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The need for energy and mineral resources is needed for the survival of human life. One of the results of minerals contained in the bowels of the earth is crude oil. Natural resources crude oil is still a top priority for natural resource needs in Indonesia. So it is necessary to explore and exploit crude oil resources. Secondary recovery (water flooding) and tertiary recovery methods are carried out on an oil and gas well to assist the process of producing oil to the surface. Water flooding is a method that is widely used because water is easy to obtain, water supply is quite cheap and mobility is low. Water injection is a second stage recovery method by injecting water into the reservoir so that the remaining oil can be pushed to the production well. Water flooding in its application can show a decreasing trend in production if the efficiency of this method in the reservoir has decreased, therefore after the water flooding recovery method has decreased production, the EOR method as a tertiary recovery method can be applied.

In the petroleum industry, Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) technology has been developed to obtain increased oil recovery from reservoirs. One of the EOR methods is chemical EOR using a surfactant known as the surfactant flooding method. Surfactants have the ability to reduce the interfacial tension between oil and water in the rock matrix so that residual oil can be produced. There are several parameters that affect the performance of surfactants, among which will be discussed in this discussion, namely the middle phase emulsion obtained from the phase behavior test and the results from the Interfacial Tension (IFT) test. Based on the literature review, the method used in IFT uses the spinning drop method. Compatibility test of Fir wood SLS surfactant solution used with a concentration of 0.5% - 3% and a salinity of 4,000 - 110,000 ppm.

Tanaman cincau merupakan tanaman asli Indonesia Berdasarkan jenisnya cincau dibagi menjadi cincau hijau dan cincau hitam. Tanaman cincau hijau tumbuh terutama di pulau Jawa, Sulawesi, Bali, Lombok, hingga Sumbawa. Ada beberapa jenis cincau hijau yaitu spesies Cyclea barbata yang berupa tanaman rambat dan Premna oblongifolia yang berupa pohon. Tanaman cincau hitam tumbuh terutama di pulau Jawa dan Sumatera, Cincau hitam sering disebut janggelan dengan nama spesies Mesona palustris, sedangkan di Cina disebut hsian tsao dengan nama spesies Mesona procumbens Hemsl. Cincau merupakan bahan baku minuman tradisional yang terdapat di beberapa daerah terutama di bagian barat Indonesia. Minuman cincau merupakan salah satu minuman favorit di bulan puasa. Cincau berguna untuk menjaga kesehatan terutama kesehatan pencernaan. Tujuan kegiatan ini adalah memberikan edukasi kepada masyarakat mengenai pemanfaatan bagi kesehatan. Kegiatan penyuluhan dihadiri oleh tim dosen dan mahasiswa serta 15 warga Kelurahan Curug di Kotamadya Bogor. Evaluasi diberikan sebelum penyuluhan (pre-test) dan setelah penyuluhan (post-test). Hasil pre-test menunjukkan sebanyak 33.3% peserta memahami manfaat cincau baik sebagai bahan baku minuman, kesehatan, maupun kecantikan. Hasil post-test menunjukkan bahwa jumlah peserta yang paham adalah sebanyak 86,67% peserta. Sedangkan hasil evaluasi yang dilakukan enam bulan kemudian mnunjukkan jumlah peserta yang paham sebesar 93.33%. Dapat dikatakan bahwa kegiatan ini memberikan peningkatan pemahaman peserta. Di samping itu peserta tertarik untuk mengetahui lebih jauh hal-hal mengenai cincau setelah kegiatan penyuluhan tersebut.

Metode yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah injeksi surfaktan, dimana dipilihnya yaitu surfaktan jenis AOS menggunakan konsentrasi kecil untuk menaikan produksi minyak. Penggunaan surfaktan ini ditujukan untuk menurunkan tegangan antarmuka pada dua fluida, yaitu minyak serta air, sehingga minyak dapat dibawa keluar dari pori suatu batuan reservoir. Pada penelitian ini akan memakai berbagai macam salinitas, yaitu 3000 ppm, serta 17000 ppm. Kemudian memakai konsentrasi sebanyak 0.1%, dan 0.7%. lalu variasi salinitas dan konsentrasi tersebut ditambahkan kulit jeruk sebanyak 25 ml. Dimana larutan surfaktan AOS serta larutan surfaktan AOS + ekstrak kulit jeruk akan dilakukan pengujian IFT di suhu 30°C dan 60°C. Kemudian pada penelitian ini ingin dilihat surfaktan dengan penambahan ekstrak kulit jeruk efektif apakah efektif dalam proses injeksi EOR. Prosedur penelitian pada penelitian ini diawali oleh pembuatan brine, pembuatan surfaktan, dan pembuatan surfaktan ditambahkan dengan kulit jeruk. kemudian dilakukan proses saturasi brine serta saturasi minyak, dilanjutkan dengan proses coreflooding. Tujuan pada penelitian ini ialah untuk menganalisa pengaruh kulit jeruk terhadap perolehan minyak, dimana nantinya dibandingkan dengan hasil perolehan minyak dari surfaktan tanpa ekstrak kulit jeruk. Hasilnya membuktikan larutan surfaktan AOS + ekstrak kulit jeruk lebih tinggi recovery factornya dibandingan menggunakan larutan AOS, di salinitas 17000 ppm dengan konsentrasi 0.7% dimana RF sebesar 46% untuk AOS+ ekstrak kulit jeruk serta 40% untuk surfaktan AOS tanpa ekstrak kulit jeruk.

Aims: The aim of this research study is to show that the use of synthetic surfactant from bagasse is Environmentally Friendly Policies. Environmental management is an important step that needs to be taken on this immediate moment. Various human and industrial activities surely have affected the environment. Environmental management should include a number of groups from different varieties such as academics, policy makers, non-governmental organizations, corporations’ employees, government’s employees and related multidisciplinary groups. Methodology and Results: Environmental management will produce an ecological process and shapes industrial ecology which consists of four components namely; production, consumption, waste/by-products and raw materials. Bagasse as one of industrial solid wastes involved in environmental management will also produce ecological process. Bagasse which is produced from sugarcane processing can be further reprocessed into SLS surfactant that is useful for oil companies as injection fluid on reservoirs to improve oil recovery level. Conclusion, significance and impact of study: Environmental management can be applied between two industries that have mutualism symbiosis relationship through secondary production. Waste minimization can be achieved through bagasse processing. Sugarcane bagasse reprocessing into SLS surfactant is a sustainable program that supports sustainable material management effort. The action to reprocess natural waste into a valuable economical material can also alter human behavior into a more environmental friendly type of behavior.

One of the efforts that can be done to evaluate the performance of water injection in a field is by monitoring the injector wells. Observations can be made by looking at the flow rate and injection pressure at each injector well. The response given by each injection well will be able to represent the injection performance on a field scale. The EX structure is a structure that has been produced for more than 40 years. In addition, water injection has also been applied for approximately 16 years. There are four injection wells operating in this EX structure with an average injection flow rate of 3000-8000 bwipd per well. Evaluation of injection well performance is carried out by conducting a Hall Plot on each injection well from the start of the injection process to the last data obtained. Based on the evaluation results, it was found that there was plugging in the EA-IIS and EJ-IVS injection wells. Stimulation activity is needed in both wells to restore the well injection capability. Meanwhile, for the EA-IS and EB-IIL injection wells, there are no significant problems in those wells so they can still function properly as injection wells.

Suatu reservoir gas water-drive mempunyai nilai recovery factor yang lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan resevoir gas depletion-drive. Salah satu metode yang dikembangkan untuk meningkatkan faktor perolehan pada reservoir gas water-drive adalah dengan metode co-production. Metode ini memproduksikan air secara terencana untuk mengurangi pengaruh water influx pada kolom gas. Pada penelitian ini suatu konseptual single-well model reservoir gas depletion-drive serta water-drive dibangun, kemudian dilakukan analisis terhadap kelakuan model tersebut. Teknik co-production kemudian dilakukan dengan menambah satu tubing produksi air pada reservoir gas water-drive. Analisis dilakukan dengan membuat skenario produksi terhadap model reservoir gas apabila diterapkan metode optimasi co-production. Dari hasil penelitian paper ini, didapatkan bahwa penerapan teknik co-production mampu menambah kumulatif produksi sebanyak 5.2 BSCF pada reservoir gas water-drive.

Kebutuhan akan bahan bakar di Indonesia terus meningkat seiring dengan bertambahnya populasi, sedangkan cadangan minyak bumi dan gas berkurang dan penggunaan sumber energi alternatif lain belum berkembang dengan baik. Untuk mengurangi ketergantungan pada bahan bakar minyak dan gas bumi perlu dicari sebuah energi alternatif yang mudah untuk diterapkan. Salah satu sumber energi tersebut adalah biomassa yang dibuat dalam bentuk briket arang. Briket arang dapat dibuat dari bermacam-macam bahan baku yang mengandung karbohidrat terutama selulosa, salah satunya adalah rumput-rumputan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memaparkan metode pembuatan briket arang dari bahan baku rumput. Briket arang rumput dibuat dengan perekat yaitu tepung terigu dan tepung beras. Briket yang dibuat berbentuk silinder dengan diameter 8.6 cm dan panjang 2.5 cm. Berdasarkan hasil pengamatan briket tersebut mampu mendidihkan 1 liter air dalam waktu sekitar 10 menit.

Nevus sebaceous (NS) is a benign tumor with the potential to develop secondary benign and malignant neoplasms. It is a rare phenomenon to develop 2 or more skin tumors in a single NS lesion. We report a case of multiple secondary tumors, such as sebaceoma, sebaceous carcinoma, syringocystadenoma papilliferum, and trichoblastoma, in a single NS lesion.

Field Z is a mature oil and gas field with several production facilities that have passed their service life design, re-assessment of service life for the critical equipment is needed to carry out. This study focuses on identifying the damage mechanism, determining the residual life assessment, and assessing the effect of pressure and temperature on the residual service life of four separators in field Z. The approach is to recalculate the maximum allowable pressure and the minimum thickness of the separator, estimates the corrosion rate using API 510 and API 581, and estimates the residual life assessment of the separator. The result shows that estimation of corrosion rate with API 581 provide lower value than API 510 due to different methodology. However, the result prove that the operating pressure and temperature of separator will affect to the residual life through minimum thickness and corrosion rate, respectively. The higher operating temperature, the higher corrosion rate. Both of these will reduce the residual life. The calculation estimates that at current operation condition, three of four separators in field Z still can be utilize d at least until next five years. While one separator needs to replace immediately considering to the negative remaining service life.

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mempelajari potensi yang dimiliki oleh kulit udang sebagai bahan baku polimer kitosan. Penelitian ini diawali dengan proses pemisalahan kulit udang kitin dan proses kitin menjadi kitosan serta menguji karakteristiknya. Kulit udang dapat diolah menjadi kitosan karena kandungan kitin yang terdapat di dalamnya. Kitin merupakan bahan organik utama terdapat pada kelompok hewan crustacea, insekta, fungi, mollusca dan arthropoda. Cangkang kepiting, udang dan lobster juga merupakan sumber bahan dasar produksi kitin karena kandungan kitinnya cukup tinggi. Kitin merupakan biopolimer alam paling melimpah kedua setelah selulosa yang tidak beracun dan diproduksi dari limbah kulit udang. Kitosan diolah dari kulit udang melalui proses deproteinasi, demineralisasi dan deasetilasi. Reagen yang digunakan adalah NaOH dan KOH. Kemudian kitosan diuji sifat fisiknya melalui uji kadar air, kadar abu, kadar nitrogen, viskositas, derajat deasetilasi, analisis gugus fungsi dengan spektroskopi IR dan kristalinitas dengan difraksi sinar X. Sifat fisik kitosan dilihat dari bentuk fisik, analisis gugus fungsi dan kristalinitas. Potensi penerapan kitosan, sebagai turunan kitin yang terdeasetilasi, bersifat multidimensi, seperti dalam makanan dan gizi, bioteknologi, ilmu material, obat-obatan dan farmasi, pertanian dan perlindungan lingkungan. Isolasi kitin dari kulit udang dan sintesanya menjadi kitosan, menjadikan kulit udang lebih barmanfaat untuk bidang-bidang lain. Kulit udang yang diolah menjadi kitosan polimer dapat berpotensi untuk digunakan dalam bidang Enhanced Oil Recovery sebagai fluida injeksi kimiawi dalam upaya menaikkan produksi minyak.

Kebutuhan akan minyak bumi terus meningkat, namun disamping itu, produksi minyak bumi khusunya di sumur tua semakin menurun. Oleh karena itu, dikembangkanlah metode Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR). Pada penelitian kali ini, metode EOR yang digunakan adalah injeksi kimia yang berupa injeksi surfaktan. Penggunaan surfaktan ini dimaksudkan untuk menurunkan tegangan antarmuka (interfacial tension) antara minyak dan air sehingga mampu membawa minyak keluar dari pori-pori batuan reservoir. Dalam penelitian ini, akan dibahas tentang percobaan injeksi surfaktan, dilihat dari pengaruh salinitas, jenis surfaktan, dan konsentrasi surfaktan pada batuan karbonat, serta pengaruhnya terhadap recovery factor . Percobaan ini menggunakan surfaktan jenis Alpha Olefin Sul phonate (AOS) dan Tween 20 , di mana konsentrasi masing-masing jenis surfaktan adalah 0,1%; 0,25%; 0,5%; 0,75%; dan 1%. Salinitas brine water yang akan digunakan adalah sebesar 10.000 ppm, 15.000 ppm, 20.000 ppm, dan 25.000 ppm. Selanjutnya akan dilihat seberapa besar kemampuan surfaktan dalam mengikat minyak dari pori-pori batuan, sehingga akan didapat hasil recovery factor atau berapa persentase minyak yang terkandung dalam pori batuan yang dapat diproduksikan. Hasil dari penelitian ini akan diamati dari dua proses, yaitu proses imbibisi yang menggunakan Amott apparatus atau yang lebih dikenal dengan proses imbibisi (spontaneous imbibition) dan coreflooding. Dari percobaan yang telah dilakukan, pengaruh injeksi surfaktan pada batuan karbonat adalah hasil yang lebih optimal terdapat pada proses coreflooding dibandingkan dengan proses imbibisi, karena proses coreflooding menggunakan tenaga dorong dari luar, sehingga pendesakan minyak dengan surfaktan lebih merata dan optimal. Sementara dengan proses imbibisi pendesakan terjadi secara alami dengan mengandalkan gaya gravitasi.

BACKGROUND There is a recognized association between synchronous and metachronous colorectal and gastric adenocarcinoma. This report describes a 66-year-old man presenting with port-site metastatic gastric adenocarcinoma 4 years after laparoscopic resection of a rectal adenocarcinoma. CASE REPORT A 66-year-old male rectal cancer survivor presented to the clinic with a painless mass at the previous laparoscopic anterior resection port site. Physical examination revealed a soft port-site mass measuring 5×4 cm. Abdominal CT revealed enlargement of the right rectus abdominis muscle and thickening of the gastric fundus. A biopsy of the right abdominal wall mass revealed metastatic adenocarcinoma. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) testing was positive for cytokeratin 7 (CK7) and CDx2 and negative for cytokeratin 20 (CK20). The possible primary malignancy was upper gastrointestinal, and it was less likely to be colorectal in origin. Subsequently, the upper endoscopy revealed a friable, erythematous gastric mucosa. Biopsy revealed an invasive moderately differentiated gastric adenocarcinoma with positive IHC for CK7 and CDx2 and negative for CK20. The rectal adenocarcinoma pathology slides were reviewed, and IHC testing showed negative CK7 and positive CK20. Patient was known to have multiple comorbidities with poor functional status. The tumor board decision was made to manage him palliatively with best supportive care for the diagnosis of metastatic gastric cancer. CONCLUSIONS This report has presented a case of possible metachronous gastric adenocarcinoma with port-site metastasis following resection of a rectal adenocarcinoma. Clinicians should be aware of the association between synchronous and metachronous colorectal and gastric adenocarcinoma and the challenges associated with the diagnosis.

Tujuan akhir dari proses pembelajaran adalah untuk membentuk manusia yang berkualitas tinggi. Metode-metode pembelajaran dikembangkan bukan saja untuk mencapai pemahaman yang lebih baik namun juga untuk meningkatkan perkembangan intelektual, kemampuan bekerja sama, keingintahuan, berpikir secara sistematis. Untuk mencapai hal tersebut, dilakukan penerapan Metode PAKEM di SMK Migas Cibinong, dengan penyuluhan dan pelatihan menggunakan Metode Eksperimen. Penerapan metoda eksperimen ini berguna untuk dapat melihat kemampuan, keterampilan, dan keuletan masing-masing peserta. Pelatihan yang dilakukan menyebabkan siswa lebih aktif dan bersemangat dalam menyelesaikan tugasnya.

Hybrid bit is one of the innovations developed for very hard and abrasive formations such as in geothermal field. This bit eliminates the risk of losing cones, reduces tripping time, and increaseas ROP to reduce the well cost. The stage of data processing by calculating the UCS formation using D-BOS software and design optimization based on 9-7/8" bits simulations in granodiorite formations. The 1st phase was to determine the 4 best out of 7 hybrid bit designs that were selected from the highest ROP obtained, the most stable cutter cutting force, and the lowest vibration by comparing the results of FEA modeling of 1 ft drilling simulation. The 2nd phase is to choose 1 of the best from the 4 selected by doing 50 ft of drilling dynamics simulation which is assessed by directional capability, the durability, and the lowest MSE. In this study to improve drilling optimization in geothermal field, it was found that the Z616 hybrid bit design was the most optimal one. Based on 1st phase simulation, this bit was able to produce ROP of 6.38 mph, a stable cutter cutting force, very low average lateral 2.109 g and axial vibration 0.329 g. Furthermore, for the 2nd phase simulation of 50 ft, seen from the comparison of directional capability, this bit has a 0.91 deg/100 ft DLS in rotating mode, and 6.5 deg/100ft DLS in sliding mode means quite stable when drilling in rotary mode and easy to make some angle in slide mode. By its durability, the average value of lateral acceleration is 10 g, and the lateral force is 6 klbf. By MSE side, this bit also produces the lowest average MSE value of 769 psi. From the economic view, this bit can save USD 198,625 - USD 564,712 of a well cost.

Backgrounds Treating asthmatic rheumatoid arthritis patients with abatacept has been shown to associate with better control of asthma symptoms. However, the mechanism behind that is not investigated. Methods Ovalbumin (OVA)- sensitized BALB/c female mice were treated intranasally (IN) or intraperitoneally (IP) with abatacept 4 hrs before the OVA challenge. The effects of abatacept IN or IP on the lungs and blood levels of Tregs and Bregs and their production of immunosuppressive cytokines, were determined using FACS analysis and ELISA assay. Results Treating OVA- sensitized asthmatic mice model with abatacept, IN or IP, reduced lung inflammation. IN treatment with abatacept increased the frequency of IL-35 and IL-10 producing Bregs in the lung tissues to a higher level compared to IP treatment. Moreover, the frequency of lungs LAG3+ Tregs was significantly increased following treatment. This was also associated with a reduction in lung tissue and serum IL-17 levels of treated mice. Conclusions These results suggest that abatacept by enhancing IL-35+IL-10+ Bregs and LAG3+ Tregs might reverse IL-17 induced lung inflammation during asthma.

Teratoma is a common neoplasm in prepubertal and post-pubertal periods. It consists of various types of tissues arising from different germinal layers, endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. Ectopic ocular tissue is a rare phenomenon, with only few reported cases in other locations.This is a 10-month-old boy who presented with a painless scrotal mass. Following orchidectomy, the excised mass confirmed the presence of uveal and retinal tissues originating in a benign testicular teratoma by histopathological examination.Choroidal and retinal tissue are the most frequently encountered ectopic ocular tissue, while the least observed tissue is the lens. Most of the reported cases of ectopic ocular tissue present in ovarian teratomas. The only 2 previously reported cases of ocular-like tissue in testicular teratoma lack well-defined medullary epithelium, uveal, and retinal tissue as in our case.To our knowledge, developing ocular tissue in a testicular teratoma is extremely rare. Herein we report a unique case with mature defined ocular tissue within a testicular teratoma in an infant, which should not be overlooked.

Microemulsion is the main parameter that determines the performance of a surfactant injection system. According to Myers, there are four main mechanisms in the enhanced oil recovery (EOR) surfactant injection process, namely interface tension between oil and surfactant, emulsification, decreased interfacial tension and wettability. In the EOR process, the three-phase regions can be classified as type I, upper-phase emulsion, type II, lower-phase emulsion and type III, middle-phase microemulsion. In the middle-phase emulsion, some of the surfactant grains blend with part of the oil phase so that the interfacial tension in the area is reduced. The decrease in interface tension results in the oil being more mobile to produce. Thus, microemulsion is an important parameter in the enhanced oil recovery process.