada dos Veadeiros region, Goiás, Brazil, is presented. We recorded 78 species of this family of plants, which represent a higher diversity than previously reported for the region. About one third of all the Malpighiaceae species recorded for the Cerrado are found within the area, which shows the important role of the Chapada dos Veadeiros region in the conservation of this family in Central Brazil.

The culture of red cusk eel Genypterus chilensis is currently considered a priority for Chilean aquaculture but low larval survival rates have prompted the need for the continuous use of antibacterials. The main aim of this study was to evaluate the role of live feed as a source of antibacterial-resistant bacteria in a commercial culture of G. chilensis. Samples of rotifer and Artemia cultures used as live feed were collected during the larval growth period and culturable bacterial counts were performed using a spread plate method. Rotifer and Artemia cultures exhibited high levels of resistant bacteria (8.03 × 104 to 1.79 × 107 CFU/g and 1.47 × 106 to 3.50 × 108 CFU/g, respectively). Sixty-five florfenicol-resistant isolates were identified as Vibrio (81.5%) and Pseudoalteromonas (15.4%) using 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. A high incidence of resistance to streptomycin (93.8%), oxytetracycline (89.2%), co-trimoxazole (84.6%), and kanamycin (73.8%) was exhibited by resistant isolates. A high proportion of isolates (76.9%) carried the florfenicol-resistance encoding genes floR and fexA, as well as plasmid DNA (75.0%). The high prevalence of multiresistant bacteria in live feed increases the incidence of the resistant microbiota in reared fish larvae, thus proper monitoring and management strategies for live feed cultures appear to be a priority for preventing future therapy failures in fish larval cultures.

La portada del templo de Tepeapulco a pesar de sus reducidas dimensiones y de su aparente sencillez, posee gran cantidad de elementos decorativos realizados con fines didácticos. Esta portada concebida por los frailes pero ejecutada por los indígenas encierra diferentes mensajes simbólicos interpretados de acuerdo a la cosmovisión de evangelizadores como de evangelizados. La portada de San Francisco de Asís es un ejemplo de la sofisticada mezcla y superposición de significados religiosos cristianos sobre símbolos prehispánicos, práctica común en el proceso de evangelización en el siglo XVI en México. En este artículo hemos tratado de hacer un análisis del simbolismo de los principales componentes de la portada, así como del significado para las diferentes culturas, de los elementos con afinidades formales, conceptuales y estructurales en los cuales se dio la rehabilitación de símbolos prehispánicos, deliberadamente integrados por los evangelizadores dentro de un marco cristiano.

Bu çalışmasında, kimyasal püskürtme yöntemi ile katkısız ve flor katkılı ZnO filmler üretildi. Kimyasal Püskürtme Yöntemi ile 450 °C taban sıcaklığında cam altlıklar üzerine ZnO ve Flor katkılı ZnO ince filmleri ZnCl2 tuzu kullanılarak elde edilmiş ve elde edilen bu ince filmlerin fiziksel özellikleri incelenmiştir. Filmlerin X- ışını toz kırınım deseninden, ince filmlerin kristal yapısının hekzagonal würtzit yapıda olduğu belirlenmiştir. Optik yöntemlerle ince filmlerin yasak enerji aralıkları bulunmuştur. Filmlerin özdirençleri dört nokta yöntemi ile bulunmuştur. SEM görüntülerinden flor katkısının filmlerin morfolojik yapısını değiştirdiği görülmüştür.

Bu çalışmasında, kimyasal püskürtme yöntemi ile katkısız ve flor katkılı ZnO filmler üretildi. Kimyasal Püskürtme Yöntemi ile 450 °C taban sıcaklığında cam altlıklar üzerine ZnO ve Flor katkılı ZnO ince filmleri ZnCl2 tuzu kullanılarak elde edilmiş ve elde edilen bu ince filmlerin fiziksel özellikleri incelenmiştir. Filmlerin X- ışını toz kırınım deseninden, ince filmlerin kristal yapısının hekzagonal würtzit yapıda olduğu belirlenmiştir. Optik yöntemlerle ince filmlerin yasak enerji aralıkları bulunmuştur. Filmlerin özdirençleri dört nokta yöntemi ile bulunmuştur. SEM görüntülerinden flor katkısının filmlerin morfolojik yapısını değiştirdiği görülmüştür

Zen buddhism has always honored nature. From it one can understand the nature of the self and the world. Flower, as an expression of this nature, plays a relevant role. From Buddha up to current authors of the tradition, one can see the use of the flower as a symbol. Beyond theoretical explanations, what zen emphasizes is the instant where a flower simply is. This paper investigates the use of this symbology from the example of Buddha Sakyamuni and some zen authors such as Dogen to understand nature and its unfoldings--nature of the self and the world --, besides working with other concepts of the tradition such as emptiness, taleity, instant and reality, to arrive at the realization of the only and same nature of everything and everyone, the Buddhic nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]